初中酸碱盐知识点总结

初中酸碱盐知识点总结丽燕教育酸碱盐知识点一、物质的分类:金属:Fe、Cu、Mg、Al单质稀有气体:He、Ne、Ar固态非金属:C、S、P非金属气态非金属:H、O、Cl、N2222纯净物酸性氧化物:CO、SO、SO223可溶:KO、NaO、BaO、CaO22氧化物碱性氧化物难溶:CuO、FeO、MgO23其它氧化物:HO、CO、FeO234S无氧酸:HCl、H2化合物酸含氧酸:HSO、HNO、HCO、HPO2432334物质可溶碱:NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)、Ca(OH)22碱难溶碱:Cu(OH)、Fe(OH)、Mg(OH)232---+++2可溶盐:K、Na、NH、NO、SO(除BaSO)、Cl(除AgCl)4344盐难溶盐:AgCl、BaSO、CaCO、BaCO、AgCO43323混合物:空气、水煤气、煤、石油、天然气、石灰石二、各类物质的主要化学性质:(见下图。短线表示相互间能反应，箭号表示相互间能转化)1(单质:1)金属:氧气?氧化物0+2金属+酸?盐+氢气(?H前面的金属;?不能是浓硫酸和硝酸)Fe?Fe盐?盐+金属(?排在前面的金属;?可溶性盐)2)非金属+氧气?氧化物2(氧化物:金属非金属1)酸性氧化物:水?酸酸性氧化物+碱?盐+水(可溶性碱)碱性酸性氧化物氧化物2)碱性氧化物:水?碱(可溶性碱)碱性氧化物+酸?盐+水3)水:碱酸酸性氧化物?酸水+碱性氧化物?碱(可溶性碱)CuSO?CuSO?5HO442盐盐3(酸:石蕊变红;酚酞不变色金属?盐+氢气(?H前面的金属;?不能是浓硫酸和硝酸)酸+碱性氧化物?盐+水碱?盐+水盐?酸+盐(可溶反应物能生成?、?、HO;难溶反应物能生成?、HO)224(碱:石蕊变蓝;酚酞变红(可溶性碱)酸性氧化物?盐+水(可溶性碱)碱+酸?盐+水盐?盐+碱(反应物必须可溶且生成物之一必须是不溶物)5(盐:金属?盐+金属(?排在前面的金属;?可溶性盐)酸?盐+酸(可溶反应物能生成?、?、HO;难溶反应物能生成?、HO)22盐+碱?盐+碱(反应物必须可溶且生成物之一必须是不溶物)massestour;Increasetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsocialorder;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,ensuringharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultivation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkerYuYoubo,State-levelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofapositiveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.Inaddition,wecontinuetopromotedemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterservethescientificdevelopment.Further盐?盐+盐(反应物必须可溶且生成物之一必须是不溶物)三、化学反应的基本类型:1)化合反应:(有单质时化合价改变)?单质+单质?化合物Mg+O——P+O——22?单质+化合物?化合物C+CO——2?化合物+化合物?化合物CaO+HO——CuSO+HO——2422)分解反应:(有单质时化合价改变)?氧化物分解HO——HgO——2?酸分解HCO——23?盐分解KMnO——KClO——43CaCO——CuSO?5HO——342Cu(OH)CO——2233)置换反应:(化合价一定改变)?金属+酸?盐+氢气(?H前面的金属;?不能是浓硫酸和硝酸)Fe+HCl—Al+HSO—24?金属+盐?盐+金属(?排在前面的金属;?可溶性盐)Fe+CuSO—Cu+AgNO—43?金属氧化物+H(或C)?金属+水(或CO)22CuO+H—C+FeO——2234)复分解反应:(化合价一定不变)?碱性氧化物+酸?盐+水FeO+HCl—CuO+HSO—2324?酸+碱?盐+水NaOH+HSO—Fe(OH)+HCl—243?酸+盐?盐+酸(可溶反应物能生成?、?、HO;难溶反应物能生成?、HO)22HSO+BaCl—HCl+CaCO—2423?碱+盐?碱+盐(反应物必须可溶且生成物之一必须是不溶物)Ca(OH)+NaCO—NaOH+FeCl—2233?盐+盐?盐+盐(反应物必须可溶且生成物之一必须是不溶物)CaCl+KCO—Ba(NO)+NaSO—2233224※不属于四种基本类型的反应:?金属氧化物+CO?金属+COFeO+CO——223?碱+酸性氧化物?盐+水(可溶性碱)NaOH+CO—2?有机物+O?HO+COCHOH+O——222252?氧化还原反应:得到氧的物质被氧化，发生氧化反应，是还原剂;失去氧的物质被还原，发生还原反应，是氧化剂。点燃如:在2Mg+CO2MgO+C中，是氧化剂，是还原剂，被氧化，2被还原。?常见的原子团及其化合价:+1-1-2-2-1NHClNaOHHSOHCOHNO424233dStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.levisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialaniveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofaposit-oubo,StaterYuYvation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkeingharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultiensurthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,order;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofocialandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersmassestour;Increas-thescientificdevelopment.Furtherdemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterserveInaddition,wecontinuetopromote2-铵根氢氧根硫酸根碳酸根硝酸根铵根中N为-3价;硫酸根中S为+6价;碳酸根中C为+4价;硝酸根中N为+5价。丽燕教育四、金属活动性顺序和复分解反应发生的条件:1.金属活动性顺序:KCaNaMgAlZnFeSnPb(H)CuHgAgPtAu?判断金属与酸反应时:金属必须排在(H)前面;酸不可用硝酸。?判断金属与盐反应时:必须同时满足?排在前面的金属;?可溶性盐。2.复分解反应发生的条件:?可溶的反应物，能生成?、或HO、或?(CO或NH)223?难溶的反应物，能生成?、或HO2?复分解反应生成的沉淀:(白色)AgCl难溶于酸BaSO4(白色)难溶性盐CaCO3(白色)BaCO3(白色)AgCO23可溶于酸(白色)Mg(OH)2难溶性碱Cu(OH)(蓝色)2Fe(OH)3(红褐色)五、物质的鉴别、鉴定(检验)、提纯(除杂)、分离:?检验物质的试剂:被检物质或离子可选用的试剂COCa(OH);湿润的蓝色石蕊试纸22NH湿润的红色石蕊试纸3+CO石蕊试液;NaH23-2+3+OH石蕊试液;酚酞试液;Cu;Fe-ClAgNO+HNO33-2+2SOBa{BaCl、Ba(NO)、Ba(OH)}+HNO423223-2+2COCa{Ca(OH)、CaCl、Ca(NO)};HCl32232?鉴别:鉴别是将不同的物质按其物理性质或化学性质的不同而加以辨别的过程。写出鉴别下列各组物质所需的试剂或方法:?鉴别NaCO和CaCO:?鉴别NaSO和NaCl:23324?鉴别H和CH:、?鉴别NaCO和NaCl:2423?鉴定(检验):检验是用一定的化学方法或物理方法将某种物质确定出来的过程。写出检验下列各物质所需的试剂或方法:?盐酸:、?Fe(SO):、243?除杂:除杂是用物理或化学方法除去混合物中的杂质的过程。?所加试剂只与杂质反应，不与主要物质反应;除杂过程对所加试剂的要求:?使杂质转化为易与主要物质分离(即状态不同)的物质;?不能引入新的杂质。写出除去下列各物质中的杂质所需的试剂或方法:?除去MnO中的KCl:?除去NaOH中的NaCO:223?提纯:提纯是用物理或化学方法除去混合物中的杂质除去并得到某纯净物的过程。dreputationfurtherenhanced.woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityanlage,ecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvilgYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofapositiveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillaglevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includin-,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkerYuYoubo,Statendideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultivation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemergedcityaetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,ensuringharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpubliselyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandth,clollegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsocialorder;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysisfullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofimassestour;Increasetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,-ceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterservethescientificdevelopment.FurtherInaddition,wecontinuetopromotedemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferen3-写出提纯下列各物质的实验步骤及所需的试剂或方法:?从KCl与MnO的混合物中提纯KCl:、、2?从MgCl与CaCl的混合物中提纯MgCl:、、、222?分离:分离将混合物中的各成分用物理或化学方法分开从而得到各纯净物的过程。写出分离下列各物质的实验步骤及所需的试剂或方法:?分离KCl与MnO的混合物;?分离BaCl与NaCl的混合物。22六、气体的干燥:O?酸性干燥剂:浓硫酸、P25?干燥剂?碱性干燥剂:固体CaO、固体NaOH?中性干燥剂:无水CuSO4?酸性气体:CO、SO、HS、HCl222?气体?碱性气体:NH3?中性气体:H、O、CH、CO224注意:酸性干燥剂不能用于干燥碱性气体;碱性干燥剂不能用于干燥酸性气体。七、其他:1(物质的学名、俗名及化学式:?水银、汞、Hg?金刚石、石墨、C;硫磺、S;红磷、白磷、P?干冰、固体CO2?生石灰、氧化钙、CaO;氨气、NH(碱性气体)3?盐酸、氢氯酸、HCl;氢硫酸、HS;亚硫酸、HSO223?熟石灰、消石灰、Ca(OH);苛性钠、烧碱、火碱、NaOH;氨水、NH?HO(碱)232?纯碱、NaCO;碳酸钠晶体、纯碱晶体、NaCO?10HO;碳酸氢钠、小苏打、NaHCO;232323亚硝酸钠、NaNO(工业用盐);胆矾、蓝矾、硫酸铜晶体、CuSO?5HO;铜绿、Cu(OH)CO242223?甲烷、CH;甲醇、CHOH;酒精、乙醇、CHOH;醋酸、乙酸、(冰醋酸)CHCOOH432532(常见混合物的主要成分:煤:C;石油:C、H、O元素天然气:CH4水煤气:H、CO石灰石、大理石:CaCO石灰水、石灰乳、石灰浆:Ca(OH)2323(常见物质的颜色:?白色固体:MgO、PO、CaO、NaOH、Ca(OH)、KClO、KCl、NaCO、NaCl、无水CuSO2523234?银白色:镁、铝、锌、铁、汞(液态)?黑色固体:石墨、炭粉、铁粉、CuO、MnO、FeO234?红色固体:Cu、FeO、HgO、红磷23?蓝色晶体:CuSO?5HO42?KMnO为紫黑色?硫:淡黄色?Cu(OH)CO为绿色42234(溶液的颜色:2+?含Cu的溶液呈蓝色(CuCl溶液为蓝绿色);22+?含Fe的溶液呈浅绿色;3+?含Fe的溶液呈黄色;?其余溶液一般为无色。(高锰酸钾溶液为紫红色)5溶于水放热的物质:CaO、NaOH固体、浓HSO246刺激性气味的气体:NH、SO、HCl(均无色)32?刺激性气味的液体:盐酸、硝酸、醋酸?酒精为有特殊气体的液体2+2+7有毒的物质:CO、CHOH、NaNO、Cu(如CuSO)、Ba(如BaCl)3242dStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.levisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialaniveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofaposit-oubo,StaterYuYvation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkeingharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultiensurthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,order;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofocialandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersmassestour;Increas-thescientificdevelopment.Furtherdemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterserveInaddition,wecontinuetopromote4-丽燕教育8氮肥的含氮量:NHHCO17.7%;(NH)SO21.2%;NHCl26.2%;NHNO35%;尿素CO(NH)46.7%4342444322dreputationfurtherenhanced.woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityanlage,ecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvilgYunnan,nujiang's