建筑材料BuildingMaterials课件

《建筑材料》BuildingMaterials一、胶凝材料

I.BinderMaterial1.石灰Lime

2.石膏Gypsum3.水泥Cement气硬性胶凝材料AirHardeningBindingMaterials水硬性胶凝材料HydraulicBindingMaterials3.水泥3.Cement

（1）分类Classificationa.按化学成分分：硅酸盐水泥、铝酸盐水泥、硫铝酸盐水泥、氟铝酸盐水泥Bychemicalcomposition:Portlandcement,aluminatecements,

sulfoaluminatecements,fluoroaluminatecementb.按用途分：通用水泥、专用水泥、特种水泥Byuse:generalusecement,dedicatedcement,specialcement我国水泥的产量90%左右都属于硅酸盐水泥系列。Portlandcementaccountsforabout90%ofChina'stotalcementoutput.一、胶凝材料

1.BinderMaterial（2）硅酸盐水泥的成分CompositionofPortlandcementa.熟料（硅酸三钙、硅酸二钙、铝酸三钙、铁铝酸四钙）；Clinker(alite,belite,tricalciumaluminate,andtetracalciumaluminoferrite)b.石膏（消除铝酸三钙的危害，控制快凝现象，延缓水泥凝结时间，方便施工）；Gypsum(Gypsumeliminatethedamageofthetricalciumaluminattopreventfast-settingofcementandslowdownthecoagulationprocessofcement,allowingalongertimeforconstrution)c.混合材料（磨细石英砂、石灰石、黏土等）。Mixtures(finelyquartzsand,limestone,clay,etc.)一、胶凝材料

1.BinderMaterial（一）混凝土的主要技术性质1.Maintechnicalpropertiesofconcrete1.拌合物的性质(1)MainPropertiesofConcretemixtures

（1）和易性Workability流动性、粘聚性、保水性。Fluidity,cohesiveness,waterretentionproperty.通常采用测定混凝土拌合物的流动性，辅以直观经验评定粘聚性和保水性来评定和易性。Concreteworkabilityisoftenmeasuredbytestingthefluidityofconcretemixture,andexperience-basedassessmentofcohesivenessandwaterretentionproperty.测定方法：坍落度测定法、维勃稠度测定法。Testmethods:slumptestmethod,Vebeconsistometermethod三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete（1）影响和易性的主要因素Mainfactorsaffectingtheworkabilityofconcretea.水泥浆含量Theamountofcementpasteb.水灰比WatertocementRatio

（水泥浆的稠度）(theconsistometerofcementpaste)c.砂率Theamountofsandd.温度Temperature三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete2.混凝土硬化后的性质(2)Mainpropertiesofhardenedconcrete

（1）立方体抗压强度

Cubecompressivestrength混凝土的抗压和抗拉。Compressivestrengthandtensilestrengthofconcrete强度等级：C15、C20、C25、C30等14个强度等级。

14Differentgradesofconcrete:C15、C20、C25、C30,etc.测定立方体抗压强度标准值，采用标准试件150mm×150mm×150mm，标准养护28d。Tomeasurethestandardvalueofcubecompressivestrength,thestandardtestspecimen(150mm×150mm×150mm)andstandardcuringshouldbetaken.三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete

（2）影响强度的因素

Factorsaffectingstrengthofconcrete

a.水泥强度和水灰比（主要因素）

Cementstrength&waterto

cementratio

(mainfactors)b.粗骨料

Coarseaggregatesc.龄期

Aged.养护条件

Curingcondition三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete（3）耐久性Concretedurability抗渗性、抗冻性、抗蚀性、抗碳化、碱—骨料反应。Concretedurabilityincludesimpermeability,frost-resistance,corrosion-resistance,anti-carbonizationandalkali-aggregatereaction.提高耐久性的措施：Measurestomakeconcretemoredurable:合理选择水泥品种；Tocarefullychoosethetypesofcement;掺外加剂，改善混凝土的性能；Addadmixturetoimprovetheperformanceofconcrete;加强浇捣和养护，提高混凝土强度和密实度；Tostrenghenthecastingandcuring

soastoincreasecompressivestrengthanddensity;用涂料和其他措施，进行表面处理，防止混凝土碳化；Toapply

coatingsonthesurfaceorothermeasurestoavoidcarbonization;适当控制水灰比及水泥用量。Toproperlycontrolwatertocementratioandtheamountofcement.三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete（三）混凝土外加剂的作用与效果

3.Functionsandeffectsofconcreteadmixture

1.定义(1)Definition

2.种类(2)Types

减水剂、早强剂、引气剂、防冻剂、膨胀剂、泵送剂。Water-reducingAgent,accelerator,Air-Entrainer,AntifreezingAgent,ExpandingAgent,PumpingAgent三、普通混凝土

3.RegularConcrete（一）砌筑砂浆的原材料、性质

1.Rawmaterialsandpropertiesofmasonrymortar1.组成材料(1)Componentsofmortar

（1）水泥品种及强度（常用：普通水泥、矿渣水泥。水泥强度一般为32.5）Thetypeandstrenghofcement(commonlyused:commencementandslagcement.Thecementstrenghis32.5)

（2）砂Sand（3）水Water（4）掺加料与外加剂（石灰膏、黏土）Admixturesandadditives(lime,clay)四、砂浆及墙体材料

4.MortarandWallMaterials

2.砌筑砂浆的性质

2.Propertiesofmasonrymortar

（1）和易性

Workabilitya.流动性—沉入度

Fluidity—sinkingdegreeb.保水性—分层度，不应大于30mm。Waterretentionproperty—layeringdegree,shouldbelessthan30mm.

（2）抗压强度Compressivestrength标准试件尺寸为70.7mm×70.7mm×70.7mm，强度等级以28d抗压强度为依据，M2.5—M20共6个等级。Thesizeofstandardtestspecimenis70.7mm×70.7mm×70.7mm,thestrengthgradeisbasedon28dcompressivestrength,includingsixgradesfromM2.5toM20.四、砂浆及墙体材料

4.MortarandWallMaterials（二）砌筑砖、墙板及砌块的规格、等级与应用

2.Thedimensions,gradesandapplicationofbricks,wallboardsandconcreteblocks1.砌墙砖

(1)Bricks

（1）烧结普通砖Firedcommonbrick

a.规格尺寸Dimensionsb.强度等级Strengthgradesc.强度和抗风化性能Strengthandweatheringresistance四、砂浆及墙体材料

4.MortarandWallMaterials

1.砌墙砖(1)Bricks

（2）烧结多孔砖Firedporousbrick

根据10块的抗压强度分为MU30、MU25、MU20、MU15、MU10五个强度等级。Bytestingthestrengthof10bricks,thestrengthgradescanbedividedintofivegrades,MU30,MU25,MU20,MU15,MU10.（3）烧结空心砖Firedhollowbrick烧结空心砖是指孔洞率大于35%，孔尺寸大而孔数量少的砖，抗压强度较低。

Firedhollowbrickisabrickwithaholerateofmorethan35%.Theholesarelargebutfewinnumber,therefore,ithasalowcompressivestrength.四、砂浆及墙体材料

4.MortarandWallMaterials

2.砌块

(2)Concreteblocks（1）普通混凝土小型砌块

Smallconcreteblock（2）蒸压加气混凝土砌块

Autoclavedaeratedconcreteblock（3）轻骨料混凝土小型空心砌块

Smalllightweightaggregatehollowconcreteblock四、砂浆及墙体材料

4.MortarandWallMaterials（一）钢材的力学性能与工艺性能

1.Mechanicalpropertyandtechnologicalpropertyofsteel1.拉伸性能(1)Tensilestrength（1）分类：Classificationa.低碳钢；b.高碳钢、合金钢。a.Low-carbonsteel;b.high-carbonsteel,alloysteel（2）低碳钢拉伸的四阶段：FourstagesofStretchinglow-carbonsteela.弹性阶段Theelasticstage

b.屈服阶段（结构设计依据）Theyieldstage(Thebasisofstructuraldesign)c.强化阶段Thereinforcementstaged.颈缩断裂阶段Theneckingandfracturestage五、建筑钢材

5.ConstructionSteel（2）低碳钢拉伸的四阶段：a.弹性阶段b.屈服阶段（结构设计依据）c.强化阶段d.颈缩断裂阶段UltimatestrengthThereinforcementstageTheneckingstageYieldloadYieldstrength

Stress

StrainProportionphaseload

Deformation五、建筑钢材

5.ConstructionSteel（2）FourstagesofStretchinglow-carbonsteel:a.Theelasticstage

b.Theyieldstage(thebasisofstructuraldesign)c.Thereinforcementstaged.TheneckingandfracturestageTheyieldstageProportionloadProportion

strength

（一）钢材的力学性能与工艺性能

1.Mechanicalpropertyandtechnologicalpropertyofsteel1.拉伸性能(1)Tensilestrength（3）指标：Indexesa.强度指标（屈服强度、抗拉强度）；Strengthindex(yieldstrength,tensilestrength)b.屈强比；Yieldtostrengthratioc.塑性指标。Plasticityindex五、建筑钢材

5.ConstructionSteel

2.钢筋(2)Steelbars（1）按工艺分：Bytechnology:a.热轧钢筋（最常用）；Hot-rolledst