2025届人教版(2019)高考英语一轮话题复习高考题型通关练：话题28　科技发展与科学家精神（学生版）

话题28科技发展与科学家精神Ⅰ.阅读理解JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidsodespiteunbelievabledifficulties.“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasaseniorinhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Joseremembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhischildhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesandcucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmasandstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefuntotravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthePacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewithFranklinChang－Diaz.“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesamelanguageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalreadyovercomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’tuntilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19thclassofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarthguy.JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhecontinueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?A.Hedidmuchfarmwork.B.Hetraveledalotforfun.C.HehatedlearningEnglish.D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?A.Inspired. B.Valued.C.Relaxed. D.Puzzled.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ClimboverBarriersB.ReachfortheStarsC.WorktheHardWayD.LearnfromYourPastPeoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemorelikelytodevelopdementia(痴呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuchasheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleaguesanalyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，whichlaunchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000Britishvolunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reportedtheirsleeppatterns.During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmostdiagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribedhowthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60swere30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedsevenhours.Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeplossitselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelievetheresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothedisease.Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecadesbeforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthebrain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholaterdevelopeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheyweresleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrainchanges.“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsendementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementianeurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutsideduringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtimeroutinethatworksforyou.”5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?A.Sleeploss. B.Age.C.Poormentalhealth. D.Heartcondition.6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?A.Casual. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Cautious.8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A.Togiveexamples.B.Tocollectproofs.C.Tooffersuggestions.D.Topresentarguments.Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecyclingdiscardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillionsofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaystorecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterialsthatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthestudy.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedindeterminingwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginalmaterials.”Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomakeconstructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，pulverized(粉状的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechniqueinvolvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthemixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthoftheresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerialsexceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，aseniorcollaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterialoverthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltorsugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurableproductsresistedrot，fungi(菌类)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechangesinappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，itiscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancestopreparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintaintheirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?A.Contains. B.Processes.C.Presses. D.Originates.11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthanconcrete.C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintaintheiroriginaltaste.12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Atouristbrochure. B.Arecipebook.C.Abiographybook. D.Asciencemagazine.Ⅱ.七选五(2024·潍坊高三测试)ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasIsteppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.__1__About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(远征)hadbeentoAntarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.TheicywatermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.__2__Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.__3__Yougetfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(贼鸥)attackingapenguinchick,yourheartaches.ThenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsur