浙江专用2024高考英语二轮复习专题一第二部分题型应对策略第三讲理解主旨要义-主旨大意题教案

PAGE1-第三讲理解主旨要义——主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领悟大意的实力，也对考生的归纳、概括实力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，须要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。高考主旨大意题题量统计考纲解读年份浙江卷(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。(2)它既考查细微环节理解实力，又考查深层次的推理、概括实力，难度较大。(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。2024.62(标题归纳题；段落大意题)2024.111(标题归纳题)2024.61(标题归纳题)2024.111(文章大意题)2024.61(文章大意题)【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis________．(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison________．(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(5)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(7)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson________．Ⅱ.驾驭主旨大意题的考查角度：(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。(2)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])标题归纳题——概括凝练选标题该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。留意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不变更原文的意义和感情色调)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。常见的设问方式：◆Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．◆Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?◆Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________．[典例](2024·全国卷Ⅲ·B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.“It’snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(来源)ofinspirationfordesigners，”saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA＋ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(时尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina­inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美学)onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook，”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales，”addsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion.“ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers，”shesays.“Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.”7．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB．AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC．DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD．ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrendseq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步读文章，概括文意文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，呈现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。其次步析选项，斟酌推断A向世界推销幻想的年轻模特与文章内容不符无中生有，曲解文意B在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展本文提到了在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展，但这不是文章主要表达的内容以偏概全，主次不分C东西方美学的差异本文主要讲解并描述的是中国引领国际时尚和设计发展，C项范围过大主题过大，范围太广D中国美学影响国际时尚的发展趋势此标题全面、精练地概括了文章内容涵盖性强，覆盖全文第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：Deq\a\vs4\al()理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1．概括——精确而又简短。2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符。3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要驾驭以下三大方法：1．正面确定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能精确概括主旨。2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文比照，一一解除不符选项。3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变更、结构、概括性等。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])文章大意题——明确中心定选项主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细微环节来阐明的中心话题。常见的设问方式：◆What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?◆Thepassageismainlyabout________．◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________．[典例](2024·全国卷Ⅲ·B)Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野)．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30，000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow­coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20，000peoplewhodugforgold,4，000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theriseandfallofacity.B．ThegoldrushinCanada.C．Journeysintothewilderness.D．TourisminDawson.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步读文章，概括文意本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。其次步析选项，斟酌推断A一个城市的兴衰本文主要以道森为例，讲解并描述了城市的兴衰涵盖性强，覆盖全文B加拿大淘金热本文只在其次段提到了淘金热以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文没提到荒野之旅无中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游业范围太小，不能涵盖道森的过去以偏概全，主次不分第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()在找寻和归纳一篇文章的主题句时，应做到以下几点：1．关注文章的首段和符合主题句特点的句子，留意下文是否对其有说明和支撑作用；2．快速通读文章主体部分的每一段，结合每一段的主题句，推断各个段落是否与文章开头和结尾的主题句形成呼应关系；3．留意文章的末尾，看此处出现的主题句和文章开头的主题句是否呼应。假如文章的首句语言精练，且在中间被从多角度来说明或论证，又与尾段的句子相呼应，则这个句子是全文的主题句。此处，假如文章中出现了两种及以上的不同观点，则文章最终作者的观点为文章的主要观点。此时要留意表示转折含义的词语如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等，因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地解除错误选项，选出正确答案。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])段落大意题——分析结构细揣摩每一个文段都要围绕一个特定的主题依据确定的逻辑依次绽开，所以，段落的结构也有确定的规律性。一般有如下四种结构：1．总分式。作者在段落开头概括主题，然后再依据确定的逻辑依次绽开段落；有时候，作者也会在开头先用一个引子导入主题，从而使主题句出现在其次句，但从整体上看，段落仍旧是总分式结构。2．分总式。除了总分式外，还有很多段落在开头通过举例子或论述层层推动，直到最终才得出段落的主题句，这种结构叫分总式。分总式也是很常见的一种段落结构。3．分总分式。一个段落也可以采纳分总分的模式，往往在开头讲解并描述一个详细的事例，通过事例得出一个结论，也就是这个段落的主题句，然后接着例证或拓展这个观点所包含的内容。4．无主题句式。英语中也有少量的段落并没有主题句，如同汉语中的散文一样，讲究用一个主题将表面互不相连的一些事例或者表述连接起来。段落虽然没有主题句，但读完整个段落，你仍能发觉，这些表面不相连的内容却都指向了同一个主题，这些不明显的主题通过一些关键词或者相像结构表现出来。常见的设问方式：◆Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph...?◆Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．◆Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．◆Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizepara.1?[典例](2024·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularityisawell­exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays­well­with­othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump­startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步读文章，概括段意本段介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜爱的人和追求地位的人。其次步析选项，斟酌推断A受欢迎人的分类A项是对本段内容的精练总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全文B青少年的特征本文没有涉及青少年的特征，纯属无中生有无中生有，曲解文意C交际技能的重要性涉及交际技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行为的缘由涉及不光彩行为，但没有介绍其缘由，不是本段的主题以偏概全，主次不分第三步对比选项，确定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()方法1：概括段落大意要精确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分依次组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行详细论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；假如按分总依次组织，主题句就在段尾；假如按分总分的依次组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；假如对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不干脆写出主题句，而是通过各种方法示意给读者，这就须要充分发挥读者的想象力与推断力，揣摩段落大意。(2024·浙江卷6月·C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素)．Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源)．ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪)．Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.【解题导语】文章主要讲解并描述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧削减的现象，并分析了其缘由。27．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theseriousnessofbig­treelossinCalifornia.B．TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C．ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D．TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.A解析：段落大意题。依据文章其次段中“Thenumberoftrees...declinedby50percent...morethan55percent...75percent”提到的数字可知，该段主要描述了加州森林中大树急剧削减的严峻性，故选A项。28．Whichofthefollowingiswell­intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A．Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B．Banningwoodcutting.C．Limitinghousingdevelopment.D．Firecontrolmeasures.D解析：推理推断题。依据第三段中的“Aggressivewildfirecontrol..petewithbigtreesforresources(资源)”可知，大张旗鼓的森林防火措施虽然确定程度上爱护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量削减，故选D项。29．WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A．Inadequatesnowmelt. B．Alongerdryseason.C．Awarmerclimate. D．Dampnessoftheair.C解析：细微环节理解题。依据最终一段中的“Sincethe1930s，McIntyresaid...havebeenrisingtemperatures...reducesthewatersupply”可知，McIntyre认为水资源短缺的主要缘由是渐渐上升的气温，故选C项。30．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCaliforniaA解析：标题推断题。依据全文可知，文章主要讲解并描述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其缘由。因此A项能很好地概括全文。eq\a\vs4\al()找主题句的五个小窍门1．段落中出现表转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。3．作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4．首段出现详细例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。5．表示总结或结论的词语常有therefore,inshort等。A(2024·宁波十校联考)Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.Whenthey’relittle,theyneedourhelpwitheverything.Overtime,kidsusuallytaketheleadonthingslikefeedinganddressingthemselves,butitcanbedifficulttoknowwhenit’stimeforthemtostartdoingsomebasicthings,suchaspackingtheirownlunchesforschoolorsolvingproblemswithteacherswithoutaparent’shelp.BloggerAmyCarneyrecentlysharedapostaboutthethingsparentsshouldstopdoingfortheirteens.Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.BarbHarvey,achildhoodbehaviorexpert,gavemeheranswer：Theageatwhichchildrenlearntomastercertainskillswillbedifferentdependinguponthematurity(成熟)andinterestlevelofthechild.Iaskedthesamequestionamongmyfriends.Theygaveallkindsofanswers,whichcanexplainHarvey’sopinion.Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.Ifyourkidsaren’treadytopacktheirownlunches—don’tsweatit.Helpthemlearntheskillsthey’rereadytodealwithandkeepworkingtowardstheendgoalofraisingresponsibleandableadults.Becauseifthere’sonethingthatwecanallagreeonasparents,it’sthattimemovesquicklywhenyou’reraisingkids.Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了父母和孩子成长的关系。1．WhatisAmyCarney’sexpectationwhenherchildrenare13?A．Tobeaskillfulcook.B．TofollowHarvey’sopinion.C．Tobeanexpert.D．Tohavebasicskills.D解析：细微环节理解题。依据其次段其次句“Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.”可知，AmyCarney期望自己的孩子们在13岁时可以驾驭一些基本技能。故选D。2．Whocandecidewhenthechildrenwilllearntocareforthemselves?A．AmyCarney. B．BarbHarvey.C．Thechildren. D．Theparents.D解析：细微环节理解题。依据最终一段第一句“Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.”可知，孩子们什么时候可以照看自己取决于父母。故选D。3．Whywillparentsfeelupsetwhentheirchildrengrowup?A．Theirkidscandonothing.B．Theyfeellessimportant.C．Theirchildrenbecomeableadults.D．Theirkidsdisagreeonanything.B解析：推理推断题。依据最终一段最终一句“Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.”和对第一段的整体理解可推知，当孩子们长大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情时，父母会觉得失落是因为父母觉得孩子们不再须要自己了，自己对他们来讲没有那么重要了。故选B。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Walkingafineline.B．BloggerAmyCarney.C．Parentsandtheirchildren’sgrowth.D．Achildhoodbehaviorexpert.C解析：主旨大意题。依据第一段第一句“Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.”点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲解并描述的是父母和孩子成长的关系。故选C。[长难句分析]Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.(其次段其次句)分析：本句是一个复合句。句中thatsheexpectsherkidstomaster是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词thebasicskills。译文：在这篇文章里，Carney共享了一些她期望她的孩子们到他们13岁时应当驾驭的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒来，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作业。B(2024·绍兴诊断性考试)Irecentlyspentadayclearingoutmylatemother’swardrobe.Ithasbeentwoyearssinceshediedsoitwastimetomoveon.Therewerefourwardrobesandtwochestsofdrawers—10blackbagsfullofclothesforcharity,andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch.WhatstruckmeasIsortedthroughtherailswasfirst,whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack,lotsoflayers—andsecond,howsheneverthrewanythingaway.Shedidn’tbuyclothesexcessively,ratheraccumulatedthemoveralifetime.Andeverypieceshebought,whetheritwasfromStMichael(aluxurybrand),H&MorHelmutLang(fast­fashionbrands),shetreatedasequals.Avintagekimono,acoatshemadeinthe80sfromaKenzoVoguedressmakingpattern,thesmartblackjacketorderedfromAsos(anonlineshop),orthe40­year­oldoversizedT­shirtfromMissSelfridgewasallperfectlykept,carefullyhunguporfolded,buttonsallinonepiece,notastitchoutofplace.Shedidnotdifferentiatebetweenhigh­streetbargainsandSundaybest.Shecherishedallherclothes,whateverthepricetag.So,whenDr.MarkSumner,alecturerinfashionandsustainabilityattheUniversityofLeeds,toldMPsattheenvironmentalauditcommittee’sinvestigationintothesustainabilityofthefact­fashionindustrythathigh­streetclothescanbemoredurablethanfast­fashionones,itrangtruetome.“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.Somefastfashionischeapandnastyandwillfallapartafterafewwashes.Thesamecanbetrueofdesignerclothing.Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation).Asmymother’swardrobetestifies,ifyouhaveagoodeyeforclothesthatarestylishratherthanfashionable,choosecarefully:lookforthebest­qualityfabricsyoucanafford,andtreattheclothesyoubuywiththeutmostrespect,careandlove.Yourclothes—whateverthepricetag—willrepayyouwithyearsofservice.【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在整理已故母亲的衣服时，发觉母亲的衣服保存得特别好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，后来作者想要通过Dr.MarkSumner的话和自己的感悟告知大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’slatemother?A．Shewasonlyfondofdesignerclothes.B．Shelikedcollectingfashionableclothes.C．Shehadpreferenceforblack.D．Sheoftenboughtclothesonline.C解析：细微环节理解题。依据其次段第一句中的“whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack”可知，作者的母亲喜爱黑色。故选C。6．Howwillthewritertreatherlatemother’sclothes?A．Shewilldonatethemalltoacharity.B．Shewillkeepsomeforherownuse.C．Shewillsellthemtofundresearch.D．Shewillgivethemalltoherfriends.B解析：细微环节理解题。依据第一段中的“andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch”可知，作者会留一些自己穿。故选B。7．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoproveinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Expensiveclothesdon’tmeanlong­lastingclothes.B．Expensiveclothesaren’teasilyworn­outclothes.C．Expensiveclothesdon’tinvolvelaborexploitation.D．Expensiveclothesmeanagoodeyeforfashion.A解析：推理推断题。依据最终两段内容尤其是最终一段第三句“Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation)．”可推知，作者想要证明的是昂贵的衣服不确定耐穿。故选A。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．CanCheapClothesBeStylish?B．CanPriceTagIndicateFashion?C．CanFastFashionBeSustainable?D．CanDesignerClothingSellMore?C解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者在整理已故母亲的衣服时，发觉母亲的衣服保存得特别好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，然后作者通过Dr.MarkSumner的话和自己的感悟想要告知大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故选C。[长难句分析]“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.(第三段最终一句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是therebe句型，动词不定式作后置定语；that引导宾语从句；which引导宾语从句。译文：他说：“这并不是说价格会告知你哪种产品会简单磨损。”主旨大意题——标题归纳题(建议用时：25分钟)A(2024·浙江五校联考)RecentlywheneverIturnedonmycomputerormymobilephone,newsaboutthegreateffectofHurricaneHarveyonthousandsofpeoplecaughtmyeye.Isawmanyunfortunateevents.However,therewasalsothebrightnewsthatconfirmedthegoodnessofmankind.Asajournalist,Iwrotemanyhuman­intereststoriesduringmycareer.That’swhythestoryabouttheguysinthebakerycaughtmyeye.WhenthestaffataMexicanbakerychaininHoustonweretrappedinsidethebuildingfortwodays,theydidn’tsittherefeelingsorryforthemselves.TheyusedtheirtimewiselyafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey.WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.Thefloodwaterroseinthestreetoutside.Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.Theyusedmorethan4，200poundsofflourtocreatehundredsofloavesandsheetsofsweetbread.Althoughthewaterkeptrising,theycontinuedbakingtohelpmorepeople.Bythetimetheownermanagedtogettothem,theyhadmadesomuchbreadthattheytooktheloavestoloadsofemergencycentersacrossthecityforpeopleaffectedbythefloods.Thestoremanager,BrianAlvarado,toldTheIndependent,“Wheneveradisasteroccurs,nobodyshouldjustfeelforlorn.Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时实行主动的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。1．WhatdidthebakerystoreworkersdoafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey?A．Theyvolunteeredtomakebreadfortheircommunity.B．Theymanagedtolivebysellingmorebreadinthestore.C．Theyfeltsorrythattheycouldn’tescapefromthestore.D．Theyatenothingbuttowaitfortheircommunitytorescuethem.A解析：细微环节理解题。依据其次段最终一句“WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人确定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“forlorn”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.C．Shallow. D．Desperate.D解析：词义揣测题。依据最终一段中的“Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.”可知，相反，我们应当实行主动的行动来挽救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(无望的)意思相近。故选D项。3．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Alvaradoorganizedhisworkerstobakemuchbread.B．HurricaneHarveycausedapowerfailureinHouston.C．Thestaffinthebakerysentenoughflourtoemergencycenters.D．Theauthorpreferredtowritestoriesaboutpeoplefacingdisasters.B解析：细微环节理解题。依据倒数其次段中的“Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．APopularMexicanBakeryChaininHoustonB．WaitfortheEventualRescueinaBigDisasterC．AllKindsofDisastersCausedbyHurricaneHarveyinHoustonD．BakeBreadtoMakeaDifferenceintheFaceofHurricaneHarveyD解析：标题归纳题。依据其次三段的内容和最终一段中的“Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。BEveryyearbetweenMayandSeptember,all54employeesofBasecamp,aChicago­basedwebapplicationcompany,haveashortworkweek:justfourdays—atotalof32hours.Also,theyusuallyworkfivedaysaweekfortherestoftheyear.“That’splentyoftimetogetgreatworkdone.Thisisallweexpectandallwewantfrompeople，”saysJasonFried,aco­founder.“Working50­，60­，or70­plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50­，60­，or70­plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”Thecompany’ssummerworkloadmustfitreducedhours,Mr.Friedinsists,otherwisethebenefitsofashorterweek—torecoverfromwork,enjoytimewithfamilyandpursue(追求)outsideinterests—wouldbeundone.Hisnewresearchfindsthatitisnotjustlonghoursthatareharmfultoemployees’physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity(强度)ofwork.Moreover,itsuggeststhatintenseworkharmscareerprospects.Thatisbecauseunbearablehoursandintensityareintheoppositedirection,reducingthequalityofthework.Theresearchconcludesthatthelevelofintensityweapplytotheworkwedoisgenerally“astrongerpredictorofunfavorableoutcomesthanovertimework”．Theresearchcomparedpeopleofsimilarjobsandeducationlevels,andfoundtheyweremorelikelytosufferpoorerhappinessandworsecareerprospects,includingsatisfaction,securityandpromotion,whentheyworkedatanintenselevelforlongperiods.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工将近半年时间每周只工作4天，共32小时的状况为例说明白较短的工作周有益于人们的身心健康，并以一项探讨来证明。5．WhatdoweknowaboutBasecamp’sfour­dayworkweek?A．Itlastsnearlyhalfayear.B．Theworkpressureistoohigh.C．Therearesomemanagementproblems.D．Employeesworkmorethan8hoursaday.A解析：细微环节理解题。依据第一段可知，一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工在每年5月到9月期间每周的工作时间都很短：只有四天，共32小时，持续5个月，也许半年时间。故选A项。6．WhatdoesMr.Friedintendtosayinparagraph2?A．Givenplentyoftime,peoplecandomore.B．Togetworkdonewellneedsplentyoftime.C．Peoplecandoajobverywellinashortworkweek.D．Alongworkweekisappropriateforreducedworkload.C解析：推理推断题。依据其次段中的“Working50­，60­，or70­plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50­，60­，or70­plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”可知，弗里德先生认为一周工作五六十个小时，甚至七十几个小时是没有必要的。假如真这么做了，反而会出现管理上的问题，由此推知，弗里德先生认为人们可以在短时间内把工作做好，故选C项。7．Whatdoestheresearchmentionedinthetextwanttotellus?A．Gettingmuchmorerest.B．Improvingworkquality.C．Refusingafive­dayworkweek.D．Avoidingworkingtoointensely.D解析：推理推断题。依据题干中的theresearch可定位到第四至六段。通读这几段，尤其是第四段可知，这个新探讨发觉长时间工作不只对员工的身心健康有害，工作的强度也会影响员工的职业前景。这是因犯难以忍受的工作时长和工作强度会降低工作质量。第五六段进一步说明白长时间高强度工作的坏处。由此可以推知，该探讨是建议人们要避开高强度工作，故选D项。8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MoreWork,MoreProfitsB．LessWork,LessBenefitsC．ShorterWeek,BetterRewardD．LongerHours,HigherIntensityC解析：标题归纳题。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp为例，说明白较短的工作周的好处。除此之外，还介绍了一项有关工作时长和工作强度对人的影响的探讨，由此更进一步印证了较短工作周对人身心方面的好处。因此C项最能概括全文内容。CIt’scommonknowledgethatsomecountrieshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthanothers,butthecityyouliveincanalsoaffectyourhealth.Somecitiesarehardontheirresidents.Inplaceswithpoorcityplanning,forexampleLagos,whichwascalledoutrecentlybytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit,publicspacesarefew,makingoutdooractivitieshard.Lackofinfrastructure(基础设施)blocksthestreetswithcarsandtheairwithpollutants,andresidentsworklonghoursforlittlemoney.ThesearejustsomeofthefactorsaddedupbySpotahome,arentalagency.They’veanalyzeddatafromarangeofsources,includingtheWorldHealthOrganization,TripAdvisorandtheCIAWorldFactbooktoscoreeachcityonhealth,gymavailabilityandquality,lifeexpectancies,obesity,greenspaceandotherelementstomakealisttoworkoutwhicharetheworld’shealthiestcities.ThelistiscertainlyEurocentricandsunshineisseenasapositivefactor.Itdoesgosomewaytowardsuggestingwhichcitiesaregettingitrightinprovidingagoodlifefortheirresidents.ItmaynotbesurprisingtolearnthatmostofthehealthiestcitiesareinnorthernEurope,knownforitspeople­firstapproacht