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专题12阅读理解说明文
考情聚焦
课标要求
近三年全国中考阅读理解从体裁记叙文,说明文和议论文都是考察重点和难点;其次,阅读理解中相关词
汇的考察也是重点,尤其是说明文的词汇难度系数逐年上升,强调理解性。
考点
L说明文话题的分类;
2.说明文的架构;
3.说明文的理解性词汇;
考向
考向一:话题分类
1.Salthasalwaysbeenimportanttopeople.Inthepast,itwasasvaluableasgold.Overtheyears,
peoplediscovereddifferentwaystogetsalt.Someearlypeoplegotsaltfiromrocks.Inotherplaces,peoplegotsalt
fronwaterdriedup(耗尽).Thenpeoplecouldthesea.Theytookseawaterandputitinthesun.Afteralongtime,
peoplecouldgetsalt.
Today,peoplestillgetsaltfromthesea.Butmostsaltcomesfromsaltmines(矿)andsaltwells(井)。Howdo
peoplegetsaltfromsaltmines?Theydigdeepintothegroundforit.Togetsaltfromthesea,peopleputtwopipes
(管子)intotheground.Waterissentdownthroughoneofthepipes.Andwaterismixedwiththesaltinsaltwells.
Itmakessaltwater.Thenthesaltwaterispushedupthroughtheotherpipe.Later,thesaltistakenoutofthesalt
water.Peopleonceworkedhardtofindandmakesalt.Now,peoplecanbuyitatanyfoodstore.
1.Someearlypeoplegotsaltfrom
A.flowers.B.fruitsC.treesD.rocks
2.Whydidpeopleputseawaterinthesun?
A.Togetsalt.B.Tocatchfish.C.Towashclothes.D.Towatercrops
3.Howdopeoplegetsaltfromsaltmines?
A.Bymixingsandwithgold.B.Bydiggingdeepintotheground.
C.Byputtingoilonrocks.D.Bythrowingstonesintothesea.
4.Whatistherightorderofgettingsaltfromsaltwells?
a.Thesaltistakenoutofthesaltwater.b.Waterissentdownthroughoneofthepipes.
c.Thesaltwaterispushedupthroughtheotherpipe.
A.a-b-cB.b-c-a.C.c-b-a.D.b-a-c
5.Thepassageismainlyabout
A.whodiscoveredsalt
B.whenwemadesalt
C.wheresaltcomesfrom
D.howmuchsaltweneed
【答案】l.D2.A3.B4.B5.C
【解析】【导语】本文主要介绍了盐从哪里来的。
(1题详解】细节理解题。根据“Someearlypeoplegotsaltfromrocks"”可知,一些早期的人从岩石中得到
盐。故选D。
[2题详解】
细节理解题。根据"Theytookseawaterandputitinthesun.Afteralongtime,thewaterdriedup(耗尽).Then
peoplecouldgetsaltw可知,是为了得到盐,故选A。
[3题详解】
细节理解题。根据"Theydigdeepintothegroundforit.Togetsaltfromsaltwells,peopleputtwopipes(管子)
intotheground.可知,人们通过深挖地下来从盐矿中获取盐。故选B。
[4题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Waterissentdownthroughoneofthepipes.Andthewaterismixedwiththesaltinsaltwells
Itmakessaltwater.Thenthesaltwaterispushedupthroughtheotherpipe.Later,thesaltistakenoutofthe
saltwater."水通过其中一根管子往下输送。在盐井里,水和盐混合。它产生盐水。然后盐水通过另一根管子
被推上来。然后,把盐从盐水中取出。由此可知,正确的顺序是:水通过其中一根管子往下输送一盐水从另-
根管子被推上来一从盐水中取出盐。故选Bo
[5题详解】
主旨大意题。根据“Overtheyears,peoplediscovereddifrerentwaystogetsalt",Today,peoplestillgetsaltfrom
thesea"以及全文可知,本文主要介绍了盐从哪里来的。故选C
真题透视
2.(2024广东中考真题)
WelcometoTopDiscoverySpace(TDs)!
Thisisagoodplaceforyouandyourkidstohavefunthroughdifferentkindsofhandsonactivities,including
experiencing3D-printing,doingchemistrygames,growingvegetablandexploringthesecretsofspace.
Alltheseactivitiesneedcloseparent-childcooperation.Itiswhatwevaluemost.Weorganizemanyactivities
forparentsandchildrentodotogether.TomakesureeveryvisitoenjoystheirtimeatTDS,wehavetoremindyou
tofollowtheserules.
Parentsshouldstaywiththeirchildrenduringthevisit.Forchildren'ssafety,parentsmustgothroughthe
instructionsfortheactivitiescarefully.
Allyisitorsarerequiredtoweairsocks(noshoesallowed)withinindoorareas.Youma.askourworkersat
thefrontdeskforapair.
Visitorsarenotsupposedtotakephotoshere.Ourteacherswillcatchyourunforgettablomentsduringyour
visit.Yourphotoswillbesenttoyoubyemailifyouneedthem.
Eatinganddrinkingisonlyallowedinthepicnicarea
Openingtime:9:00a.m.to5:00p.m.everyday!
Price:50dollarsforoneticket
Pleasenote:Oneticketcoversoneadultandonechild.Pleasebuyonemoreticketforanotheradultorchild.
6.WhatcanvisitorsdoatTDs?
A.Watch3Dmovies.
B.Takechemistrytests.
C.Learnaboutspace.
D.Makevegetablesalads
7.WhatdoesTDScareaboutmost?
A.Parent-childcooperation.
B.Children'slearningexperience.
C.Children'shealthandsafety.
D.Teacher-studentcommunication.
8.Whoisadvisedtoreadtheactivitydirectionscarefully?
A.Teachers
B.Children.
C.Workers.
D.Parents
9.HowmanyticketsdoyouneedifyougotoTDSwithyourparents?
A.One.B.Two.C.ThreeD.Four.
10.Whatkindoftextisthispassage?
A.Astory.
B.Adiary.
C.Anotice
D.Areport.
【答案】6.C7.A8.D9.B10.C
【解析】
【导语】本文是TopDiscoverySpace活动广告信息。
[6题详解】
细节理解题。I艮据“includingexperiencing3D-printing,doingchemistrygames,growingvegetablesandexplori
ngthesecretsofspace”可知,包括体验3D打印、做化学游戏、种植蔬菜和探索太空的秘密,故选
C.
[7题详解】
细节理解题。根据"Alltheseactivitiesneedcloseparent-childcooperation.Itiswhatwevaluemost.'"可知,
亲子密切合作是我们最看重的。故选Ao
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据"Forchildren'ssafety,parentsmustgothroughtheinstructionsfortheactivitiescarefully.^^
可知,家长必须仔细阅读活动说明。故选D。
[9题详解】
细节理解题。根据"Oneticketcoversoneadultandonechild.Pleasebuyonemochild.”可知,一张票包括一
个大人和一个小孩。请为另一位成人或儿童多买一张宗。m以知不小…父母一起去TDS,你需要买2张票,
故选Bo
[10题详解】
推理判断题。本文是TopDiscoverySpace活动广告信息,所以是一则通知,故选C。
新题特训
3.Haveyoueverimaginedwhatbeescandowiththeirtinybrains?NowscientistsClintPerry,ascientist,hasspent
muchtimestudyinghowbeesthink.Hesaysstudyingbeesisnotverydifferentfromstudyingotheranimals.4tThe
maindifficultyistodesign(设计)anexperiment(实验)beeanandgetananswer.Butwecan*tusethesamewayto
togetananswerfrombees.Theyarejusttryingtogetsugar.Beeslikesugar.
Thefactthatbeeslikesugarishelpfulforscientiststodesignexperiments.Forexample,inoneexperiment
Perrygavebeesatask:tofinddelicioussugaronalandingplaceaboveablackbar(棒).Perrymadethetaskeasier
orharderbymovingthelandingplacefartherfromorclosertotheblackbar.Hefoundthatbeeswouldavoidthe
taskwhenitwasdifficult.Andwhenthetestwaseasy,beeswouldtryit.
Asforhumans,wemightchoosenottotakeatestwhenweweren'treadyforit.Andwemightchoosetotake
thetestwhenwewerewellprepared.Inthesameway,beesseemedtomakedecisionslikehumans.
Perrypointsoutthatwearenotsurewhetherbeesactuallymakeathoughtfulchoicefromexperiments.
Novscientistsstilldonotknowhowbeesmanagetodosomuchwiththeirtinybrains.Butlearningmoreabout
howbees'brainsworkcouldhelpuslearndealwithinformation.
根据语篇内容,选择最佳选项。
10.WhatdidPerrystudyinhisexperiments?
A.Howbeessleep.
B.Howbeesthink.
C.Howbeesdream
11.WhatcanweknowfromParagraph2?
A.Beescantalk.
B.Beesarelazy..
C.Beeslikesugar.
12.WhatwouldbeesdowhenthetaskwaseasyaccordingtoParagraph3?
A.Theywouldtryit.
B.Theywouldavoidit.
C.Theywouldpraiseit.
13.Whafstheimportanceoflookingintobees'brains?
A.Ithelpsuslearnhowhumanbrainswork.
B.Ittellsushowtomakethoughtfulchoices.
C.Itletsusknowhowtodealwithinformation
14.Whereisthearticleprobablytakenfrom?
A.Atravelmagazine.B.Asportsmagazine.C.Asciencemagazine.
【答案】IO.Bll.C12.A13.A14.C
【解析】
【导语】本文是•篇说明文,介绍关于蜜蜂的,些信息。
[10题详解】细节理解题。根据“ClintPerry,ascientist,hasspentmuchtimestudyinghowbil4/19特・佩里花
了很多时间研究蜜蜂是如何思考的。故选Bo
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Beeslikesugar.”可知,蜜蜂喜欢糖。故选C
[12题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Andwhenthetaskwaseasy,beeswouldtryit.”可知,当任务很容易时,蜜蜂就会尝试。
故选Ao
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Butleamningmoreabouthowbees,brainsworkcouldhelpusleammmoreabouthowour
ownbrainsdealwithinformation.”可知,但更多地了解蜜蜂的大脑是如何工作的,可以帮助我们更多地了解人
类大脑是如何处理信息的。故选Ao
[14题详解】
推理判断题。本文主要介绍关于蜜蜂的一些信息,所以可能在科学杂志上看到这篇文章,故选C.
4.TuYouyou
Dateofbirth:30December,1930
Placeofbirth:Ningbo,Zhejiang,Chin.
Education:
1951-1955:BeijingMedicalCollege(nowPekingUniversityHealthyScienceCentre)
WorkingExperience:
1955-present:ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences
MajorAchievements:.
1969:Workedastheleaderofaresearchteamaimingtofightagainstmalaria(疟疾)
1972:ManagedtoextractqinghaosufromaChineseherb,whichisveryusefulinfightingmalaria
1986:GetaNewDrugCertificateforqinghaosu,bytheMinistryofHealthofChina
2015:WontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine
2019:Namedfor"TheGreatestPersonofthe20thCentury^^
阅读以上简历,根据其内容判读下列句子正误。正确填(涂)A、错误填(涂)B。
15.TuYouyouwasbornin1930.
16.Beijingisherbirthplace.
17.TuYouyouhasbeenworkingfornearly70years.
18.Itsin2019thatshewontheNoblePrize.
19.TuYouyouisoneofthegreatestpersonsinthe20thcentury.
【答案】15.A16.B17.A18.B19.A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文,介绍了屠呦呦的个人信息,包括出生日期、籍贯、教育经历、工作经验及取
得的成就。
[15题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Dateofbirth:30December,1930”可知,屠呦呦出生于1930年。故填A。
【16题详解】细节理解题。根据“Placeofbirth:Ningbo,Zhejiang,China”可知,屠呦呦的出生地是浙江宁波,
不是北京。故填Bo
[17题详解】
细节理解题。根据“WorkingExperience:1955-present:"可知,屠呦呦从1955年开始工作,一直到现在,工作
了近70年。故填A。
【18题详解】
细节理解题。根据“2015:WontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine”可知,屠呦呦于2015年获得诺贝尔
奖,不是2019年。故填B。
【19题详解】
细节理解题。根据“2019:Namedfor'TheGreatestPersonofithe20theentury”可知,屠呦呦是20世纪最伟大
的人之一。故填Ao
5.DumplingsaretraditionalChinesefood.Jackislearningtomakeadumplingmealforhisfamily.Pleasehelp
himchoosethreefromthefourpicturesandmatchthemwiththestepsbelow.
20Preparedumplingskins.Mixdifferentkindsofvegetablesandmeat
___21Putfillingsontodumplingskins.Foldthemintotheshapeofyuanba
22Putdumplingsintoboilingwater.Cookfreshdumplingsforabout5〜8minutes,andfrozet
dumplingsforabout10〜15minutes.
Don'tforgettoturnoffthefire!
【答案】20.C21.D22.A.
【解析】
【导语】本文主要介绍做饺子的步骤。
[20题详解】
根据uPreparedumplingskins.Mixdiferentkindsofvegetablesandmeat.v可知,准备饺子皮,混合不同种类的
蔬菜和肉类。选项C与之相符,故选C。
[21题详解】
根据"Putfillingsontodumplingskins.Foldthemintotheshapeofyuanbao.”可知,把馅料放在饺子皮上,把它们
折成元宝的形状。选项D与之相符,故选Do
【22题详解】
根据“Putdumplingsintoboilingwater.Cookfreshdumplingsforabout5-8minutes,andfrozendumplings
fbrabout10~15minutes.”可知,将饺子放入沸水中,新鲜饺子煮约5〜8分钟,冷冻饺子煮约10〜15分钟。
选项A与之相符,故选Ao
6.“TheGreenWallInitiative^^isaprojectthatencouragesstudentstoprotecttheenvironmentbycreatingtheir
owngardensonthewalls.Theprojectwasstartedin2007bytheAfricanUnion.UrbanMiddleSchoolinBeingis
thefirstonetotakepartintheprojectinChina.TheprojectinUrbanMiddleSchoolteachesstudentsabout
sustainable(可持续的)practices,plantcareandteamwork.Intheproject,studentsmakeplans.Apieceofwallis
giventoeachclass.ThenstudentsChooserightplantstogrowonthewall.Theytaketurnstotakecareoftheplants.
Theyalsorecordthegrowthoftheplants.
Theprojectisasuccess.Thoselivingwallsnotonlybeautifytheschoolenvironment,butalsohelpmakethair
firesherandlowerthetemperatureofthecity.Theyalsolearntoworkwithothersandtakecareoftheirown
community.Now,moreandmoreschoolfollowtheexample,hopingtospreadtheideaofenvironmentalprotection.
23.WhenwastheprojectstartedbytheAfricanUnion?
A.In2007.
B.In2010.
C.In2015..
D.I2023.
24.Whatdoesthewriterthinkoftheproject?
A.It'sboring.
B.It'seasy.
C.It'safailure.
D.It'sasuccess.
25.WhichofthefollowingcanbeputintoNo.3andNo.4?
ProjectTheGreenWallInitiativeinUrbanMiddleSchool
MemberTeachersandstudents
GoalToprotecttheenvironment.
Studentsmakeplans.
Apieceofwallisgiventoeachclass.
ProcessStudentschooserightplantstogrowonthewalls.
3.
Studentsrecordthegrowthoftheplants.
Theenvironmentbecomesbetterthanbefore.
4.____________Studentslearnaboutsustainablepractices,plantcare
andteamwMoreschoolstakepartintheproject..
A.Studentstaketurnstotakecareoftheplants.
B.Studentsfollowtheexamplesofotherschools.
C.Studentsdoscientifictestsaboutthetemperature
D.Studentscleantheirowncommunityatweekends
26.A.ExampleB.AchievementC.Reason.D.Difficulty
【答案】23.A24.D25.A26.B
【解析】
【导语】本文介绍了非洲联盟的绿色长城计划,同时介绍了计划对学生们的影响。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Theprojectwasstartedin2007bytheAfHcanUnion."可知绿色长城计划是在2007年批准
的。故选Ao
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Theprojectisasuccess.”可知作者认为计划很成功。故选D
[25题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Intheproject,studentsmakeplans.Apieceofwallisgiventoeachclass.Thenstudentschoose
rightplantstogrowonthewall.Theytaketurnstotakecareoftheplants.Theyalsorecordthegrowthoftheplants.,,
可知学生们会制定计划,选定植物,学生们轮流照顾,然后记录成长。故选Ao
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据"Theenvironmentbecomesbetterthanbefore."和"Studentsleamnaboutsustainable
practicesplantcareandteamwork.”可知最后一段介绍这次活动中取得的成就。故选B。
7.①Morethan100,000peoplecheeredatthebreathtakingmomentwhen3,000dronesflewover
ChaotianmenontheChineseNewYearEve.The15-minutedroneshowhad300millionviewsonline
(2)Infact,dronesareeasytooperate.Peoplesendorderstothecontrolsystem.Rotorspushagainsttheair
tomakethedroneriseorstayintheair.Bychangingtheangle(角度)andthespeedofdifferentrotors,thedrone
fliesinalldirections.
③Dronescancompletedifficultandspecialtasksinatimelyandeffectiveway
©Afteranearthquake,dronescanflyoverblockedroadstofindpeopleorrecordanypossibledanger.
5.Reachingthemountainvillagebyroadmaytakeseveralhours,butdronesprovideinformationinjustafew
minutes.Forweakwildlifepopulations,dronescanshowwherepoachersarehidingandiftheyarecarryingguns.
Atnight,droneswithinfrared(红夕卜线的)camerascaneasilyfindtheminthedark.
6.Dronesalsoprovideconvenienceforthepublic.Forexample,atasportsevent,dronesareusedtogiveaview
fromaboveorhelpcoachesseehowtheirplayersaredoing.
@Inaword,droneshavebeenwidelyusedinemergency(紧急情况),environmentalprotection,
farmingtransportationandothers,withmorefieldsontheway.
8.Asdronesarecheaper,morepracticalandlessdangerousthanplanesorhelicopters,droneflightactivitiehave
becometheimportantdrivingforceforthegrowthoflow-altitudeeconomy(彳氐空经济).Besideswell-knowileaders
likeDJI,morepioneeringcompanieshaveappeared.Attheendoflastyear,therewerenearly1.27millioregistered
(注册的)dronesacrossthecountry.Thedroneindustryisbelievedtobefullofchancesandpossibilities.
27.What'sthepurposeinwritingParagraph1?
A.Toprovidethebackground.
B.Toleadintothesubject.
C.Tocomparedifferences.
D.Tointroduceafestival.
28.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordupoachers"inParagraph5mean?
A.非法捕猎者
B.动物保护者
C.无人机驾驶员
D.野生动物管理员
29.Whatwillthewriterprobablydiscussafterthelastparagraph?
A.Thehistoryofthedroneindustry.
B.Theadvantagesofdrones
C.Thefutureofthedroneindustry.
D.Thestandardsofdrones.
【答案】27.B28.A29.C
【解析】
【导语】本文介绍了无人机的应用以及未来的产业。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据“Morethan100,000peoplecheeredatthebreathtakingmomentwhen3,000dronesflew
overChaotianmenontheChineseNewYearEve.”可知本文通过超10万人观看无人机在新年飞行的时刻,引出
对无人机的介绍。故选Bo
【28题详解】
词义推断题。根据“Forweakwildlifepopulations,dronescanshowwherepoachersarehidingandifthey
arecarryingguns.”可知携带枪支,猎杀野生动物的是非法捕猎者。故选A。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据"Thedroneindustryisbelievedtobefullofchancesandpossibilities.”可知最后一句介绍无人
机未来是充满无限机会和可能的,所以之后作者会介绍无人机未来的产业。故选C。
8.
WATERSAFETYFORALL
GensonDPEteacheslife-savingskillsFORALL.JoinusinJulyforFamilyWaterSafet
EducationandouryearlySafetyAroundWaterProgram
FamilyWaterSafetyEducation
Time:5:30〜7:30p.m.
Monday,July8:ReachorThrow,Don'tGo
FREEforDPEmembers
Community:$10adayfora
family
WednesdayJuly10:LifeJacketsandBoating
Friday,July12:OpenSwim
ParentMUSTbeinthepool!!
Sunday,July14:Celebration!
SafetyAroundWaterProgram
Time:4:45~5:15p.m.
5:30〜6:00p.m.
6:15〜6:45p.m.
July22-25,2024
Email:andy@
Forchildrenaged11〜14
REGISTERNOW
GensonDPE.com
Contact:AndyMarkham
XNotes:l.register(登记".contact(联系)
30.WhenistheCelebration?
A.OnSunday.
B.OnMonday.
C.OnWednesday
D.OnFriday.
31.AtwhatagecanachildjoininSafetyAroundWaterProgram?
A.6.
B.8.
C.10.
D.12.
32.WhatcanwelearnaboutGensonDPE?
AItkeepsopenallyearround..
C.Itprovidesfreeprogramsforall.
B.Itteacheslife-savingskills.
D.Ithastwoprogramseveryday.
【答案】30.A31.D32.B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文,介绍了家庭水上安全教育、水上安全计划项目
[30题详解】
细节理解题。根据“Sunday,July14:Celebration!”可知,庆典在星期天举行。故选A。
【31题详解】细节理解题。根据SafetyAroundWaterProgram中“Forchildrenaged11〜14”可知,11-14岁的
儿童可以参加水上安全项目。故选D。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据“GensonDPEteacheslife-savingskillsFORALL.”可知,GensonDPE教授救生技能。故选
Bo
9.It'salwaysagoodthingtohaveahobby.ForMissPatty,aschoolbusdriverinErieCounty,herhobbyofknitting
(编织)hasmadeherreallytouchthecommunity.
MissPattyalwayswantedtodosomethingwithhersparetimetohelpthestudents.Afteraconversation
withoneofthestudents,thingstookaturnfromknittingonehattoknittingmorehats.
“Theoneboygetsonthebus,andhegoes*whatareyo
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