《Lessons》课件-Wk章节8 Cross-cultural Communication章节

Cross-culturalCommercialCommunicationWeek8ContentsNon-verbalCommunication

(continued…)CommunicationStrategies

-Definition -FaceTheories -PolitenessPrinciple -CooperativePrincipleInterculturalCommunicationModelNon-verbalCommunicationDefinition

(Samovar&Porter,2004)Functions

(Repeat/Complement/Substitute/Regulate/Contradict)

Classification(4areas) -timelanguage -spacelanguage -bodylanguage -paralanguageNon-verbalCommunicationClassificationTopicsinvolvedineacharea: -Timelanguage

(punctuality,promptness,timeorientation,whatisearly/late,long,orshort) -Spacelanguage

(bodydistance,bodytouch) -Bodylanguage

(facialexpressions,postures,eye-contacts,gestures) -Paralanguage

(Silence,speed,volume,pause)N-VCommunicationClassification-TimeLanguage3Types

-PAST/PRESENT/FUTURE -AmericanvsChinese2WaysofOrganizing(1976)

-MonochronicTime(e.g.NorthernAmerican,Western/NorthernEurope) -PolychronicTime(e.g.LatinAmerican,African,Arab,mostofAsian)N-VCommunicationClassification-SpaceLanguageBodyDistance&BodyTouchHall(1959)-Americansocialandbusinesscircumstances: -Intimate/Personal/Social/PublicPersonalitydeterminestheamountofpersonalspace -IntrovertvsExtrovertN-VCommunicationClassification-SpaceLanguageShortDistanceMediumDistanceLongDistanceLatinAmericansMediterraneanArabsAmericansNorthernEuropeansJapaneseMediterraneanEuropeansN-VCommunicationClassification-BodyLanguageFacialExpressions(e.g.Smile)EyeContact(e.g.Directeyecontact)Postures(e.g.Sitting)Gestures(e.g.Hand)NoddingSeatingN-VCommunicationClassification-ParalanguageParalanguage

meansthesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtocommunicationattitudesorothershadesofmeaning.E.g.Whistling/Tempo/Volume/SilenceCommunicationStrategiesDefinition -TwoApproaches (Psycholinguistic&Sociological/Interactional)Approaches

*P-Thepotentiallyconsciousplansforsolvingwhattoanindividualpresentsitselfasaprobleminreachingaparticularcommunicationgoal *S-AmutualattemptoftwointerlocutorstoagreeonameaninginsituationswhererequisitemeaningstructuresdonotseemtobesharedFaceTheoriesBrown&Levinson

-3BasicNotions (Face/FaceThreateningActs/PolitenessStrategies) -2CategoriesofFACE *Positive-thedesireofeverypersonthathisideasshouldbelikedandadmiredbyothers *Negative-thedesireofeverycompetentadultpersonthathisactionsshouldnotbeimpededbyothersFaceTheoriesScollon&Scollon

-3PolitenessSystems (Deference/Solidarity/HierarchicalPolitenessSystem)

-2Strategies

*Involvement-

thecommunicatorsareoncommonground,andattendtoinvolvinganindividualasanormal,contributingorsupportingmemberofsociety

*Independence-

individualityofthecommunicators,andcanberealizedbyusingformalnamesandtitles,makingminimalassumptionsPolitenessPrincipleDefinition

Politenessisrealizedlinguisticallybymeansofvariousstrategiesacrosscultures.Faceisinvested,somethingthatcanbelost,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteractionFunction MaintainthesocialequilibriumandthefriendlyrelationswhichenableustoassumethatourinterlocutorsarebeingcooperativeinthefirstplaceCooperativePrincipleCooperativePrinciple

Makethecontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionoftheconversationalexchangeinwhichpeopleareengaged4Maxims (Quality/Qua