间套作研究对我国农业绿色增长的启示

间套作研究对我国农业绿色增长的启示报告内容背景间套作研究的新进展对我国农业绿色增长的启示报告内容背景间套作研究进展对我国农业绿色增长的启示(Shenetal.,2013)DevelopingcountrieslikeChinawhichconsumesmoreandmorefertilizer农业现状问题的提出China’seutrophiedlakeareareached8700km2(2007)overthelast4decades.Eutrophication(Science2009,1014-1015)AirpollutioninBeijingScience

327,1008–1010(2010)环境现状SimulatedtotalsoilC(forsoildepthfo0to20cm)changesforthecentralU.S.cornbelt.PointsatwhichsoilCwas53%and61%ofconcentrationatconversiontoagriculture(in1907)areindicated.(Matsonetal.,1997,Science)(Nosengo,2003,Nature)生态现状高产高效“三步走”战略是实现保障粮食安全的同时维护生态环境质量的重要途径。CropproductivityWaterandnutrientinputAtpresent（savingfertilizer）The2ndstep10%-20%（High-yield）The3rdstep30%-50%IncreasesoilfertilityThe1ststepSavingNby30%withoutyieldpenalty如何实现农业的绿色增长？解决途径公元前8000年←古代→1770年←近代→1950年←现代→2008

1908年Habor和Bush发明合成氨；1950年全球氮肥产量400万吨。1960s绿色革命之父--NormanBorlaug农业发展阶段原始农业阶段传统农业阶段现代农业阶段标志刀耕火种金属农具的使用机械化、信息技术、生物技术等科学技术无有有生产农具石斧、石镰等犁、镰、刀、耙、锄、稿等犁、镰、刀、耙、锄、稿等+机械（旋耕机、深松机、收割机、播种机等）。灌溉无淤灌、自流、提灌等自流、井灌、微灌、喷灌等使用外力无牲畜、水力、风力电力、机械、较高风力等栽培技术穴播、撒播穴播、条播、复种、间套作、轮作、连作等穴播、条播、复种、间套作、轮作、连作、立体栽培、人工温室等产量效率极低一般较高在没有化肥、低投入的传统农业中，农民主要通过间套作模式提高作物产量、培肥地力。报告内容背景间套作研究的新进展对我国农业绿色增长的启示不同的间套作模式(1)带状间套作:twoormorecropsgrowntogetherinstripswideenoughtoaccommodatemachinery.

间套作：间套作是指在同一块土地上同时种植两种或两种以上作物的一种种植模式。Glutinousrice/HybridriceMaize/SoybeanWheat/soybeanWheat/fababean

Rubber/PepperMaize/commonbean/squash(“threesisters”)(3)混合种植:twoormorecropsgrowntogetherwithnodistinctrowpatter;(2)Relayintercropping:asecondcropisplantedintoanexistingcropMaize/fababeanWheat/watermelonNurseplant

（photobyC.Zhang)植物间的互作（竞争和互惠作用）是间套作重要的研究课题。根系种间相互作用对小麦边行优势具有重要贡献边行产量优势仅有地上部作用(地下部＋地上部)作用小麦/玉米小麦/大豆29.4%84.8%30.4%53.6%地下部作用55.4%23.2%（李隆）磷含量差值kg/ha种间互作对玉米磷含量的贡献出苗后天数（d）施磷增强种间互作前期，地下部互作的贡献增强明显，后期地上部互作贡献明显增强。地下部作用一直大于地上部地上部作用先正后负，地下部作用一直增加（罗兰燕，2013）Rootlengthdensityvariance(Zhangetal.,2014,AnnalsofBotany)(PostmaandLynch,2012)(vanRuijven&Berendse2003.Ecol.Lett;2005.PNAS)物种间根系分布的空间差异越大，根系构型差异越显著，相对于单作体系，间作体系作物的根系在土体中的分布更趋于均衡。物种互作的影响之一：作物冠层和根系的空间生态位分离越明显。Relationshipbetween(A)nodulenumberand(B)noduleweightoffababeanandNO3−concentrationinsoil(Lietal.,2016,PNAS)影响之二：养分的来源不同SolefababeanIntercroppedfababeanAir-NFertilizer-NSoil-N(Xiaoetal.,2004)TreatmentNoduleSoleIntercropped-NNumber(Nodule/plant)80104NSFreshweight(g.pot-1)1.071.52NS+NNumber(Nodule/plant)732*Freshweight(g.pot-1)0.551.10*与禾本科作物间作解除高施氮条件下豆科植物的“氮阻遏”现象。(Lietal.,2016,PNAS)Fig.Theroot–rootinteractionsdrivenbymaizerootexudatesstimulatenodulationandNfixationoffababeaninthemaize/fababeanintercroppingsystem.Maizerootexudatesinducesignificantup-regulationofexpressionofCFI,NODL4,GH3.1,ENODL2,FixI,andENOD93infababeanroots,which,atleastpartially,providesanexplanationfordeformationofroothairs,nodulation,andnodulematuration.Up-regulationofCFIexpressionenhancesgenisteinsynthesisandsecretion.Genisteinreleasedfrommaizeandfababeanrootspromotesrhizobiumenrichmentandreleaseofnodfactors,whichfacilitatenodulation.availablePspeciesBspeciesAunavailablePP-mobilizingprocess(Hinsingeretal.2011,PlantPhysiology)availablePspeciesBspeciesAunavailablePP-mobilizingprocess

?P2P:twoplantssharePVisualizationofrhizosphereacidificationoffababean(a),soybean(b),andmaize(c).Therootswereimbeddedfor6hinagargelcontainingapHindicator(bromocresolpurple)withoutPsupply(GreenhouseStudy2).Yellowindicatesacidification,andpurpleindicatesalkalization.Concentrationofmalateandcitrateintherhizosphereofmaize,soybean,andfababean.Harvestswereat35and45daysafteremergence.(Lietal.,2007,PNAS)20

8年的田间长期定位试验表明，间套作提高土壤有机碳含量4%，相当于土壤固碳速率184kgCha-1year-1。(Congetal.,2014,GlobalChangeBiology)0-20cm184kgCha-1year-14%影响之三：增强土壤碳的固定，减少温室气体的排放Congetal.2015PlantSoilRootlitterdecompositiondrivenbyfastercyclingofN.RootlitterNmineralisationCongetal.2015SoilBiol.Biochem.Congetal.2015J.Ecol.Congetal.2014GlobalChangeBiol.GreaterbiologicalNfixationbyfababeaninintercropsthaninsolecrops.SoilorganicmatterRootbiomassRootdecompositionSOMdecompositionRootlitter1AbovegroundbiomassAtmosphericCO2MechanismsunderlyingenhancedSOCinintercrop+4%+10-40%Intercropping(Congetal.,2014,GlobalChangeBiology)(Ganetal.2014,NatureCommunications)Fig.Therelationshipbetweencarbonfootprintandsoilcarbongainandcropyieldinwheat.(a)Wheatcarbonfootprint(withthelinebarsatthedatapointbeingthestandarderrors)isequaltozeroatsoilcarbongainof454kgCO2eqha-1anditbecomesnegative(moredesirable)withsoilcarbongaingreaterthan454kgCO2eqha-1;and(b)wheatcarbonfootprintvaluesdonothaveaclearcorrelationwiththegrainyields,eventhoughgrainyieldsserveasthedenominatorinthecalculationofcarbonfootprintvalues,suggestingthatthecarbonfootprintofwheatproductionisanoutcomeofacomplexofvariousfactors.Fig.Carbonemission(top)andsequestrations(bottom)foralternativewheatcroppingsystems.Thererotationsystemsweretestedunderdry(theratioofprecipitationtoevapotranspiration(Pr/PE)=0.291±0.014),normal(Pr/PE=0.496±0.036)growingconditions.Thelinebarsareleastsignificantdifferences(LSDs)withP≤0.05amongthefourrotationsystemswithineachwater-availabilitycategory(n=3replicates*7yearsfordryyears,3*13fornormalyearsand3*5forwetyears).

(Ganetal.2014,NatureCommunications)(Zhangetal.,unpublisheddata)影响之四：

减少病虫害的发生。间作的发病率仅为单作的73.7%，有些病害的控病效果更明显，间作的发病率仅为单作的37%。RootrotPowderymildewLeafrustRoughly17%higheryieldthansolecrop(Yuetal.,FieldCropsResearch,2015).HighN,Puseefficiencyduetorhizospherechemicalprocesses(Lietal.,2001;Lietal.,PNAS,2007;Hinsingeretal.,PlantPhysiology,2011;Zhangetal.,2014).增加土壤碳固定、减少碳排放；减轻土壤侵蚀和养分流失(Allenetal.,2016;Fanetal.,2016)。土壤-作物系统(Lietal.,2014,NewPhytologist)间套作优势来源于：（1）地上冠层和地下根层的空间生态位分离；（2）养分来源的生态位差异。增加经济收益(Huangetal.,2015)充分挖掘作物生物学潜力增强系统服务功能报告内容背景间套作研究进展对我国农业绿色增长的启示Height(cm)LAI(m²/m²)543210Sunflowerheight

SoybeanHeightSoybeanLAISunflowerLAIMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberSunflowerSowingSunflower