考研英语长难句突破

考研难点专讲：长难句突破第一讲句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“_____”的部分是主干部分。例：Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。谓语实义动词，即行为动词，watch,play及物动词：后面直接宾语不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.Theexaminationendedat11:30am.Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin,study,leave,work等Thepostofficescloseat9:00o’clockPM.Closethewindow!形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+have+过去分词形式系动词(构成系表结构)Be动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，…后面加形容词Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.Thesearchproveddifficult.主语和宾语(1)认识名词：①名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。比如：人：John，sister，father事物：water，air，sun，computer地点：London，theater抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope②名词的数：注意单复数③名词的格：‘s以及of逻辑语义：Rachel：I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.Doctor：I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(产科医生)——老友记of:理清逻辑语义表示所有关系：翻译方法：“AofB”翻译成“B的A”Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊：Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.(2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：Thereasonsareclearnow.Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthefacts.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.Itisthequestion.Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.Wefoundoutthemurderer，Tom.Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.注：代词与名词关系十分紧密，与名词形成特定的指代关系。分为以下几类：人称代词：I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it形容词性物主代词：my/your/his/her/its/名词性物主代词：mine/yours/his/hers/its反身代词：myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself不定代词：every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)疑问代词：that/what/which/whose/who/whom(3)名词性结构：动名词与不定式①动名词与不定式做主语例：WatchingTVismyhobby.Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.(2009.阅读)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.Toerr(犯错)ishuman；toforgive，divine(神圣的).Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.②动名词与不定式做宾语例：Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.③动名词与不定式检测题(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet，findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(4)主语从句、宾语从句注：把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。①主语从句：that引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.②宾语从句：that引导(可省—陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.(5)从句检测题：Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡导者)offree-marketeconomictheories.(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.4．定语(1)形容词：Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.(2)形容词性从句：定语从句——限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。Mr.Zhang，whocametoseemeyesterday，isanoldfriendofmine.Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung，whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.例：(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful：groupswhichbringtogethertelevision，radio，newspapers，magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.①关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导(做连词可省)、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday’sevents.Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina，referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.注：先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little序数词，形容词最高级，theonly.theone，thevery，theright和thelast等成分修饰时，用that.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.that不用在非限定性定语从句在中that不用在介词后面②关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.=3\*GB3③as引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句such…as…，thesame…as(that)…，as…as…；例：(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.b.引导非限定性定语从句：作文常用句型：Asisshowninthepictures，Asisseenfromthechart，Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(3)分词：现在分词、过去分词——时态与主被动①语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。定语：a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.c.分词作定语检测题：(1996年语法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives(2003年63题)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.5．状语（1）副词注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。例：Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenminUniversitybecausehisperformanceonoralEnglishwasreallybad.(表示上下文关系)(2)介词充当状语①介词的定义：中介作用(介词与名词的搭配，介词与形容词的搭配，介词与动词的搭配)②常见介词基本意义总结：空间关系：in，on，at时间关系：in，on，at论及、牵涉关系：about，on,over介词原因关系：becauseof，for方法手段：by，with，in组成构成：of,from，with让步关系：despite，inspiteof排除关系：except，but其他常见介词：besides；among；towards；between=3\*GB3③介词或短语介词的语法功能在句中的体现：注：无论是介词还是短语介词后面所接的词都是名词性的。Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness，theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.(3)副词性从句：状语从句……时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。①时间状语从句：正点……as，till，(not)until，assoonas…，every(each)time，theinstant，theminute，themoment，thesecond，nosooner...than，hardly...when；之前……before；之后……after，since，once；例：Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).***“not...until"的四种不同句式：a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________c.倒装句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.d.强调句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.注：分享同一翻译：直到……才。(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.时间状语从句检测题：(1991年语法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.A.HardlyhadhebeganB.NosoonerhadhebeganC.NotuntilhebeganD.Scarcelydidhebegan(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore，itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium，followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).A.afterB.byC.duringD.until②地点状语从句：everywhere/anywhere/wherever；例：(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica，youheartalesofcorporaterevival.③条件状语从句：suppose/supposing，assuming，provided/providing，as(so)longas；ifonly：只要；onlyif:只有(1996年语法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly(2004年完形42)Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.A.onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing注：相当于if例：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.(1993语法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.untilaslongas...(2002Text4)Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.④原因状语从句：as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;例(2003.37)__theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.IfB.AlthoughC.whereasD.Because(1995语法)Hydrogen(氢元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse__itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.sothat-B.butthatC.inthatD.providedthat(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素)．Theyaredifferent__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活动)withothers.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.because⑤目的状语从句：lest，incase，forfearthat例：(2000Text5)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams，aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould，lesttheybethoughtpushing(爱出风头的)，acquisitive(贪婪的)andvulgar(庸俗的)(2003.35)Intheseactivities，itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown..A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenif⑥方式状语从句：as；asif/though；inthesameway/manner；例：(2000Text)Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors，whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage，wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(牺牲品)。⑦让步状语从句：易懂类：although,though,despite,inspiteof,eventhough例：(1996.50)Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife，althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessVitamins.Manypeople，50，believeinbeingOilthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.A.neverthelessB.thereforeC.moreoverD.meanwhile(1997.44)44itseconomyconditionstorecover，theusisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.IfonlyD.Providedthat(2000Text2)ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere，theywilllookjustlikeus.(2004.40)A11theseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact，40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.A.providedB.sinceC.althoughD.supposing难点类：while,as,though(2000Text4)Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(机械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.例:Youngasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.(1992语法)___hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.A.AlthoughmuchhelikesherB.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.AshelikeshermuchD.Muchashelikesher(1998.75)Oddthoughifsounds,cosmicinflation(宇宙膨胀论)isascientificallyplausible(可行的)consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.⑧比较状语从句：as...as,more...than,nomorethanlessthan,notlessthan.基本类:例：(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks."（2007text7）Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts(同辈)inthe10othercountriessurveyed.倍数类：例:(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(无与伦比的)economiesofscale.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.(1998Text4)Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.倍数类检测题：(1999语法)Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills__peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.A.sevenmoretimesB.seventimesmoreC.overseventimesD.seventimes特殊类：例：(1994语法)Theheartis__intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notsoB.notmuchC.muchmoreD.nomore(2000语法)Itwasn'tsomuchthatIdislikedher____thatljustwantinterestedinthewholebusiness.A.ratherB.soC.thanD.as(2001Text5)Forthewomenofmygenerationthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifeasapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.（3）分词做状语Givenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.Readingtheletter，sheburstoutcrying.另：分词短语做状语时，可以保留相应的连词Afterhavingannoyedeverybody,hewenthome.Althoughexhaustedbythewalk，hecontinuedhisjourney.(1998语法)Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety，——insufficiently(不够地)popularwithallmembers.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.havingconsidered(1992语法)_____oftheburdenofice，theballoonclimbedupanddriftedc0thesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.Freed(1999Text1)Feelingthreatened，companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels，tryingtoanticipate(预测)everypossibleaccident.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought，Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.②分词的复合结构：a.Timepermitting，wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalGarden.6．表语（1）名词，形容词Theyarethescholarsoftwoschools.Theprofessorlookedexcitedwhenheheardthenews.(2)表语从句用that引导陈述句，whether引导一般疑问句，what等疑问词引导特殊疑问句（2000）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.（2002text3）Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn’toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.第二讲二、长难句分析1.长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2.5个拆分信号：①标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干—两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。②连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。②介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。④不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。⑤分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。3.五步拆分步骤：①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；=3\*GB3③寻找句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；**=7\*GB3⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。4.实例解析例:(2001.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury."(1994Text1)Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.(33words)(2007Text3)Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.5.并列句：(1999.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.(1999.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.(2000)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications，peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas，whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.6.名词性从句：(2005Textl)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(1995.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.（1997.72）Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.7.定语从句：(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleast