中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究 2025 聚焦公正转型指数、就业及经济多元化

AgoraEnergy博众智合ENERGYFOUNDATION能源基金会西科城能源环境创新研究院shanxicoshareInnovationInstituteofEnergy&EnvironmentForumEnergiiSUSTAINABLEENERGY,PROSPEROUSFUTURE2-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究报告题目作者机构合作机构能源基金会山西科城能源环境创新研究院e-cosh波兰能源论坛（ForumEnergii）www.forum-energii.eu项目负责人kevin.tu@zhou.yang@KonstancjaZiółkowska(ForumEnergii)3-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究当今国际政治格局正在经历重大变革――地缘政治1在全球范围内加速推进煤炭转型对于实现气候目标至关重要，但对于煤炭生产和消费仍在增长的山西以及2本报告设计了一套全新的公正能源转型指数，通过量化框架，有利于为产煤区量身定制转型战略。对山西与处于不同转型阶段的欧洲产煤区开展对比研3全面的政策框架、有效的协调机制和充足的资金对于推进山西和其他主要产煤区的公正煤炭转型至关能结合经济可持续发展和社会公正的转型政策，例如投资绿色技术、为煤炭社区改造建立专动结构性变革。建议全国双碳工作领导小组将人力资源和社会保障部以及更广泛的公共与私4从掌握的资源及在本地的影响力来看，龙头煤炭企业在推动山西等地区的公正转型领域也能发挥重要府可以通过与龙头煤企积极合作，利用其扎实的现金流以及与当地社区的紧密纽带来支持地方转型业务，在非煤、甚至非能源领域创造就业机会，这类企业能够助力经济产业转型，减少地方对煤炭4-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究Dearreader,CoalhashistoricallybeenasignificantenergysourceinbothEuropeandChina.However,withambitiousclimategoalsonthehorizon,theongoingshiftawayfromcoalpresentsauniqueopportunitytoinnovate,restructureenergysystemsandcreatesustainablegrowth.Centraltothisprocessistheconceptofa"justtransition",whichensuresthatthemovetoalow-carboneconomyisfair,addressingtheneedsofworkers,communitiesandindustriesimpactedbythechange.ThisreportwasdevelopedbyAgoraEnergyTransitionChina,incollaborationwithAgoraEnergiewende,EnergyFoundationChinaandShanxiCoshareInnovationInstituteofEnergyandEnvironment.Throughanin-depthanalysisofShanxi,China’slargestcoal-producingregion,thereportexploresitsprogresstowardajusttransition.AnewJustEnergyTransitionIndex(JETI)formsthebasisfortheanalysis,whichcomparesShanxi’stransitionprogresswiththatoffivecoalregionsinEuropeandoffersactionableinsightsintosupportingcoalworkersandcommunities,withafocusonemploymentandeconomicdiversificationstrategies.Drawingonlessonslearnedfromothercountriesandregions,thereporthighlightspathwaysforcoal-dependentregionslikeShanxiprovincetotransitiontocleanenergywhilefosteringeconomicresilienceandsocialequity.Wehopeyoufinditinsightful.ManagingDirector,AgoraEnergyTransitionChina1theseregions,earlyactionsupportedbyastrongpolicyframeworkcanhelpensurethetransitionisjustandcost-effective,whilealsodrivinginnovationandfosteringeconomicdiversification.2quantitativeframeworktogufromandinternationalcollaborationwithotherregionsfurtheralongintheirtransitionjourneyhighlightareaswhereprogresscanbeacceleratedandprovidevaluableinsights,resourcesandopportunities.3andothercoalregions.Prioritisingpoliciesthatintegratesustainableeconomicdevelopmentandsocialjustice,suchasinvestingincleantechnologiesandestablishingafundforcoalcommunitytransformation,candrivestructuralchange.ExpandingChina’snationalleadershipgrouponcarbonpeakingandneutralitytoincludehumanresourceauthoritiesandpublic,privateandcivilsocietystakeholderswouldenhancecoordinationandhelpensureequitableoutcomes.4interventioncanhelpalignSOEs’investmentprioritiesandunlocktheirfullpotentialtosupportthetransition.Centralandregionalgovernmentscanfacilitatecollaborationwiththeseresource-richandinfluentialSOEstodrivediversificationandprioritisejobcreationinnon-coalorevennon-energysectors.Localgovernments,inturn,canhelpbyidentifyingmarketdemandtrendsandopportunitiesfordevelopment,enablingSOEstoreducecoaldependencyandadvancecarbonneutralitygoals.5-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究2.4公正能源转型综合评价结果2.5总结2.6参考文献6-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究3煤炭产区的就业问题3.1.3公司案例A――焦化行业职工安置风险逐步显现593.1.4公司案例B――内部分流面临规模和结构的双重调整613.2大波兰东部地区――ZEPAKS.A.电力热力公司65――PAKKWBKoninS.A褐煤开采公司66 4煤炭产区经济转型可持续发展问题4.2.2各层面经济可持续发展相关政策和机制4.2.3经济转型可持续发展路径分析4.3.2经济转型路径选择和规划相似904.3.3保障机制和力度不同4.4参考文献 5.2就业问题5.3经济可持续发展5.4政策建议总结7-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究图1-22022年山西省能流图图1-9德国硬煤与褐煤开采情况图1-101990-2023年德国一次能源消耗量及其细分能源图3-12015-2022年山西省煤采选行业直接就业规模的变动图3-32020年山西省省属煤企重整图3-4波兰、大波兰省、大波兰东部等地区2020年失业率图4-32021年波兰、罗兹省和皮奥特科夫斯基地区总增加值结构8-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究表2-2中欧煤炭产区案例区部分经济社会能源发展指标表4-2国家层面推动山西经济转型可持续在的政策梳理表4-3山西省层面推动经济转型可持续在的政策梳理9-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究ClimateJusticeAllianceEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEnergyIndicatorsforSustainableDevelopmentenergytransitionindexenergytrilemmaindexEU-ETSEuropeanUnionEmissionTradingSystemGreenBudgetGermanyGiełdaPapierówWartościowychwWarszawieInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyInternationalLaborOrganizationInternationalTradeUnionConfederationJustTransitionFundJustTransitionMechanismJustEnergyTransitionIndexMFModernisationFundOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPolskaGrupaEnergetycznaPPPPublicPrivatePartnershipPublicSectorLoanFacilityRealEstateInvestmentTrustStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,andThreatsTerritorialJustTransitionPlansUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeWWFWorldWideFundZespółElektrowniPątnów-Adamów-KoninCapitalGroup-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究ExecutiveSummaryCoalhashistoricallybeenasignificantenergysourceinbothEuropeandChina.However,withambitiousclimategoalsonthehorizon,theongoingshiftawayfromcoalpresentsanopportunitytorestructureenergysystems,fosterinnovationandcreatesustainablegrowthpathways.Centraltothisprocessistheconceptofajusttransition,whichensuresthatthemovetowardsalow-carboneconomyisequitable,addressingtheneedsofworkers,communitiesandindustriesaffectedbythechange.InChina,thisconcepthasgainedattentionamongresearchinstitutesandcivilsociety,butgreaterawarenessamongpolicymakersisneededtomakeitakeyfocusofdecision-making,particularlyincoalregionslikeShanxi.IntheEuropeanUnion(EU),coalstillaccountsforaboutonefifthoftotalelectricityproduction,providingapproximately230,000jobsacross31regionsin11countries.Yet,theEU’scommitmenttoreducingcarbondioxideemissionsbyatleast55percentby2030andachievingclimateneutralityby2050challengesthebloc’scoal-dependentregionstodevelopinnovativesolutionstotransformtheirenergysystems.Poland,traditionallyoneofEurope’smostcoal-dependentcountries,offersacasestudyinevolvingpossibilitiesasitworkstoalignwiththeEU’sambitiousclimatetargets.Itsshareofcoalintheenergymix,whilestillsignificant,hasdecreasedmarkedlyinrecentyears.Thisprogressservesasanencouragingexampleforotherhistoricallycoal-reliantcountries.ElsewhereintheEU,Germanyhassetatargetofreducingemissionsby65percentby2030andachievingclimateneutralityby2045–fiveyearsaheadoftheEU’soverallgoal.Meanwhile,theUnitedKingdomhasalsomadestridesinitscoalphase-out;theSeptember2024closureoftheRatcliffe-on-Soarcoal-firedpowerplant–theUK’slast–markedtheendofthecountry’s142-yearhistoryofcoal-firedpowergeneration.China,similarly,ispresentedwithsignificantopportunitiestoadvanceitsdualcarbongoals,whichaimtopeaknationalcarbonemissionsby2030andachievecarbonneutralityby2060.Despitethis,coalstillrepresentsmorethanhalfofboththecountry’sprimaryenergyconsumptionanditspowergeneration.Inrecentyears,aboutfourfifthsofChina’snationalcoaloutputhasbeenconcentratedinjustfourkeycoal-producingregions,namelyShanxi,InnerMongolia,ShaanxiandXinjiang–posingspecificchallengesfortheseregionaltransitions.ShanxiisChina’slargestcoal-producingregion,anditsmajorcoalminingoperationshavemadeitakeyenergysupplybaseforthewholecountryaswellasforexports.Acoal-to-cleantransitionisthuscrucialfordeliveringonbothnationalandglobalclimategoals.ThisreportpresentsacomparativeanalysisbetweenShanxiandfivecoalregionsacrossPoland,GermanyandtheUKtobetterpositionShanxiinitsjourneytowardajusttransitionawayfromcoal.Thereportalsooutlinesactionablesolutionsforsupportingcoalworkersandcommunities,offeringinsightsintoemploymentandeconomicdiversificationstrategies.Bydrawingexperiencesandlessonsfromsuccessfulpracticesaroundtheworld,thereportprovidestangiblepathwaysforcoal-dependentregionstotransitiontowardscleanenergywhilefosteringeconomicresilienceandsocialequity.TheJustEnergyTransitionIndex(JETI)Transitioningawayfromcoalaffectscountriesandregionsdifferently,dependingontheiruniquesocioeconomic,environmental,politicalandenergycontexts.Withoutcarefulplanning,coalworkersandtheircommunitiescanfacesubstantialsocioeconomicimpacts,underscoringtheimportanceofajustenergytransition.Withthenew“JustEnergyTransitionIndex”(JETI)developedbyAgoraEnergyTransitionChina,thisreportassessesandcomparestheprogressofthe–中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究sixregions’transitionsatbothregionalandnationallevels.TheJETIusesfivekeydimensionsand36individualindicatorstoshedlightoneachregion’stransitionreadiness,progressandspecificchallengesthatlieahead.Thefivedimensionsare:energy,emissionsabatement,economy,socialdevelopmentandtransitionmomentum.Theenergyandemissionsabatementdimensionsevaluatecoalregions’relianceoncoal,thelevelofrenewableenergydevelopment,carbonintensityandairquality.Theeconomicdimensionexaminesregions’economicgrowthanditscorrelationwithenergyconsumption.Thesocialdevelopmentdimensionassessesfactorssuchasemployment,incomelevels,socialsecurity,healthcareandeducation.Finally,thetransitionmomentumdimensionfocusesonpolicysupport(includingclimateambition,climateactionplansandcarbonpricingmechanisms),investmentintoresearchanddevelopmentandtheoverallinvestmentandbusinessenvironment.TheJETIconsidersnotonlytheprogressofdecarbonisationwithintheenergysystembutalsofactorsaffectingthepotentialforsustainabledevelopmentinthemediumandlongterm,suchasincomeequity,developmentofthetertiarysector,qualityofhealthcareandeducation,andattractivenesstoforeigninvestmentandtalent.ApplyingtheseJETIdimensionstoaregion’stransitioncontextcanhelpidentifyspecificareasfortargetedsupportandprovideafoundationforatailored–andthusmoreeffectiveandequitable–regionaltransitionstrategy.KeyresultsoftheJETIassessmentTheJETIanalysisofthisreportcomparessixcoalregionsacrossChinaandEurope:Shanxi(China),UpperSilesiaandBełchatów(Poland),NorthRhine-WestphaliaandLusatia(Germany)andSouthWales(UK),analysingeachregion’sstrengthsandweaknessesthroughthefivekeydimensions.Thedimensionsareassessedthroughacomprehensiveframeworkof36indicatorsweightedbyapplyingacombinationofobjectiveandsubjectivemethodologies.Basedonthemostrecentavailabledataattheregionallevel,thestudyprovidesdetailedanalysisandinsightsbyquantifyingeachdimension.OutcomesofthesixcoalregionsintheJETITransitionmomentumEmissionsabatement0.050SocialdevelopmentEconomyNorthRhine-Westphalia(Germany)SouthWales(UnitedKingdom)-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究TheJETIresultsshowthatNorthRhine-Westphaliahasmadesubstantialadvancesinnearlyallcategories,withparticularstrengthsinsocialdevelopmentandtransitionmomentum.ThisprogresscanbeattributedinlargeparttotheRuhrregion’slong-standingfocusoneducationandinnovationsincethelate1950s,fosteringregionalincomegrowthandenhancedresearchcapabilities.SouthWaleshasalsomadenoteworthystrides,particularlyintheenergydimension.Theclosureofitslastcoal-firedpowerplantinMarch2020andthesubsequentshutdownofitslastopencastcoalmineinNovember2023reflectaclearpivotawayfromcoal,withnaturalgasemergingastheprimaryenergysourcefortheregion.However,theindexshowsSouthWaleslaggingbehindtheGermancoal-producingregionsintermsofsocialdevelopmentandeconomicdimensionsandbehindboththePolishandGermancoal-producingregionsintermsoftransitiondynamics.ThisgapisprimarilyduetoaslowereconomicgrowthrateinSouthWales,whiletheGermancoalregionshaveachievedfastereconomicexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyreducingenergyintensity.SouthWales’sexperiencesuggeststhatforregionsinthelaterstagesofthecoaltransition,evenwithcoalminesandpowerplantsnolongerinoperation,considerabletimeandfinancialinvestmentarestillneededtoraiselocalsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmenttothenationalaverage.Incontrast,thethreecoalregionsinPolandandShanxiareatearlierstagesoftheirenergytransitions,withroomforfurtherprogressineconomicandsocialdevelopment.Theseregionsfacenotablechallengesincreatingequitableopportunitiesforcoalworkers,indigenouscommunitiesandcompaniesastheynavigatetheirtransitions.ThesimilarpatternsobservedintheirJETIevaluationssuggestcommonhurdlesinadvancingcleanenergytransitionswhileensuringeconomicandsocialjusticeremaincentraltotheprocess.Severalofthesecommonalitiesappearalsointhereport’stwocomparativecasestudies,asfollows.Comparativecasestudy:EmploymentinShanxi(China)andEasternWielkopolska(Poland)Thereportassessesworkerre-employment,reskillingandothersupportpoliciesinthecoalindustriesofShanxi(China)andEasternWielkopolska(Poland),comparingastate-ownedandaprivateenterpriseintheformerwithacoalminingandacoalpowerenterpriseinthelatter.Thesetworegionswereselectedfortheemploymentcasestudyfortheirparallelcontexts–Shanxi’spoliciesareshapedbyChina’scentralgovernment,whileEasternWielkopolskaisinfluencedbyEUdirectives–allowingforinsightsintotheimpactofgovernancestructuresontransitionstrategies.Bothregionsareundergoingsignificantstructuralchangesandfacesimilaremployment-relatedchallengesduringtheearlystagesoftheirtransitions.Theanalysishighlightscommonhurdlesandexploresregion-specificsolutionsandlevelsofreadinessforajustenergytransition.Thesechallengesinclude:→Unemployment:Withoutcarefulplanning,asubstantialworkforceacrossthecoalsupplychainisatriskofunemployment.→Policyfragmentation:Afragmentedorinadequatesupportregimecanstruggletomeettransition-relatedneeds,especiallyintermsoffunding.→Skillmismatches:Re-employingcoalworkerscanbehinderedbyalackofrelevantskills,evenwherereskillingprogrammeshavebeenimplemented.→Demographicdynamics:Ageingpopulationsandmigrationtrendscanexacerbatelabourshortages.→Reluctancetorelocate:Theregions’geographicalandsocialstructurescandiscourageworkersfromseekingdistantemploymentopportunities.HowShanxiandEasternWielkopolskaapproach(re)employmentchallengesdifferprimarilyintermsof:→Theroleofenergycompanies:InEasternWielkopolska,thelargestenergyenterprisesareprivateandthushavelimitedcapacitytoabsorblaid-offworkers.InShanxi,provincialenterprisesaremuchmoreabletoshoulderthispressuretogetherwiththelocalgovernment,because-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究Chinesestate-ownedcompaniesareresponsibleformaintainingtheemploymentrateatacertainlevel.→Re-employmentsolutions:Polandtendstopromotethere-employmentoftheworkforceinnon-coalornon-energyfieldsthroughre-educationandreskillingprogrammes.Shanxileanstowardscreatingnewemploymentopportunitiesforcoalworkersinenergysectorsbymodernisinganddecarbonisingitscoal-basedandmanufacturingindustries.SeveralfactorsdifferentiateShanxiandEasternWielkopolskaintheirtransitionreadiness.Theseinclude:→Driversforthetransitionawayfromcoal:Poland’stransitionisdrivenprimarilybymarketforces,namelytheEUemissionstradingsystem,aswellasotherobligationsundertheEU’sdecarbonisationcommitments.Bycontrast,Shanxi’seffortsareguidedprimarilybynationalstrategiesandcentralgovernmentpolicies.→Levelofpolicysupportandpaceofthetransitionprocess:Poland’scoaldependencehasdeclinedrapidly,supportedbyEU-fundedinitiativesandlocalgovernmentaction.ForShanxi,althoughtheprovincialgovernmentandcoalcompaniesareactivelypromotingenergytransition,therearenoclearquantitativetargetssetatthenationallevelforthedevelopmentandtransformationofkeystate-ownedcoalenterprises.→Leveloffundingandinvestmentfor(re)employmentsolutions:AsamemberstateoftheEU,PolandhasbenefitedfromEU-fundedinitiatives.PrivatecapitalandforeigninvestmentalsoplayanimportantroleinPoland’sjusttransition.Meanwhile,Shanxi’stransitionissupportedmainlybypublicfunding,includingdirectinvestmentfromthecentralgovernment,fundingallocationsfromlocalgovernmentsandinvestmentfromstate-ownedenterprises.Indeed,ShanxilaunchedChina’sfirstjusttransitionloanin2023,apositivesignofdedicatedfundingonemploymentissues.→Governancestructure:Shanxi’sgovernanceofthetransitionisheavilycentralised,withstronggovernmentoversightandguidance,thoughparticipationofprivateandsocialsectorsisencouraged.Bycontrast,Polandhasdemonstratedahighlevelofmulti-stakeholderparticipationinthejusttransitionprocess.Thefederalgovernment,localgovernments,enterprises,tradeunions,civilsocietyandinternationalorganisationsallplaydifferentbutimportantrolesinpolicydesignandfundingallocation.Comparativecasestudy:EconomicdiversificationinShanxi(China)andŁódźkie(Poland)ThereportpresentsafurthercomparativeanalysisofShanxi(China)andLodzkie(Poland),thistimefocusingoneconomicdiversificationefforts.UsingLinfenCityinShanxiandtheBełchatówCoalTransitionAreainŁódźkieascasestudies,thereportconductsanin-depthexaminationofhowmunicipalgovernmentsintheseregionsareplanningsustainableeconomicdevelopmentpathwaysandimplementingpoliciestoachievethesegoals.KeysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenShanxiandtheŁódźkieintermsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareasfollows:→Emergingalternativeindustries:Bothregionshaveinitiatedthedevelopmentofneweconomicsectorsoutsideofthecoalvaluechain,thoughtheyarestillrelativelymodestinscale.Bothregionalgovernmentshavestrategicallyplannedforeconomicdiversificationinlinewithlocalresourceendowments.However,thesenewindustriesarestillintheirinitialstages,anditmaybechallengingtogeneratesignificanteconomicreturnsintheshortterm.→Populationandlabourchallenges:BothShanxiandŁódźkiefacedemographicissuessuchaspopulationdecline,lossoflabourandinsufficientsupportforscientificresearchandeducation.Thesefactorscanhinderlong-termeconomicresilienceandtheabilitytotransitionawayfrom→Insufficientfunding:Bothregionsaregrapplingwithalackoffinancialresourcestoadequatelysupportthetransition.Moreinvestmentis-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究necessarytoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofnon-coalindustriesandtohelpmitigatetheeconomicandsocialimpactsofcoalphase-out.→Differentpacesoftransitioningawayfromcoal:InShanxi,coalproductionandconsumptionarestillrising,withthegovernmentfocusingonenhancingtheefficiencyofthecoalindustryandclimbingupthecoalvaluechain.Bycomparison,Polandfacesmoreimminentpressureduetoresourcedepletion,decliningcompetitivenessinthecoalmarketandEUpoliciesforafastertransitionawayfromcoal.→Differentpolicydecision-makingmechanisms:InShanxi,thecentral,provincialandmunicipalgovernmentsareleadingpolicydiscussionsandexecutiononeconomicandindustrialtransformation.InPoland,thedecision-makingprocessinvolvesabroaderrangeofstakeholders,withnotableparticipationfromtheEU.PolicyrecommendationsTheJETIanalysisofsixcoal-producingregionsacrossfourcountriesprovidesarobustframeofreferencetoassessShanxi’sjustcoaltransitionprogressacrossmultipledimensions.ThecomparativecasestudiesofShanxiandtworegionsinPoland–allintheearlystagesoftheirenergytransitions–highlightbothsimilaritiesanddifferences,particularlyintermsofemploymentandeconomicdiversification.Drawingfromthesefindings,thefollowingpolicyrecommendationsaimtosupportajusttransitioninShanxiandofferinsightsforothercoalregionsinChinaandbeyond.→EnhancingpoliciesandgovernancemechanismsAtthenationallevel,establishingacentralcoordinationframeworktooverseetheenergytransitionandsustainablesocioeconomicdevelopmentincoal-dependentregionsiskey.Thenationalleadershipgrouponcarbonpeakingandneutralityisastronggovernancefoundationbutlackskeyparticipants,suchashumanresourceauthoritiesandstakeholdersfromboththepublicandprivatesectors.Amorebalancedapproachwouldenabletheframeworktoeffectivelyaddressenergysecuritywitheconomicgrowthandsocialstability.AttheprovinciallevelinShanxi,adedicatedcommitteeforsustainablesocioeconomicdevelopmentcouldbeestablishedtoclearlydefineleadershiprolesandtheresponsibilitiesofparticipatingagencies.Ascientificallyinformedlong-termroadmapforthejusttransition,whichincludesassessmentsofregionalstrengths,vulnerabilities,risksandopportunitiesassociatedwiththeenergytransition,wouldguidetheregiontowardsbalancedeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalsustainability.ThisroadmapshouldalsoalignwithChina’sdualcarbongoals.→Establishingmulti-stakeholdercommunicationchannelsBycreatingformalconsultationanddialogueplatforms,governmentscanfacilitatetransparentcommunicationbetweenauthoritiesandthepublic.Theseplatformsmayconsistofseminars,townhallmeetings,orforumsthatengageexperts,academics,researchinstitutions,industryexecutivesandcivilsociety.Moreover,bypromotingwidespreadandequitablepubliceducationinitiativesaboutthetransition,governmentscanhelpimprovepublicunderstandingandfosteractiveparticipation.Throughdiversecommunicationchannelssuchasmediaoutlets,onlineplatforms,industryeventsandcommunityworkshops,authoritiescandisseminateinformationonthetransition’sobjectives,policiesandimpactstogarnersocialbuy-in.→SupportingthetransitionwithdiversifiedfundingmechanismsAtthenationallevel,establishingajusttransitionfundcanprovidetargetedsupportforthetransition.Thefundcoulddrawfromdifferentsources,includingcentralgovernmentallocations,contributionsfromeconomicallyadvancedprovinces,revenuesfromcarbonpricingmechanismsorproceedsfromissuingjusttransitionbonds.Promotinggreenfinanceandtransitionfinanceatthelocallevelisalsocrucial.Additionally,harmonisingpublicmoneyfromcentral,provincial,-中欧产煤区能源转型国际对比研究municipalandcountyadministrationscancreateaunifiedfundingstrategy.Inthisway,publicfundscansignalgovernmentcommitmentandattractadditionalprivatesectorinvestmentstodrivethejusttransitionagendaforward.→Chinesestate-ownedcoalenterprises(SOEs),giventheirresourcesandsignificantlocalinfluence,canalsotakealeadingroleinregionaltransitions.StrategicgovernmentinterventioncanhelpalignSOEs’investmentprioritiesandunlocktheirfullpotentialtosupportthetransition.CentralandregionalgovernmentscanfacilitatecollaborationwithSOEs,withtheirabundantresourcesandinfluence,todrivediversificationandprioritisejobcreationinnon-coalorevennon-energysectors.Localgovernments,inturn,canhelpbyidentifyingmarketdemandtrendsandopportunitiesfordevelopment,enablingSOEstoreducecoaldependencyandadvancecarbonneutralitygoals.→InvestinginvisionarygreenprojectstoboostregionalappealForward-lookinginvestmentsinareassuchasinfrastructureupgrades,scientificresearchandtalentdevelopmentarevitalforlong-termsocioeconomicsustainabilityandregionalcompetitivenessandappeal.FrequentrolechangesamonglocalgovernmentofficialsinChinacanmakeitchallenging