全套课件-《现代物流专业英语》-易牧农

现代物流专业英语

WhatIsLogisticsTheLogisticsofBusinessIsBigandImportantTheWorkofLogisticsLogisticalOperationsChapter1AnIntroductiontoLogisticsKeypoints:logistics;demand;competitiveadvantageDifficultpoints:logisticsRequirementsBytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletounderstandthedefinitionoflogistics.understandthehistoryoflogistics.1.1WhatIsLogistics

Logisticsistheprocessofstrategicallymanagingtheprocurement,movementandstorageofmaterials,partsandfinishedinventory(andtherelatedinformationflows)throughtheorganizationanditsmarketingchannelsinsuchawaythatcurrentandfutureprofitabilityaremaximizedthroughthecost-effectivefulfillmentoforders.WhatIsLogistics

AsaprecursortotheGulfWarithadbeennecessaryfortheUnitedStatesanditsalliestomovehugeamountsofmaterialgreatdistancesinwhatwerethoughttobeimpossiblyshorttime-frames.

SentenceExplanations作为海湾战争的准备，美国和其同盟者在被认为不可能的时间内，必须超远距离地运输大量军需品。

2.HoweverwhiletheGeneralsandFieldMarshalsfromtheearliesttimeshaveunderstoodthecriticalroleoflogistics,strangelyitisonlyintherecentpastthatbusinessorganizationshavecometorecognizethevitalimpactthatlogisticsmanagementcanhaveintheachievementofcompetitiveadvantage.SentenceExplanations尽管将军和陆军元帅很早就认识到了后勤的关键作用，令人奇怪的是企业在不久之前才刚刚认识到物流管理在构筑竞争优势方面的重要作用。

3.Failuretoco-ordinateanyoneoftheseactivitieswithitgroup-fellowsandalsowiththoseintheothergroup,orundueemphasisoroutlay-putuponanyoneoftheseactivities,iscertaintoupsettheequilibriumofforceswhichmeansefficientdistribution.SentenceExplanations如果与活动中任何一个部分以及其它部分不能相互协调，或者不恰当地重点强调整体活动中的任何一个部分，肯定会打乱有效率分销的均势因素。

Whatisthelogistics?2.Howdoyoucomprehendthesentence“‘logistics’encompassesmuchmorethanjustthetransportationandwarehouse?”Questions

1.2TheLogisticsofBusinessIsBigandImportantKeypoints:supplychain;competitiveadvantageDifficultpoints:competitiveadvantageRequirements：Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

understandtheimportanceofthelogisticstofirms.describetherelationshipbetweenlogisticsandfirms.

Logisticsaddsvaluetothesupplychainprocesswheninventoryisstrategicallypositionedtoachievesales.Creatinglogisticsvalueiscostly.Althoughdifficulttomeasure,mostexpertsagreethattheannualexpendituretoperformlogisticsintheUnitedStateswasapproximately10.1percentofthe$9.96billionGrossNationProduct(GNP)or$1.006billion.Expenditurefortransportationin2000was$590billion,whichrepresented58.6percentoftotallogisticscost.AsfurtherillustratedinTable1.2.1,thelogisticsofbusinessistrulybigbusiness!TheLogisticsofBusinessIsBigandImportant

Itisthroughthelogisticalprocessthatmaterialsflowintothemanufacturingcapacityofanindustrialnationandproductsaredistributedtoconsumers.

SentenceExplanations通过物流过程，货物进入一个工业国家形成制造能力并且产品得以分销给消费者。

2.Therecentgrowthglobalcommerceandtheintroductionofe-commercehaveexpandedthesizeofcomplexityoflogisticaloperations.

SentenceExplanations近来全球商业的增长和电子商务的引入已经扩大了物流运营复杂性的程度。

3.Insituationswheretimelycorrectiveactionisnotpossible,customerscanbeprovidedadvancenotificationofdevelopingproblems,therebyeliminatingthesurpriseofanunavoidableservicefailure.SentenceExplanations在不能采取及时正确的行动的情形下，顾客可以预先得到出现问题的通知，由此不会使顾客对于一个不可避免的服务失败感到惊讶。

4.

Inmanysituations,workingincollaborationwithcustomersandsuppliers,correctiveactioncanbetakentopreventoperationalshutdownsorcostlycustomerservicefailures.

SentenceExplanations在很多情况下，和顾客和供应商一起合作，可以采取正确的行动来防止操作中的停滞或昂贵的顾客服务失败。

5.Byperformingataboveindustryaveragewithrespecttoinventoryavailability,speedandconsistencyofdelivery,andoperationalefficiencies,logisticallysophisticatedfirmsareidealsupplychainpartners.SentenceExplanations关于存货有效性，送货的速度和一致性和操作效率方面要执行的比行业平均水平高，那么物流工作水平高的企业是理想的供应链合作伙伴。

1.Discussthefunctionsofthelogistics.2.Givesomeexamplestoillustratetheimportanceofafirm’slogisticalactivities.3.Couldyouexplainhowafirmcanachievecompetitiveadvantagebyusinglogisticalcompetency?Questions

Keypoints:

supplychain;orderprocessing;inventory;transportation;warehousing;materialshandling;packaging;facilitynetworkDifficultpoints:

logisticalvalueRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletounderstandtheinterrelatednatureofthefiveareasoflogisticalwork.understandintegratedlogisticalmanagement.describethepersonalityofeveryfunctionalworkofthelogistics.

1.3TheWorkofLogistics

TheWorkofLogistics

OrderprocessingFacilitynetworkInventoryWarehousingMaterialshandlingPackagingTransportationThedecisionisbroaderthansimplyselectingafacilitytostoreinventorysincemanyvalue-addingactivitiesmaybeperformedduringthetimeproductsarewarehoused.SentenceExplanations因为许多产品的价值增值工作是在产品储存中完成的，所以，该决策要比简单地选择存放货物的设备要广泛的多。

2.Examplesofsuchactivitiesaresorting,sequencing,orderselection,transportationconsolidation,and,insomecases,productmodificationandassembly.

SentenceExplanations这些活动包括分拣、排序、订货选择、运输拼箱，有时还包括产品修改和组装。

3.Wheneconomistsoriginallydiscussedsupply-and-demandrelationships,facilitylocationandtransportationcostdifferentialswereassumedeithernonexistentorequalamongcompetitors.SentenceExplanations当经济学家最初谈论供给和需求的关系时，设备位置和运输费用的差异假设是不存在或在竞争者中都是一样的。

4.Wheneffectivelyintegratedintoanenterprise'slogisticaloperations,warehousing,materialshandling,andpackagingfacilitatethespeedandoveralleaseofproductflowthroughoutthelogisticalsystem.SentenceExplanations对企业的物流操作、储藏、货物处理和包装进行有效地整合，有利于提高产品流转的速度和使产品在物流系统中更加顺畅地流动。

1.Whatarethefiveareasoflogisticalwork?Discussthereasonswhywesaytheprocessingofordersisofprimaryimportance.Whichareaoflogisticalworkhastraditionallyreceivedconsiderablemanagerialattention?Why?Discussthethreefundamentalfactorsoftransportationfromthelogisticalsystemviewpoint.5.Discussthewaystosatisfythetransportationrequirements.Givesomeexamplesofvalue-addingactivitiesperformedduringthetimeproductsarewarehoused.Questions

Keypoints:logisticalintegration;inventoryflow;informationflowDifficultpoints:

value-addedprocessRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletounderstandtheinternaloperationalscopeofintegratedlogisticsoperations.understandthethreelogisticsoperatingareas.illustratethetwomajorcomponentsofthelogisticalinformation.

1.4LogisticalOperation

LogisticalOperation

SuppliersCustomersInventoryflowInformationflowMarketdistributionManufacturingsupportProcurementEnterpriseLogisticalIntegrationProvidingallgoeswell,materialsandcomponentsgainvalueateachstepoftheirtransformationintofinishedinventory.Inotherwords,anindividualparthasgreatervalueafteritisincorporatedintoamachinethanithadasapart.Likewise,themachinehasgreatervalueonceitisdeliveredtoacustomer.

SentenceExplanations如果一切顺利，原材料和零部件在转化为成品的每一步都获得了价值增值。换句话说，一个零部件组装成一部机器时，其价值要高于作为一个独立零部件的价值。

2.Fromtheviewpointofoverallplanning,theseparationofmanufacturingsupportfromoutboundmarketdistributionandinboundprocurementactivitiesprovidesopportunitiesforspecializationandimprovedefficiency.SentenceExplanations从全面计划的观点看，生产支持把外部市场分销和内部采购活动分离开来，为专业化和提高效率提供了机会。

3.Inotherwords,materialsareinvolvedintheprocessofaddingvaluethroughmanufacturingwhereasproductsarereadyforconsumption.Thefundamentaldistinctionisthatproductsresultfromthevalueaddedtomaterialduringmanufacture,sortation,orassembly.SentenceExplanations换句话说，原材料是需要在生产过程增值，而产品是消费者将要消费的。基本的差别是产品是原材料经过生产、分类或组装取得的价值增值形式。

1.Discusswhythefirmsextendtheirenterpriseintegrationtoincorporatecustomersandsuppliers?2.DescribeFigure1.4.1Logisticalintegration.3.Explainthelogisticaloperationsinyourwords.4.Discussthewaystoaddvalueineachareaofthelogisticaloperations.5.Explainthecommonfeaturesthatthemarketdistributionsystemshaveinyourwords.6.Discussthedifferencesbetweenmarketdistributionandmanufacturingsupport.7.Whatisprocurement?8.Whatistheroleofprocurementinthelogisticaloperations?Questions

TheMarketingandLogisticsInterfaceWhatIsCustomerServiceService-drivenLogisticsSystemChapter2CustomerServicesKeypoints:tounderstandrelationsbetweenmarketingandlogisticsDifficultpoints:

tosatisfycustomersRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletounderstandthat4P’sistheimportantpartinmarketingmanagement.understandthatlogisticsplaystheimportantroleinbuildingandmaintainingcompetitiveedges.describetheimportanceofmanagingthemarketingandlogisticsinterfaceonanintegratedbasis.

2.1TheMarketingandLogisticsInterface

Themissionoflogisticsmanagementwasdefinedsimplyintermsofprovidingthemeanswherebycustomers'servicerequirementsaremet.Inotherwordstheultimatepurposeofanylogisticssystemistosatisfycustomers.

TheMarketingandLogisticsInterface

Neverthelessithastakenamajorrecessiontofocusmanyorganizations'attentionuponthecustomermoresharplythanwasoftenthecaseinthepast.

SentenceExplanations尽管如此，严重的衰退已经迫使很多企业前所未有的把注意力聚焦在顾客上。

2.Bythisismeantthatincreasinglythepowerofthe'brand'isdiminishingastechnologiesofcompetingproductsconverge,thusmakingproductdifferencesdifficulttoperceive–atleasttotheaveragebuyer.SentenceExplanations这意味着，随着生产产品技术趋同性的加剧，“品牌”权力影响正在降低，对于普通购买者而言，产品差别很难觉察到的。

3.Therearesomanycompetingmodelsthatinrealityaresubstitutableasfarasmostwould-bepurchasersareconcerned.SentenceExplanations就买主而言，有那么多相似种类、型号的竞争产品，使购买者不知所措。

4.Facedwithasituationsuchasthisthecustomermaybeinfluencedbypriceorby‘image’perceptionsbutoverridingtheseaspectsmaywellbe‘availability’-inotherwords,istheproductinstock,canIhaveitnow?SentenceExplanations在这种情况下，顾客也许会受价格、感知形象的影响，但打破僵局的可能是“现货”，换句话说，我现在能把它买回家吗？

1.Whatareincludedinmarketingasthemanagementofthe'4P's'?2.Whatisthecentralconcernoflogisticsmanagement?3.Discussthefactorscontributingmorethananythingelsetothegrowingimportanceofcustomerserviceasacompetitiveweapon.4.Inyouropinion,howtounderstandtheimportanceofmanagingthemarketingandlogisticsinterfaceonanintegratedbasis.Questions

2.2WhatIsCustomerServiceKeypoints:customerservice;thecomponentsofcustomerservice

Difficultpoints:

thecomponentsofcustomerserviceRequirements：Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

understandtheroleofcustomerservice.describethecomponentsofcustomerservice.discusstheimportantroleoflogisticincustomerservices.

Theroleofcustomerserviceistoprovide'timeandplaceutility'inthetransferofgoodsandservicesbetweenbuyerandseller.Putanotherway,thereisnovalueintheproductorserviceuntilitisinthehandsofthecustomerorconsumer.

WhatIsCustomerService

WhatIsCustomerService

IntendedConsumerConsumerDecreasePurchasePurchaseshopsdelaysinvalueofexpenditureexpenditureelsewhere/purchasepurchasedwhenout-doesnotalternativesof-stockmakepurchaseoccurs100%20%20%54%6%FIGURE2.2.1Revenuelossduetoanout-of-stockWhatIsCustomerService

ConsumerfranchiseCustomerfranchiseSupplychainefficiencyMarketingeffectiveness·Brandvalues·Customerservice·Flexibility·Marketshare·Corporateimage·Partnership·Reducedassetbase·Customerretention·Availability·Quickresponse·Lowcostsupplier·SuperiorROI

XX=FIGURE2.2.2TheimpactoflogisticsandcustomerserviceonmarketingAconsiderablebodyofevidenceexistswhichsupportstheviewthatiftheproductorserviceisnotavailableatthetimethecustomerrequiresitandaclosesubstituteisavailablethenthesalewillbelosttothecompetition.

SentenceExplanations作为一个重要的事实,如果在顾客需要的时间内不能提供所需的产品或者服务,而替代品能够作到的话，那么，企业在销售方面将会丧失竞争力。

2.Eveninmarketswherebrandloyaltyisstrongastock-outmightbesufficienttotriggeroffbrandswitching.

.

SentenceExplanations即使在品牌忠诚度很高的市场上，脱销完全可能成为触发品牌弱化的转折点。

3.Moreoftenthannottodaytheorder-winningcriteriaarethoseelementsoftheofferthathaveaclearlyidentifiablepositiveimpactuponthecustomers'ownvalue-creatingprocess.

SentenceExplanations很久以来，赢得订单的标准是企业能够为顾客创造价值的过程提供明确积极的影响要素。

4.

Traditionallymarketinghasfocusedontheendcustomer-orconsumerseekingtopromotebrandvaluesandtogeneratea'demandpull'onthemarketplaceforthecompany'sproducts.

SentenceExplanations传统上营销一直聚焦于终端客户——或者想办法提升品牌价值并且在消费者市场上对于公司产品产生“拉动需求”效应的消费者。

1.Whatistheroleofcustomerservices?2.Howtoexplainthemultivariatenatureofcustomerservice?3.Howtomeasurecustomerservice?4.DescribeFig.2.2.1revenuelossduetoanout-of-stock.5.DescribeFig.2.2.2theimpactoflogisticsandcustomerserviceonmarketing.Questions

Keypoints:

customers'serviceneeds;customerserviceobjectives

Difficultpoints:

OTIF;ParetoLawRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

deviselogisticsstrategyandsystemsteps.understandthemethodsidentifyingcustomers'serviceneeds.understandthemethodsidentifyingcustomers'serviceobjectives.

2.3Service-drivenLogisticsSystem

Service-drivenLogisticsSystem

Identifyingcustomers'serviceneedsDefiningcustomerserviceobjectivesDesigningLogisticssystemForexamplemanycompanieswithastrongproduction-orientationhavedeveloped‘mega-plants’whichcanproduceworldvolumesofproductwithgreateconomiesofscale–yetparadoxicallythisstrategycouldreduceflexibilityandlengthenleadtimesbecauseofgreaterdistancefrommarkets.

SentenceExplanations例如，奉行很强生产导向观念的很多公司，已经建立了拥有最大规模经济效益的能够生产全世界产量的“大工厂”，——因为市场的跨度极大，该战略是一把双刃剑，在降低战略灵活性的同时却强化了企业在市场中的主导地位。

2.Henceitwouldbewrongtolaunchstraightin,assomanycompaniesdo,andseektoreengineeranexistinglogisticssystem(ordesignanewone)purelytoachieveinternalrequirementssuchascostreduction.

SentenceExplanations因此，像许多公司做的那样，仅仅为了实现类似降低成本这样的企业内部要求而直接对现存物流系统进行再造（或设计一个新系统）将是错误的。

3.Whateverourown'hard'internalmeasuresofservicemightsayourserviceperformanceis,perceptionsarethereality.

SentenceExplanations不管企业采取了怎样“严格”的服务内部考核以反映服务业绩，但感觉是现实的。

4.Clearlysuchadefinitionisspecifictoindividualcustomers,butitisusuallypossibletogroupcustomersintosegmentsandthentoidentify,alongthelinesdescribedearlier,thekeyserviceneedsofthosesegments.SentenceExplanations显然这个想法是针对某个具体顾客的，但是如果我们按照上述的步骤，把顾客分为几个细分市场，找出每个细分市场对于关键性服务的需要，上述想法也可能实现。

5.Tocalculatetheactualservicelevelusingtheperfectorderconceptrequiresperformanceoneachelementtobemonitoredandthenthepercentageachievementoneachelementismultipliedtogether.

SentenceExplanations通过使用最佳状态的概念求出服务的真实水平，需要对每个服务要素的绩效进行测评，然后，把每个要素绩效的百分比相乘。

1.Whatistheprocessofdevisinglogisticsstrategyandsystem?2.Howtoidentifycustomers'serviceneeds?3.Howtoidentifycustomers'serviceobjectives?4.Inyouropinion,explainParetoLaw.duringthetimeproductsarewarehoused.Questions

TheMissionofLogisticsManagementHowIsLogisticStrategyFitAchievedChapter3LogisticalStrategyKeypoints:

logisticsmanagementprocess;missionoflogisticsmanagementDifficultpoints:

FMS;MRPRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletounderstandthemissionoflogisticsmanagement.describelogisticsmanagementprocess.

3.1TheMissionofLogisticsManagement

TheMissionofLogisticsManagement

SupplierOperationsProcurementDistributionCustomersFIGURE3.1.1LogisticsmanagementprocessManufacturingprioritiesandobjectiveshavetypicallybeenfocusedonoperatingefficiency,achievedthroughlongproductionruns,minimizedset-upsandchange-oversandproductstandardization.SentenceExplanations传统上，在生产中优先考虑的因素和目标通常聚焦于运营效率上，通过长时间的生产管理，建立、调节和产品标准化能够使它们达到最小化，企业便能够提高运营效率。

2.Ontheotherhandmarketinghassoughttoachievecompetitiveadvantagethroughvarietyhighservicelevelsandfrequentproductchanges.SentenceExplanations另一方面，营销必须通过努力提高服务水平和频繁地进行产品改变方能取得竞争优势。

3.Theinternecinedisputesbetweenthe'barons'ofproductionandmarketinganclearlycounter-productivetotheachievementofoverallcorporategoals.

SentenceExplanations在生产和营销哪个更加重要的争论中，二者的冲突必然会导致与公司总目标相反的结果。

4.Notonlyisthecostofpurchasedmaterialsandsuppliesasignificantpartoftotalcostsinmostorganizations,butthereisamajoropportunityforleveragingthecapabilitiesandcompetenciesofsuppliersthroughcloserintegrationofthebuyers'andthesuppliers'logisticsprocesses.SentenceExplanations在大多数企业中，采购问题不仅决定着购买原材料的成本，它是企业总成本的重要组成部分，更重要的是通过采购者和供应商在物流过程中更密切的整合，能够获得提高竞争优势的机会和调控供应商的能力。

5.Itisfundamentallyaplanningconceptthatseekstocreateaframeworkthroughwhichtheneedsofthemarketplacecanbetranslatedintoamanufacturingstrategyandplan,whichinturnlinksintoastrategyandplanforprocurement.SentenceExplanations它基本上属于计划观念，主要是寻求建立一种框架，通过该框架的运营能够把市场需要转化为生产战略和计划，接着与公司的采购战略和计划相对接。

Whatislogisticsmanagementprocess?Whatisthedefinitionoflogisticsmanagement?3.Discusstheintegratedlogisticsmanagement.Questions

3.2HowIsLogisticStrategiesFitAchievedKeypoints:strategicfit;responsivesupplychain;efficientsupplychainDifficultpoints:achievingstrategicfitRequirements：Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

discussthebasicstepstoachievethisstrategicfit.understandtheattributesofcustomerdemand.

ResponsiveSupplyChain

ZoneofStrategicResponsivenessFitSpectrum

EfficientSupplyChainCertainImpliedUncertainDemandUncertaintyDemandSpectrumHowIsLogisticStrategiesFitAchieved

FIGURE3.2.1FindingtheZoneofStrategicFitWhatdoesacompanyneedtodotoachievethatall-importantstrategicfitbetweenthesupplychainandcompetitivestrategies?SentenceExplanations为了在供应链和竞争战略之间达成所有重要战略的相互适应性，公司应该做哪些工作？

2.Ifanymismatchexistsbetweenwhatthesupplychaindoesparticularlywellandthedesiredcustomerneeds,thecompanywilleitherneedtorestructurethesupplychaintosupportthecompetitivestrategyoralteritsstrategy.SentenceExplanations如果供应链优势与顾客需求之间存在任何错位的问题，公司要么需要重新构筑供应链以适应竞争战略，要么需要改变其竞争战略。

3.Creatingstrategicfitisallaboutcreatingasupplychainstrategythatbestmeetstheparticulartypeofdemandthatacompanyhastargeted.SentenceExplanations创造战略适应性是关系到公司如何构建最好地满足其目标市场需求的供应链的战略问题。

4.

ForDell,thecompetitivestrategytargetscustomerswhovaluehavingthelatestPCmodelscustomizedtotheirneeds.

SentenceExplanations对于戴尔而言，其竞争战略应该根据有价值的顾客来制定，即戴尔最新的PC机模型是按照这些顾客的需要定制出来的。

1.Howmanystepsdoesacompanyachievestrategicfit?2.Howtomeasurecustomerdemand?3.Whatisefficientsupplychain?4.Whatisresponsivesupplychain?Questions

InventoryFunctionalityInventoryCostPlanningInventoryChapter4InventoryStrategiesandManagementInventoryManagementPracticesKeypoints:

geographicalspecialization;decoupling;balancingsupplyanddemand;bufferinguncertainty

Difficultpoints:

fourprimefunctionsofinventoryRequirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeabletodescribetheidealsituationfromaninventoryperspective.understandfourprimefunctionsofinventory.

4.1InventoryFunctionality

Fromaninventoryperspective,theidealsituationwouldberesponsecapabilitytomanufactureproductstocustomerspecification.Whileazero-inventorymanufacturing/distributionsystemistypicallynotattainable,itisimportanttorememberthateachdollarinvestedininventoryisatrade-offwithanalternativeuseofassetsthatmayprovideabetterreturn.

InventoryFunctionality

Whileazero-inventorymanufacturing/distributionsystemistypicallynotattainable,itisimportanttorememberthateachdollarinvestedininventoryisatrade-offwithanalternativeuseofassetsthatmayprovideabetterreturn.

SentenceExplanations尽管零存货的生产/分销体系通常是很不容易生成的，重要的是要记住投资于存货的每一美元都要与获得更多回报的资产使用进行均衡。

2.Givenaspecificmanufacturing/marketingstrategy,inventoriesplannedandcommittedtooperationscanonlybereducedtoalevelconsistentwithperformingthefourinventoryfunctions.SentenceExplanations如果有一个明确详细的生产/营销战略的话，存货计划和实施运营只能降低到与执行这四个存货功能一致的水平。

3.Withaccumulatedexperienceoveranumberofseasonalperiods,theinventoryrequiredtoachievemarginalsalesduringperiodsofhighdemandcanbeprojectedfairlywell.

SentenceExplanations由于不同季节所积累的经验，在需求高峰期所需要达到边际销售量的存货就能够计划得相当完善。

1.Whatwouldtheidealsituationbefromaninventoryperspective?2.Whydomanyenterprisesstillcarryanaverageinventorythatexceedstheirbasicrequirements?Discussthereasonsthroughthefourprimefunctionsofinventory.3.Whatarethefourfunctionsofinventory?4.Discusshowtheinventorycreatesvalueandreducetotalcost.Questions

4.2InventoryCostKeypoints:inventorycost;cycleinventory;fixedorderingcost;holdingcostDifficultpoints:cycleinventory;fixedorderingcostRequirements：Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

describecycleinventory.understandtheconceptofthefixedorderingcost.understandtheconceptofholdcost.understandtheeffectswhichshouldbeconsideredinanylotsizingdecision.

InventoryCost

H=hC

Tosummarize,thecoststhatmustbeconsideredinanylotsizingdecisionareasfollows:Averagepriceperunitpurchased,$C/unitFixedorderingcostincurredperlot,$S/lotHoldingcostincurredperunitperyear,$h/unit/year=hCBeforewecansuggestactionsthatamanagercantaketoreducecycleinventory,itisimportanttounderstandwhystagesofasupplychainproduceorpurchaseinlargelotsandhowlotsizereductionaffectssupplychainperformance.SentenceExplanations在我们能够建议一位经理采取降低循环存货的行动之前，理解其在供应链中处于哪一个生产阶段或在大批量采购中处于何种地位，以及怎样减低生产或采购规模能够影响供应链的运作是非常重要的。

2.Forexample,afixedadministrativecostmaybeincurredtoplaceanorder,atruckingcostmaybeincurredtotransporttheorder,andalaborcostincurredtoreceivetheorder.SentenceExplanations例如，因为去某地订货要发生固定的管理费用，为了运输或许会发生货车装运费用，接收订单或许会发生人工费用。

3.Theprimaryroleofcycleinventoryistoallowdifferentstagesinthesupplychaintopurchaseproductinlotsizesthatminimizethesumofthematerial,ordering,andholdingcost.SentenceExplanations循环存货的主要作用是为供应链的不同阶段在采购产品时能够在原材料、订货和存货等的总体成本上达到最小化。

1.Whatiscycleinventory?2.Whatisthefixedorderingcost?3.Describetheholdingcost.4.Discusstheaffectswhichshouldbeconsideredinanylotsizingdecision.Questions

Keypoints:

safetyinventory;demanduncertainty;productavailabilityDifficultpoints:

productfillrate;orderfillrate;cycleservicelevel

Requirements:Bytheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto

understandsafetyinventory.describethefactorsthatdeterminetheappropriatelevelofsafetyinventory.understandhowtomeasureproductavailability.

4.3PlanningInventory

PlanningInventory

Theappropriatelevelofsafetyinventoryisdeterminedbythefollowingtwofactors:1.Theuncertaintyofdemandorsupply2.ThedesiredlevelofproductavailabilitySafetyinventoryiscarriedbecausedemandforecastsareuncertainandaproductshortagemayresultifactualdemandexceedstheforecastdemand.

SentenceExplanations安全存货实施的原因是需求的预具有不确定性，如果实际需求超过预测需求，产品短缺就可能产生。

2.Intheabsenceofdemanduncertainty,suchapolicyensuresthatthenewlotarrivesjustasthelastpurseisbeingsoldatthestore.SentenceExplanations如果出现需求的变化，安全存货政策能够保证新货到达时，上一批货正好被卖完。

3.Productavailabilityreflectsafirm'sabilitytofillacustomerorderoutofavailableinventory.SentenceExplanations产品可用性反映出一个公司超出可用存货之外的满足顾客订单的能力。

4.AssumethatB&MprovidesPalmPilotsto90percentofitscustomerfrominventory,withtheremaining10percentlosttoaneighboringcompetitorbecauseofalackofavailableinventory.

SentenceExplanations以B&M为例，90%的PalmPilots供应均来自存货，因为缺货，10%的订货被同类竞争者抢走。

5.IfthemanageratB&Mmanagesinventorysuchthatthestoredoesnotrunoutofinventoryin6outof10replenishmentcycles,thestoreachievesacycleservicelevelof60percent.SentenceExplanationsB&M管理存货的经理设计一个商店的60%由补充循环完成，那么，该商店的循环服务水平为60%。

6.Inthe60percentofcyclesinwhichB&Mdoesnotrunoutofinventory,allcustomerdemandissatisfiedfromavailableinventory.SentenceExplanations在60%的循环服务水平下，B&M的没有发生存货的短缺，全部顾客的需求从可得到的存货中得到满足。

7.Trackingorderfillratesisimportantwhencustomersplaceahighvalueontheentireorderbeingfilledsimultaneously.

SentenceExplanations当顾客的单个订单价值非常高，跟踪所有产品填充率的同步性是非常重要的。

1.Whatissafetyinventory?2.Describethefactorswhichdeterminetheappropriatelevelofsafetyinventory.3.Explainthedemanduncertaintyinyourwords.4.Howtomeasureproductavailabilit