本科课件-新编外贸英语教程

ChapterOne新编外贸英语教程InternationalTradeContentsTeachingObjectivesTextAnalysisChapterOneTechnicalTermsExercises新编外贸英语教程

TeachingObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapter,youwillUnderstandwhatinternationaltradeisKnowthereasonsforengagingininternationaltradeLearnthemajorcategoriesofinternationaltradeDistinguishthedifferencesbetweendomesticandinternationaltradeRecognizethebenefitsofinternationaltradeIntroductiontotheChapterFocusofthechapterLearnseveralaspectsofinternationaltrade,includingtheitsdefinition,thereasonsforengaginginit,itsmajorcategories,thedifferencesbetweendomesticandinternationaltradeandthebenefitsitbrings.

TeachingmethodsTheoreticalillustration&practicalapplication

IntroductiontotheChapterThischapterwillfocusonthediscussionofthebasicknowledgeofinternationaltrade.Afterthedefinitionofinternationaltradeinthefirstpart,thesecondpartdealswithwhypeopleindifferentcountriesmustdobusinesswithothercountries.Followingthedifferencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomesticbusinessinthethirdpart,thefourthparttellsusthedifferentformsofinternationaltrade.Thelastpartdealswiththebenefitsofinternationaltrade.

TextAnalysis1.1InternationalTrade1.2DefinitionofInternationalTrade1.3ReasonsforInternationalTrade1.4TheDifferencesbetweenITandDT1.5FormsofInternationalTrade1.6BenefitsofInternationalTrade1.1InternationalTrade

InternationaltradecanbedatedbackasfarastotheMiddleAges.Theprogressofcommunicationandtransportationtechnologyhasmademarketsmoreaccessibleandtheworldofbusinessmoregloballyinterdependentinthepastdecades.Thetrendtowardaglobaleconomybringspeopleandproductstogetherfromallaroundtheworld.

Forexample,U.S.internationaltradehasmorethandoubledeverydecadesince1960,anditnowexceeds$2.9trillionannually,ormorethanfiftytimeswhatitwasjustfortyyearsago.U.S.tradeasapercentageofgrossworldproductsrosefrom15percentin1986tonearly27percentin2006.In2007,theU.S.tradewithChina,theUnitedStates’secondleadingtradepartner,accountedfornearly$500billion.1.1InternationalTrade1.2DefinitionofInternationalTrade

Internationaltradeistheworldwideexchangeofgoodsandservicesamongnations.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangesofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.Internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexporttradeandincludesthepurchaseandsalesofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.1.3ReasonsforInternationalTrade1.3.1ResourceReasons

Nonationcanbeisolatedfromtheotherpartoftheworld,andcanbecompletelyself-sufficient.Theyareinterdependent.Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesaroundtheworldissomewhathaphazard:somenationspossessnaturalresourcesinexcessoftheirowndemandswhileothernationshavenone.

Theconditionissimilarforotherkindofresources.Thedevelopedcountriesarefullofskilledlabor,capitalandhightechnologyresources,whilethedevelopingworldmaylackthemandneedstoimporttheseresourcesortechnologyfromothercountries.1.3.1ResourceReasons1.3.1ResourceReasonsInshort,theunevendistributionofresources,includingnatural,humanandtechnologicalresourcesintheworld,isoneofthemajorreasonswhynationstradewitheachanother.

1.3.2EconomicReasons

Therearoseanotherincentivefornationstotradewiththeotherswiththedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,i.e.economicbenefits.Itisfoundthatitmakeseconomicsenseforanationtospecializeincertainactivitiesandproducethosegoodsbecauseithasthemostadvantages,andtoexchangethosegoodsfortheproductsofothernationswhichhaveadvantagesindifferentfields.Butaboveall,docountriesgainorlosefromtradingwithothernations?1.3.2EconomicReasonsThekeytosuchquestionslargelyliesinthetheoryofdevelopedbyDavidRicardo.AccordingtoRicardo,internationaltradeismutuallybeneficial,evenwhenonenationismoreefficientintheproductionofallgoods,aslongastherearedifferencesintherelativecostsofproducingthevariousgoodsinthetwopotentialnations.比较利益，相对利益comparativeadvantageabsoluteadvantagecomparativeadvantage人均年产量甲国乙国计算机5010汽车4020甲国乙国计算机5010汽车20401.3.2EconomicReasons1.3.2EconomicReasons

China,forexample,hasenjoyedalonghistoryoftextileproduction.Hence,itcanproducelargequantitiesoftextileproductsatmuchlowercostthansomeothercountries.Inotherwords,ithasthecomparativeadvantageintheproductionoftextileproductsandthuswillbenefititseconomy.

Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions,independentoftheendowmentofthenature.

1.3.2EconomicReasons

Inaword,transactionsareconductedmainlyforeconomicbenefit.Whenthedomesticmarketisunabletohelpthetradersgeneratemoreprofitorwhentheyarenotsatisfiedwiththebenefitfromthedomesticmarket,theytendtoopenupnewmarketsinothernations.1.3.2EconomicReasons1.3.3OtherReasonsTherearemanyotherfactorswhichcanpromotetradebetweennations,andpoliticalobjectiveisone.Politicalobjectivesareotherfactorsinpromotingtradebetweennations.Onenationmighttradewithanothertosupportagovernmentwhichupholdsthesamepoliticaldoctrine.Oritmightdosoforthepurposeinpoliticalaffairs.

Thisislargelybecauseofthedifferencesintastes,preferencesorconsumptionpatternstobesatisfied.Thisappliesmainlytoconsumergoods,clothingandfoodstuffs.Itmanifestsitselfthroughculture,anditisstimulatedbytravelandeducation.1.3.3OtherReasons

Inaword,thedevelopmentoftradebetweennationsisattributedtotheimbalancebetweennationsintermsofnaturalresources,technologyresources,humanresources,costofproduction,politicalstrength,tastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns,etc.1.3.3OtherReasons1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeThemaincharacteristicthatmakesinternationaltradedifferentfromdomestictradeisthat

internationaltradeinvolvesactivitiesthattakeplaceacrossnationalborders.Thuswhenthebusinessisexecutedbeyondnationalfrontiers,itisinvariablysubjecttothepolitical,social,economicandenvironmentalpoliciesofnations.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Inparticular:Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormorepartieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeignlaw.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeDifferentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartiesconcernedwillhavetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregardsconventionetc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.

1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeCulturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengagedininternationaltrade.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Itmighthavehigherrisklevelsinforeignmarketthanindomesticmarket.Therisksincludepoliticalrisks,commercialrisks,financialrisksandtransportationrisks.Tobeagoodbusinessperson,oneneedstobesensitivetovariousrisksininternationaltradeandlearnwaystominimizethenegativeimpactsonhisbusiness.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Comparedtodomesticbusiness,itismoredifficultfordealersininternationaltradetogetthenecessaryinformationofaparticularfirminaforeigncountry.Controlandcommunicationsystemsarenormallymorecomplexforforeignthanfordomesticoperations.Itisalsofarmoredifficulttoobserveandmonitorthetrendsandactivitiesinforeigncountries.

1.5FormsofInternationalTradeWealsoneedtoknowwhattypesoftradeweareenteringinto,whichwillshapetheparticularstepsweneedtofollowinordertofulfillatradeactivity.Therearevariousformsofinternationaltradeandtheycanbeclassifiedintovariouscategoriesaccordingtoanumberofdifferentcriteria.1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade

Intermsofthedirectionofcargoflow,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintoexporttrade,importtradeandtransittrade.meanstransportthegoodswhichareproducedandprocessedindomesticmarkettointernationalmarketforsale.Ontheotherhand,importtradeismadeinthereversedirection;itreferstothetransactiontotransportthegoodsfromforeigncountriestodomesticmarketsforsaleoruse.出口贸易ExportTrade1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTradeIfgoodsaretransportedfromtheproducingcountrytotheconsumingcountryviaathirdcountry’sborder,thisisknownas.Transittradecanbefurtherdividedintodirecttransittradeandindirecttransittrade.

transittrade转口贸易1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade

means

thatthegoodsarenotplacedinthebondedwarehouseofthethirdcountry,butfurthertransportedtowardoutsidealongthedomestictransportationlineundersupervisionofthecustomsofthethirdcountry.Inthissense,thethirdcountryearnsitsprofitmainlybyimposingimportandexportdutiesonthegoodswhentheyenterintoorleavetheboundaryofthethirdcountry.Directtransittrade直接过境贸易

Ontheotherhand,referstothefactthatgoodsarefirstplacedinthebondedwarehouseofthethirdcountryandthentransportedfurthertotheimportingcountrywithoutanyadditionalprocessing.Underthissituation,thethirdcountryisabletoearnthewarehousechargesbesidestheabovementionedcustomsduties.Eventhough,underneithercaseshallthethirdcountryobtainprofitsfromgoodsprocessingorassembling.间接过境贸易indirecttransittrade1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

TradeFromthenumberofparticipantsinvolved,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintodirecttrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade.Directtrademeansthatthegoodsaretransporteddirectlyfromtheproductioncountrytotheconsumingcountry.Inthiscase,onlytwopartiesareinvolvedinthetransaction,namelytheexporterandtheimporter.1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

Trade

Indirecttrade,ortradethroughintermediatecountries,ontheotherhandoccurswhengoodspassthroughanintermediatecountryotherthantheproducingandconsumingcountry,remaininginthatcountryforsomelengthoftimebeforeshipmenttothedestination.Threepartiesareinvolvedinindirecttrade:theexporter,theimporterandtheintermediatecountry.1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

Trade

referstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandre-exportingthegoodsabroad.Entrepottradeinvolvesonlyoneparty,whoistheimporter,theprocessorandalsotheexporteratthesametime.Entrepottrade转口贸易1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Fromtheformofthegoods,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintovisiblegoodstradeand无形贸易invisiblegoodstrade.1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

referstotheexchangeofphysicallytangiblegoodssuchascars,wines,shoesbetweencountries,involvingtheexport,import,andre-exportofgoodsatvariousstagesofproduction.Visiblegoodstrade有形贸易1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Invisiblegoodstradeisknownasintangiblegoodstradeorservicetrade,whichinvolvestheexportandimportofintangibleitems(thosethatarenotvisible)suchasservicesandtechnology(e.g.shippingandeducation).1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Sowemustnotforgettheimportantroleplayedthesedaysbyinvisibletrade.Itconsistsofsuchitemsastransportationandinsuranceservicesthatweprovideforforeignersorthosetheyprovideforus;tourists’expendituresabroad;remittancesthatimmigrantssendbackhome;netdividendandinterestearningfrominvestmentsabroad,andsoon.

Onreflection,Invisibletradecanbeasimportanttosomecountriesasvisibletradeistoothers.Inreality,thekindsoftradeacountrydealsinarevariedandcomplex,andoftenareamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.

1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade1.5.4BarterandFree-liquidationTrade

Astothesettlementinstrumentinvolved,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintobartertradeandfree-liquidationtrade.

referstothedirectexchangeofgoodsorservices—withoutaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoney—eitheraccordingtoestablishedratesofexchangeorbybargaining.Itisconsideredtheoldestformoftrade.meanstheexchangeofgoodsorserviceswithaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoneyaccordingtoratesofexchange.Cashtradeisoneformoffree-liquidationtrade.易货贸易BartertradeFree-liquidationtrade自由结汇贸易现汇贸易（Cash－LiquidationTrade）又称自由结汇贸易，是用国际货币进行商品或劳务价款结算的一种贸易方式。买卖双方按国际市场价格水平议价，按国际贸易惯例议定具体交易条件。交货完毕以后，买方按双方商定的国际货币付款。1.5.4BarterandFree-liquidationTradeInadditiontotheabove-mentionedformsofinternationaltrade,therearealsosomeothertypesofinternationaltradethatareclassifiedunderothernormsorcriteria.Forexample,accordingtothemodeoftransportation,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintoTradebyRoadway,TradebySeaway,TradebyAirwayandTradebyMailOrder.1.5FormsofInternationalTrade1.6Benefitsofinternationaltrade

Countriesgetgreatbenefitsbytradinginternationally,whichpartlyexplainstheeverexpandingvolumeinvolvedininternationaltrade.Generallyspeaking,anationislikelytogetthefollowingbenefitsfromtradingwithothernations:1.6.1EconomicGrowth

Internationaltradehasbecomemoreandmoreimportantasitcreatesjobs,whicharegreatlysignificanttotheeconomicgrowthofindividualcountriesaswellastheadvancementofthewholeworld.Bytradingwithothernations,nationscangainmoremarketshareonitsexportedgoodsandtakeadvantageof.economicofscale规模经济1.6.1EconomicGrowth

Economiesofscale:Itcharacterizeaproductionprocessinwhichanincreaseinthescaleofthefirmcausesadecreaseinthelongrunaveragecostofeachunit.Inotherwords,wheneconomiesofscaleisrealized,eventhoughtheaveragecostofeachunitisreduced,moreprofitsareabletobegeneratedfromsellingmoreunitstomoremarkets.1.6.2CheaperGoodsandServices

Aswehavementionedabove,oneofthemajorreasonsforcountriestotradewithoneanotheristhatthereisacostadvantage.Anditisthiscostadvantageofthesupplyingcountriesthatenablesthemtobuycertaingoodsorservicesofthesamequalityorhigherqualityatlowerpricesthanthecostinvolvedinproducingthemintheirowncountries.

1.6.2CheaperGoodsandServices

Furthermore,theeverdevelopingtechnologyinvariousfieldsandtheeverescalatingcompetitionintheworldmarketinthisnewmillenniumhavebeenmakingpricesofthegoodseverlower,whichbenefitsconsumerstoalargerdegree.Consumersthusareabletoenjoygoodsatamuchlowerprice.1.6.3GreaterVariety

Differenttastesandpreferencesoftheconsumersurgeinternationaltradetogoevenfurther.Asaresult,internationaltrademakesitpossibleforanationtoprovideawidervarietyofproductsforitsconsumersandthushelptoimprovethelivingstandardsofitspeople.

Moreandmorenationsaredrivenbythereasonsandbenefitsmentionedabove.However,astherearegreatdifferencesbetweeninternationalanddomestictrade,beginnersininternationaltrademaybebewilderedbyitscomplexityanddifficulty.1.6.3GreaterVarietyTechnicalTerms

bartertrade易货交易comparativeadvantage比较利益directtrade直接贸易directtransittrade直接过境贸易，直接转口贸易domestictrade国内贸易economiesofscale规模经济entrepottrade转口贸易，中转贸易exporttrade出口贸易free-liquidationtrade自由结汇贸易，自由结算贸易TechnicalTermsimporttrade进口贸易indirecttrade间接贸易indirecttransittrade间接过境贸易，间接转口贸易invisibletrade无形贸易surplus余额，顺差transittrade过境贸易，转口贸易visibletrade有形贸易ExercisesI.Questionsfordiscussion.1.Whatdoesinternationaltradereferto?2.Canyoutellthedifferencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomesticbusiness?3.Whydoesacountryconducttradewithoneanother?4.Whatarethemajorbenefitsthatresultfrominternationaltrade?II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,internationaltradehasbecomeanimportanteconomicforce.

20世纪后半叶，国际商务成了推动经济发展的重要力量。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.2.EvenChina,withitsvasthumanandnaturalresources,hasnotbeenabletoremainalooffromtheworldeconomy.

即使是像中国这样有着丰富人力和自然资源的国家，也不能孤立于世界经济之外。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.3.Internationaltradeisbusinessconductedinmorethantwocountries,includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.国际商务是两国或更多国家间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.4.Insum,internationaltradeincludesallthepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,butattheinternationallevel.总之，国际商务包括一个国家进行的所有商务活动，只不过这些活动是在国际间进行的。5.

Internationaltradeoperateswithinthecontextofinternationaland,sometimes,regionalrulesandregulationssetbyappropriateorganizations.国际商务是在有关组织制定的国际性或区域性法规的条件下进行的。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.国际贸易是指两个或两个以上国家，通过使用两种或两种以上的货币，进行的公平的、有目的的商品或服务的交换。Internationaltradereferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangesofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2.简要地说，世界范围内的自然资源和人力技术发展的分配不均衡是国家与国家之间进行交易的主要原因之一。Inshort,theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesanddevelopmentofhumanandtechnologicalresourcesaroundtheworldisoneofthemajorreasonswhynationstradewithoneanother.

3.这些问题的答案大部分来自于大卫·李嘉图创立的比较利益理论。ThekeytosuchquestionslargelyliesinthetheoryofcomparativeadvantagedevelopedbyDavidRicardo.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.4.在使用外汇的过程中，往往存在不稳定因素甚至是风险。Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.5.转口贸易是从国外进口货物进行进一步加工或装配，再出口国外的贸易。Entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabroad.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.ChapterTen新编外贸英语教程InsuranceContentsTeachingObjectivesTextAnalysisSpecimenLettersChapterSevenSkillTrainingExercises新编外贸英语教程

TeachingObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapter,youwillKnowthefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsuranceUnderstandtherisksandlossesinmarinetransportationGraspthetypesofinsuranceGetabasicunderstandingoftheinsurancepractice

TextAnalysisIntroductiontotheChapter10.1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance10.2RisksandLossesinCargoTransport

10.2.1Risks

10.2.2Loses

10.2.3Expenses10.3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC.I.C

10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

10.3.2AdditionalRisksCoverage

10.4InsurancePracticeofInternationalTrade

10.4.1InsuredAmount

10.4.2InsurancePremium

10.4.3InsuranceDocumentsIntroductiontotheChapterFocusofthechapterThefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsuranceSeveralperspectivesofcargoinsurance:

risks,losses,expenses,thecoverageTeachingmethods

Theoreticalillustration&practicalapplicationofnegotiatingandacceptingtermsofinsurance

10.1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance

Marinecargoinsuranceispracticedsubjecttosomefundamentalprinciples.AccordingtotheInsuranceLawofThePeople’sRepublicofChinaissuedin1995,therearemainlysixprinciples.

PrincipleofInsurableInterest可保利益原则PrincipleofUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleofIndemnityDoctrineofProximateCausePrincipleofSubrogationPrincipleofShare最大诚信原则损失赔偿原则代位求偿原则重复保险的分摊原则近因原则

Whilethecargotravelingtoanothercountry,itislikelytoencountervariouss,whichwillindispensablybringpotentiallossesandincurcertainexpenses.10.2RisksandLossesinCargoTransportperil[‘peril,

’perəl]危险10.2.1Risks

Risksrefertotheperilswhichoccurinthetransit.Generallyspeaking,itcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:perilsoftheseaandexternalorrisks.extraneousextraneous[eks'treiniəs]外来的10.2.1Risks

PerilsoftheseaaccidentsRisksGeneralextraneousrisksExtraneousrisksSpecialextraneousrisks

Figure10-1TypesofMarineRisksFortuitousfortuitous[fɔ:'tju:itəs]偶然的，意外的

Naturalcalamities自然灾害10.2.2Losses

Oceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses:totallossandpartialloss.Totallossthelossoftheentirevalueofthesubjectmatter.Itcanbeclassifiedintoactualtotallossor.Partiallossthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo(e.g.,thelossofonecaseoutofashipmentoftwenty)orthedamagetoallorpartoftheinsuredcargo.Itcanbeclassifiedinto.constructivetotalloss推定全损generalaverageparticularaverage

and共同海损单独海损10.2.2Loses

(1)GeneralAverage(G.A.)Generalaverageisbasedonarelationshipbetweentheship-ownerandtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardthesameship.Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredtorescueashipanditscargofromimpedingdangerorforthecommonsafetyoftheadventurewhenthewholeshipisatrisk.Inordertosavethevesselandcargo,thereisnootherchoicebuttoabandonpartoftheshiporgoods.Inthatcase,anactofgeneralaveragewillbedeclared.10.2.2Losses(2)PartialAverage(P.A.)Partialaveragemeansthataparticularcargoisdamagedbyanyreasonandthedegreeofdamagedoesnotreachatotalloss.Itfallsentirelyontheparticularownerofthecargowhichhassufferedthedamage.Heshouldrefertohisinsurancecompanyifsuchlossiscoveredbyaninsurancepolicy.10.2.2Losses

ActualtotallossTotallossConstructivetotallossLossesGeneralaverage

PartiallossPartialaverageFigure10-2TypesofMarineLosses

10.2.3Expenses

Marinecargoinsurancealsoincludestheexpensesincurredtoavoidorreducethedamagetoorlossofthesubjectmatterinsured.twomajortypesofcharges...

sueandlaborexpenses施救费用

salvagecharges救助费用10.3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC.I.C

Thoughinsuranceisvitaltothecargo,itisunnecessarytocovereveryriskintheinsurance.Whenenteringintothecontract,boththebuyerandsellershouldselectthecoverageeconomicallyandeffectively.InChina,ChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)isthemostlycommonusedtermsincargoinsurance.Accordingtowhich,theinsurancesforOceanMarineTransportationcanbecategorizedintotwotypes:basicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverage.10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

（基本险）

Theelementaryinsurancesfortheoceanmarinetransportationcanbedividedintothreecategories:FPA,WPA/WA,andAllRisks.1.Thisinsuranceisaverylimitedformofcargoinsurancecover.Itonlycoversthetotallosscausedbytheperilsoftheseaandgeneralaveragecausedbytheactualoceanrisks.Undersuchinsurance,particularaveragecannotberecoverable.TheliabilityscopeofFPAisasfollowing:

FPA(FreefromParticularAverage)平安险（单独海损不陪）10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

TheliabilityscopeofFPA:Actualtotallossorconstructivetotallossoftheconsignmentcausedbynaturalcalamitiessuchasheavyweather,,earthquake,floodandsoonTotalorPartialLosscausedbyaccidentstheconveyancebeinggrounded，,sunkorincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjectsasfireorexplosionPartiallossoftheinsuredgoodsattributabletoheavyweather,lightening,tsunami,wheretheconveyancehasbeenstranded,sunk,orburned,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventorevents