定语从句基础知识讲解

定语从句

Thereislittlethatismorerewardingthantocollaboratewiththosewhobringvisionandimaginationtoachallengingartistictask.AndIgreatlyappreciatedthespiritinwhichweworkedtogether-aspiritthatembodiedgenuinefriendshipandrespect.-----STATEMENTFROMSTEVENSPIELBERGREGARDINGBEIJINGOLYMPICGAMESANDDARFUR

Iwouldliketoapologizetoalltheladiesandtoalltheirfamiliesforanyharmorhurtthattheyhavebeenfeeling.

AttributiveClause/RelativeClause概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词（短语）或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent)。HeisanEnglishteacher

wholikessingingsongs.定语从句先行词引导词relativepronoun引导词关系代词:who﹑whom﹑that﹑which﹑whose关系副词:where﹑when﹑why注意：

1关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都要 充当句子成分。

2当关系代词充当动词的宾语时可省略，当关系代词充当介词的宾语且介词不在关系代词之前的，关系代词也可省略。

3定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词保持一致。

4定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。

5非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可以省略。6.Antecedent的含义：Aword,phrase,orsentencethatisrepresentedbyanotherword,forexample,aPRONOUN[术语]先行词，前述词.InJanelostagloveandshecan'tfindit,Janeistheantecedentofsheandgloveistheantecedentofit.

关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用关系代词that人/物主、宾、表which物主、宾、who人主、宾whom人宾whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、宾、表关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语

关系词的作用：

1、连接作用把主句和从句连接起来（可以从句子之间有连词来理解）

2、替代作用

在从句中代替在它前面 的先行词

3、成分作用

在从句中充当一个成分（区分定语从句和同位语从句）Titanicistheship___________sankafterhittinganiceberg.which/that__________ZhangGuorongisapopstar______diedinthefallinMarch,2003.

who/thatBeijingisthecityhasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames.____thecity/getthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGameswhich/thatYeXinisanursediedinthefightagainstSARS.

anurse/dieinthefightagainstSARSwho/that定语从句的分分合合两句话合成一句话-----合并中了解定语从句（也可以进行一个相逆的过程，分裂中强化定语从句）{Whichwomanisateacher?Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher.1Thewomanisateacher.2Thewomanlivesnextdoor.关系代词的用法：一、由who,whom,whose引导的定语从句。who用作主语，whom用作宾语，whose用作定语。whose+n.=the+n.+of+whom/which=of+whom/which

+

the+n.Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.ThedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisinRoom201.

DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?→Doyouknowthemanthenameof whomisWangYu?Marylivesinthehousewhoseroofisred.→Marylivesinthehousetheroofof whichisred.Whichhouseismine?房顶是棕色的房子是我的。Thehouseismine.whoseroofisbrownMyhouseIknowthedoctor.Hisdaughterstudiesabroad.Iknowthedoctor

whosedaughterstudiesabroad.Haveyouseenmybook?Thebook’scoverisred.Haveyouseenmybook

whosecoverisred.1.Thestudent______fatherworksinthefactoryissittingthere.2.Iliketherooms______windowsfacesouth.3.Thisisthedesk______legswerebroken.whosewhosewhose二、Which引导的定语从句。which在从句做主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。

Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthe riverisourschool.Thisisthebook(which)youwant.Theroominwhichthereisamachine isaworkshop.

注意：①whom,which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在关系代词之前，也可放在原来的位置上；但是在含有介词的动词固定词组(?)中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。

Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.

②which引导的非限制性定语从句。

Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikevery much.Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthe wholefamilyconsideredagreathonor.Sheisalwayslateforclass,whichmakes theteacherangry.三、由that引导的定语从句。that在从句中可以指人或物，在从句中做主语或谓语动词的宾语。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(主语)TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather.（宾语）但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。Thisistheschoolinthatyouwillstudy.(×)Thisistheschoolinwhichyouwillstudy.(√)Thisistheschool(which/that)youwillstudyin.(√)★注意在下面几种情况下必须用that引导定语从句。⑴先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。

Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.

Somethingthatweheardwasofgreattruth.

当先行词是all,everybody,nobody,anybody等不定代词时，如关系代词在从句中当主语，则优先选用who连接主从句。

Anybody

whorefusedtobowwasthrownintoprisonwithouttrial.Everybodywhowerewillingtoseethefilmsignedtheirnameshere.⑵先行词被序数词、thelast或形容词的最高级所修饰。

ThefirstthingthatIlearnedwillneverbe forgotten.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhave everseen.⑶先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。

Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.⑷先行词被theonly,thevery修饰。

ThisistheverypenthatIamlookingfor.HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.⑸先行词既有人又有物时。

Theytalkedofthingsandpersons

thatthey remembered.⑹当句中已有who或which时，为避免重复。WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJohn?⑺如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了which，则另一个用that.Edisonbuiltafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseen.（8）当先行词是tobe的表语时，或先行词本身就是从句的表语。e.g.Itisasongthatisverypopular.Theschoolisnolongertheonethatitwasusedtobe.（9）由who,which

引起的疑问句。e.g.Whoisthemanthatistalkingtoourheadmaster?（10）与thesame连用（指同一物），构成thesame….that时，只能用that,且不能用as代替。e.g.Thisisthesamemuseumyouoncevisited.that（11）在there+be

的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。例如：

TherearetwonovelsthatIwanttoread.我要读的有两本小说。（12）

以Hereis(are)开头的句子时。例如：

Hereisafilmthatwillmoveanyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。（13）在强调句子中，并且以who,which,what开头时。例如：

Whowasitthatwaslost?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复。）（14）当先行词为way时，定语从句的关系词可以有三种情况:that,inwhich或不填。

Idon’tliketheway

youtalkedtoyourmother.（choosetheonethatisnotproperforthisblank）

A.that B.which C.inwhich D./B（15）在It’stime句型中，后面的从句也可以看成是定语从句，通常有下面几种句型。

Itis(high/about)timethat主语+谓语（should+v）/过去式

Itis序数词timethat主语+谓语(现在完成时)()ItishightimethatI_______todothephysicshomework.A.go B.went C.shallgoD.havegone()Itisthefirsttime_____hehasbeenhere.A.that B.when C.atwhich D.whichBA四、as引导的定语从句:⑴as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中做主语、表语和状语，构成thesame…as,such…as等结构。

Iwanttohavesuchadictionaryashehas.Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.⑵as引导非限制性定语。在从句中做主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、之中和之后。

Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.Asisknowntoall,hestudiesveryhard.Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.常用于这种类似插入语的句式有asissaidabove,asisalreadymentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper注意：which和as的区别是：①which不能放在句首，而as则可以；②在句中时，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，而which没有。③从句的结构为“主语+谓语+宾语”时，as只可以作宾语，不可以做主语，而which都可以。关系副词引导的定语从句：1、由where引导的定语从句。定语从句在修饰一个表示地点的名词时,常用where引导。Abookofficeisaplacewhereticketsaresold.Where在从句中做状语，相当于一个介词短语。在本句中相当于inwhich，所以此句可以改为：Abookofficeisaplaceinwhichticketsaresold.因此定语从句中关系副词where=介词+which.Thisisthehousewherehelives.=Thisisthehouse___________helives.=Thisisthehouse__________helivesin.inwhich(which/that)2、定语从句在修饰一个表示时间的名词时，常用when引导（关键看在定语从句中所作的成分，状语）。Istillremembertheyearwhenwestudiedtogether.When在从句中时间状语，其作用相当于一个“介词+关系代词”Istillremembertheyear(which/that)westudiedintogether.Istillremembertheyearinwhichwestudiedtogether.3、由why引导的定语从句。①关系副词why的先行词只有reason,在从句中表示原因状语。DoyouknowthereasonwhyIleftearly?Why在从句中作原因状语，其作用相当于forwhich.Doyouknowthereason_____________Ileftearly?②但如果关系词在从句中不是作状语，而是作宾语时仍用that/which.Thereason___________hegaveuswasunacceptable.forwhichthat/which关系代词和关系副词的选用。在定语从句中到底选用关系代词还是关系副词要看它们在从句中所充当的句子成分来决定，有时同一个先行词往往关系词却不同。1.Thisisthefactorywhich/thatproducesTVsets.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked. (inwhich)2.I’llneverforgetthedaythat/whichwespent togetherinthecountryside.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenhishousewas brokeninto.(onwhich)

3.Isthisthereasonthat/whichhetoldyou?Isthisthereasonwhyhewaslateforclass? (forwhich)介词+关系词引导定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句多用于正式文体中，这样的关系代词主要是which,whom,whose.Thisisthehouseinwhichmygrandfatheroncelived.ThefilmofwhichI’mspeakingistobeshownnextweek.ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearnthenews.注意：

①这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾，这时 关系代词可省略。

Thisistheperson(whom)youaregoingtowork with.②如何选用结构中的介词⑴根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配

onwhichIspentfiveYuan.

forwhichIpaidfiveYuanThisisthebookfromwhichIlearntalot

inwhichtherearefewnewwords

aboutwhichTomoftentalks

⑵根据先行词的搭配习惯

theday

onwhichIjoinedtheleague.Istillremember thedays

duringwhichIlivedinthe country.

theyears

inwhichIstayedthere.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切（删去影响整个意思表达）和先行词关系不密切（一种补充说明，删去不影响全句意思的表达）不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用关系代词that不可用关系代词that关系代词可省略（但在从句中作宾语）关系代词不可以省略只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句翻译时先译主句再译从句定语从句补遗：1.定语从句分隔式定语从句即未置于先行词之后而被其他句子成分隔开的定语从句。通常用在下面两个种场合：1）有时由于先行词的后置成分较长，为使句子保持平衡，将其后移。2）有时出于修饰上的需要，避免千篇一律的语言格式。（1）被副词或副词性短语隔开。

Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.Iboughtabooktoday,whichIwillgiveittoyou（2）被介词短语隔开。Iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited.分隔式（3）被谓语动词或分词短语隔开。Thedaysaregonewhenweused“foreignoil”.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfieldswhenIshouldhavestudied.（4）被分句隔开。Thereisnoman,whateverhisfortuneis,whoisnowengagedinanyearnestoffices.Whatringdidyougive?Notthatone,

Ihope,whichyoureceivedfromme?（5）被用作宾语补足语的形容词隔开。Haveyougoteverythingready

weneed?（6）被theonly…of后的名词或代词隔开。HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsRussianinourschool.2.but、than引导的定语从句

but可作为关系代词引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用时，有双重否定的意味，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。此时but在意义上相当于“that...not”“who...not”“which...not”，只用于限制性定语从句中。

Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.

此句的关系代词but在从句中用作主语，其先行词是few，but相当于“whodon’t”的意思。

than作关系代词用在带有比较意义的句子中，其结构为：比较级...than＋定语从句。

Theboyhashadmorefoodthanisgoodforhishealth.

关系代词than在从句中用作主语，其先行词是food。3.prep+relativepronoun+todo(ratherformalanduncommon)Wemovetothecountrysothatthechildrenwouldhaveagardeninwhichtoplayin.(haveagardentoplayinismorecommon)4.That(specialcases)Afterwordsreferringtomanner,timeorplace,thatisoftenusedinsteadofinwhich,when,orwhere.Thatcanbeleftout.I’llneverforgettheSundaythatyoufirstarrived.5.agreementofpersonItismethatisresponsiblefortheorganization.(informal)ItisIthatamresponsiblefortheorganization.(informal)Cleftclause?(强调句）Ask：Itisthebankswhichwilllose,notthecustomer.

Here,thebankisemphasized.ThecommonwordorderisThebankswilllose,notthecustomers.Re:thatorwhich?

thatisthebetterchoicethanwhich

butofte