专题21-上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛(解析版)(上海专用)

►专题21上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精考点精讲【考情链接】上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。【要点梳理】[方法1]把握文章的论点、论据和论证。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。【典例】（2023闵行区一模）Buildinggoodtransportationisagoodidea.Tohaveenvironmentalvalue,newtransportationhastosufficientlyreplaceoreliminatedrivingtocutenergyconsumptionoverall.Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.Trafficlanesshouldbeeliminatedorconvertedintobikeorbuslanes.Ideally,theseshouldbecombinedwithhigherfueltaxes,andparkingfees.Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.Butthey’renecessary,becauseyoucan’tmakepeopledriveless,inthelongrun,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.……Oneoftheargumentsthatcitiesinevitablymakeinpromotingtransportationplansisthatthenewsystem,byrelievingautomobilecongestion,willimprovethelivesofthosewhocontinuetodrive.Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto______.A.supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.B.opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.C.provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.D.indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.【答案】D【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者提出了为缓解交通对环境造成的破坏，需要减少汽车使用，把汽车出行变得不方便。这一观点并不为大众所接受。他通过指出减少通勤时间的好处和现行的一些缓解措施的不足分析支持自己的观点。【66题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.(这意味着新的交通系统必须通过减少汽车使用来支持)”和最后一句“Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.(从来没有人通过争论某个交通系统会使旅行变得不那么方便来推广这个交通系统，尽管从环境角度来看，不方便的旅行是一个值得追求的目标)”可知，在作者眼里，为了缓解环境压力，把开车出行变得不那么方便，不那么让人开心是一个好方法在，这也是他在本文中推崇的。故选D项。[方法2]互推法在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。【典例】It’struethatquiteafewmostrespectedscientificauthoritieshaveconfirmedthattheworldisbecominghotterandhotter.There’salsostrongevidencethathumansarecontributingtothewarming.Countlessrecentreportshaveprovedthesamething.Forinstance,a2010summaryabouttheclimatesciencebytheRoyalSocietynotedthat:Theglobalwarmingoverthelasthalf-centuryhasbeencausedmainlybyhumanactivity.……Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.Accordingtothescientificresearch,however,thewarmingobservedbynowmatchesthepatternofwarmingwewouldexpectfromabuild-upofgreenhousegasintheatmosphere-notthewarmingwewouldexpectfromotherpossiblecauses.Whichofthefollowingisnotthecauseofclimatechange?A.volcaniceruptionB.floodsariddroughtsC.changesinsolarD.cyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun【答案】B【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章对人类是否造成了全球变暖这一理论进行了论述，表明全球变暖是否是人类的影响尚且不能定论。【解析】细节题。由Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.可知洪水和干旱造成气候变化的原因。[方法3]深推法推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【典例】SomepeopleprefertodoalmosteverythingovertheInternet.Tothem,dealingwithanactualhumanislikeanevolutionarystepbackward.Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon'tworkat4Gspeeds.Whenyouhavedinnerwithfriends,youwilloftennoticesomeonepayingmoreattentiontohismobilephone.Wehaveprogrammedourselvestothinkthateverynewmessagebringslife－changingnews,sotakingcallsandcheckingourtextsaremoreimportantthantalkingtothepeoplewearewith.Whatisworse,somepeopleeventendtosendanonymous(匿名的)rudemessagesbye­mail.Somepeoplearelesswillingtodealwithhumansbecause________.A．theyarebecominglesspatientB．theyaregrowingtooindependentC．theyhavetohandlemanyimportantmessagesD．theyhavetofollowanevolutionarystepbackward【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon'tworkat4Gspeeds.”可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。_____真题操真题操练2016年上海秋季高考英语真题Enough“meaninglessdrivel”.That’sthemessagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwhohavebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedIngatherandusesocialmediadata.TheHouseofCommonsScienceandTechnologyCommittee’sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontractsandcallsforaninternationalstandardorkitemark(认证标记)toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.“Thetermandconditionsstatementthatweallcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,”saysAndrewMiller,thechairofthecommittee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-Englishversionoftheirterms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflectionoftheoriginal.Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovernmentislookingatintroducingitonavoluntarybasis.“weneedtothinkthroughhowwemakethatworkinpractice,”saysMiller.Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?“Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,”saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.“Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation.”Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosignlongcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,butMillerbelievessocialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew.“Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,”hesays.Shadbolt,

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says.Theshockandangerwhenasocialmediafirmdoessomethingwithdatathatpeopledon’texpect,evenifusershaveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn’tworking.Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.73.Whatdoesthephrase“meaninglessdrivel”inparagraphs1and3referto?A.Legalcontractsthatsocialmediafirmsmakepeoplesignupto.B.WarningsfromtheUKgovernmentagainstunsafewebsites.C.Guidelinesonhowtousesocialmediawebsitesproperly.D.Insignificantdatacollectedbysocialmediafirms.74.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNigelShadboltdoubtswhether_______.A.socialmediafirmswouldconductasurveyonthekitemarkschemeB.peoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythinkC.akitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescaleD.thekitemarkwouldhelpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmodels75.AndrewMillerthinkssocialmedianeedsmoreattentionthanbanksmainlybecause_______.A.theirusersconsistlargelyofkidsunder20yearsoldB.thelanguageintheircontractsisusuallyhardertounderstandC.theinformationtheycollectedcouldbecomemorevaluableinfutureD.itremainsunknownhowusers’datawillbetakenadvantageof76.Thewriteradvisesusersofsocialmediato_______.A.thinkcarefullybeforepostinganythingontosuchwebsitesB.readthetermsandconditionsevenifthereisakitemarkC.takenofurtheractioniftheycanfindakitemarkD.avoidprovidingtoomuchpersonalinformation77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Saynotosocialmedia?B.Newsecurityrulesinoperation?C.Acceptwithoutreading?D.Administrationmatters!【答案】73.

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C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。73.A词义猜测题。根据第一段第一句“hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontracts”可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同。而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A正确。74.B推理判断题。根据第五段前二句“Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?“Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,”saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.”可知NigelShadbolt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的。故B项正确。75.D推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句“Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,”hesays.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。76.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一句Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.可知文章建议我们即使有认证标志，我们呀应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。77.C标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后在签名。故C项“Acceptwithoutreading?未阅读就接受”符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。考点：考查社会现象类阅读2015年上海秋季高考英语真题OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadershipworkshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathofJuliusCaesar.“Brutuswasnotanhonorableman,”hesaid.“Hewasatraitor（叛徒）.Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood.”TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid—atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare—totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.AndthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.“Youhavetounderstand,”theexecutivessaid,“ourpolicyistoobeythechainofcommand.” Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare’swisdomforprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalled“MoversandShakespeares”.TheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhighlevelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focusingonhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies. Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius’sslyprovocation（狡诈的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasabasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganising. AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogrammescontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry’swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafewbiases(偏向):theirreadingofHenryVminimizeshismisuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.AdelmanshadlittlegoodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall”couldn’tmakehismindupaboutthings. Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythattheyfelttoberelated.Caesar’spride,whichledtohismurder,andBrutus’smistakesinleadingthe

traitorsafterthemurder,theysaid,raisevitalquestionsforanyoneservinginabusiness:whenandhowdoyouresisttheboss?73.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidalltheexecutivesthinkofBrutus? A.Cruel.

B.Superior.

C.Honorable.

D.Rude74.Accordingtothepassage,theAdelmanssetup“MoversandShakespeares”to________. A.helpexecutivestounderstandShakespeare’splaysbetter B.giveadviceonleadershipbyanalyzingShakespeare’splays C.providecasestudiesofShakespeare’splaysinliteratureworkshops

D.guidegovernmentagenciestofollowthecharactersinShakespeare’splays.75.WhydotheAdelmansconductaworkshoponHenryV? A.Tohighlighttheimportanceofcatchingopportunities. B.Toencouragemasterfulleaderstoplanstrategiestowin. C.Toillustratetheharmofprejudicesinmanagement.

D.Towarnexecutivesagainstpowermisuse.76.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____. A.theAdelmans’programmeprovesbiasedastherolesofcharactersaremaximized. B.executivesfeelboredwithtoomanyspecificelementsofShakespeare’splays. C.theAdelmanswillmakemoreprofitsiftheyareprofessionalscholars. D.Shakespearehasplayedanimportantroleinthemanagementfield.77.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____. A.Shakespeare’splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture B.Shakespeare’splays:Anessentialkeytobusinesssuccess C.Shakespeare’splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation D.Shakespeare’splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults【解析】这是一篇论说文，相对来说有一定的难度。所用的词不少是专业术语，也或者是专有名词，这给阅读带来一定的障碍。73.【答案】 A【解析】文章介绍了莎士比亚戏剧在商业管理方面的运用。细节理解题根据第一段描述所用的一些词语“notanhonorableman不是一个受敬仰的人”,“traitor叛徒”，“incoldblood冷血”等可以得出答案为cruel残忍的。Superior意为较高的（级别、地位）;较好的（在质量等方面）;较多的（数量）;上等的;rude意为粗鲁的。74. 【答案】B【解析】细节题根据第二段的一些用词“well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse著名的白宫顾问”,”managementtrainingbusiness管理训练商业”，可以知道答案是与leadership管理有关。其中leadership（领导）和management是同义词。75.【答案】 A【解析】细节理解题根据“Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.相反，他们强调年轻人的故事。这些年轻人能够抓住机会以及成为有能力的领导”可以知道答案是强调抓住机会的重要性。其中highlight强调和emphasize是同义词，seizesopportunity和catchopportunities是同义词。76. 【答案】D77. 【答案】D【解析】标题题四个选项的意思分别是A.Shakespeare’splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture（莎士比亚戏剧：管理层重新认识企业文化）；B.Shakespeare’splays:Anessentialkeytobusinesssuccess（莎士比亚戏剧：成功商业的关键）；C.Shakespeare’splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation（莎士比亚戏剧：商业动机的一节课）；D.Shakespeare’splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults（莎士比亚戏剧：戏剧的训练带来喜剧的结果）。标题题选择的正确答案是简练高度概括，而且以文章主题相关，综合这几个因素只有D选项才符合，其他选项，要么和主题无关，要么就是扩大了范围。____好题必好题必测【上海市复兴高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期期中英语试卷】Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn’ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter—butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey’vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers—orexternalities,asthey’reoftencalled—intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.43.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAI.44.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline”referstothedeclinein________.A.drivers’interactionwiththecarsB.drivers’exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledrivingD.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.46.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.【答案】43.B44.C45.C46.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者通过日常生活中Alexa和Siri的例子，提出自己的论点——人工智能会组织人们之间更深层次的交流。接着开始提出自己对于无人驾驶汽车的看法和担忧，并提出需要进一步提升无人驾驶汽车的软件和硬件，让它们更好、更安全地服务于人们。【43题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.(随着人工智能深入我们的生活，我们必须面对这样一种可能性，即它将阻止我们的情感和深层次的人际联系。)”可知，作者认为人工智能会阻止我们和身边的人进行更深层次的联系。也就是说，人工智能会导致人与人之间的联系变得越来越肤浅、浅显。故选B项。【44题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.(我担心，无人驾驶汽车夺走了我们锻炼这种能力的机会，可能会导致这种它的衰落。)”可知，“itsdecline”指的是前文“thisability”的衰弱和下降。再根据前文“Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.(但它们还会对人类产生什么影响呢?开车是一种非常现代的社会互动，需要高度的合作。)”可知，“thisability”指的是“highlevelsofcooperation”，即开车时的合作能力。故选C项。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.(例如，在一辆以稳定不变速度行驶的自动驾驶汽车旁边驾驶了一段时间的司机可能会不太注意驾驶，因此，一旦他们行驶到只有人类司机占据的高速公路路段，发生事故的可能性就会增加。经验表明，与完全遵守交通法规行驶的自动驾驶汽车并排行驶实际上会提高人的表现。)”可知，无人驾驶汽车能降低其他车辆中的司机出现交通事故的概率，也就是说它们能使人类驾驶员在其他车辆中更安全。故选C项。【46题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.(我们必须付出使自动驾驶汽车成为可能的硬件和软件所付出的同样努力，来管理人工智能对车外人员的潜在影响。毕竟，我们在你的车后面安装刹车灯不仅仅是，甚至主要是为了你的利益，而是为了你后面的人。)”可知，作者认为对于自动驾驶汽车，我们应该努力提高它的硬件和软件，让它更加安全。故选D项。上海市第三女子中学2021学年第二学期高三年级英语学科线上教学评估Thetendencytolookforsomeoutsidegrouptoblameforourmisfortunesiscertainlycommonanditisoftenstrengthenedbysocialprejudice.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthatoneoftheprincipalcausesofprejudiceisfear—inparticularthefearthattheinterestsofourowngrouparegoingtobeendangeredbytheactionsofanother.Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachotherandknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.Intimesofrapidracialandeconomicchange,however,newoccupationsandnewsocialrolesappear,andpeoplestartlookingjealouslyateachothertoseewhethertheirowngroupisbeingleftbehind.Whenacommunitybeginstofeelunsureofitsfuture,itbecomesespeciallylikelytoturninuponitself,toimaginethatsurroundinggroupsarethreateningandunfriendly.Atatimelikethis,distorted(扭曲的)ideasabouttheothercommunityarereadilybelievedandarepassedonasstatementsoffact.Oneofthetragicthingsaboutintercommunal(社区间的)conflictisthatbothpartiesquicklyfindthemselves“moralrationalization(合理化解释).”Eachsideinsistsandbelievesthatitsownactionsareinspiredbynobleideals,evenwhentheyarereallyactingoutofpureself-interest.Toathirdparty,neutraltotheconflict,itmayseemobviousthatbotharebehavingunreasonably;butwhenone’semotionsareinvolved,andespeciallytheemotionoffear,itisextremelydifficulttoremainsensible.Onceprejudicedevelops,itishardtostop,becausethereareoftensocialforcesatworkwhichactivelyencourageunfoundedattitudesofunfriendlinessandfeartowardsothergroups.Onesuchforceiseducation:Weallknowthatchildrencanbetaughthistoryinsuchawayastokeepaliveoldhatredandoldprejudicesbetweenracialandpoliticalgroups.Anothersocialinfluencethathastobetakenseriouslyisthepressureofpublicopinion.Peopleoftenthinkandactdifferentlyingroupsfromthewaytheywoulddoasindividuals.Ittakesaconsiderableeffortofwill,andoftencallsforgreatcourage,tostandoutagainstone’sfellowsandinsistthattheyarewrong.Whyisitthatwehearsomuchmoreaboutthefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesthanwedoaboutthesuccesses?Iamafraiditispartlyduetotheincreaseincommunicationwhichradio,televisionandthepopularpresshavebroughtabout.Inthosecountrieswherethemediaofmasscommunicationarecommercialenterprises,theytendtomeasuresuccessbythesizeoftheiraudience;andpeoplearemorelikelytobuyanewspaper,forinstance,iftheirattentioniscaughtbysomethingdramatic,orsomethingthatcanarousetheiranxietyorinterestasmuchasfailuresofintercommunalrelationshipsdo.Andpopularpublicspeakers,especiallyiftheyarepoliticiansaddressingarelativelyinnocentaudience,knowthatthebestwaytoarousesuchanaudienceistofrightenthem.Wherethereisarealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurity,thisisespeciallylikelytoarousegroupprejudice.Itisimportanttoremembereconomicfactorsifwewishtolessenprejudicebetweengroups,becauseunlesstheyaredealtwithdirectly,itwillbelittleusesimplyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudicedagainstothergroupswhomtheyseeastheircompetitors,ifnottheirenemies.43.Peopleinasocietyofrapidracialandeconomicchange______.A.blameothersfortheirrecentmisfortunesB.fearthelossofinterestsendangeredbyprejudiceC.areatalossastowhattoexpectofothersandthemselvesD.arejealousofthenewoccupationsandsocialroles44.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutacommunityfeelingunsureofitsfuture?A.Distortedideasabouttheothercommunityareconsideredasfacts.B.It’sextremelydifficultforathirdpartytoremainsensibleandfearless.C.Oldhatredandprejudicesarepassedonthroughhistoryeducation.D.Thepressureofpublicopinionmakespeoplethinkandactingroups.45.Thefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesare______.A.commercialproductsofthemediaofmasscommunicationB.considereddramaticandarousingC.lessenedduetorealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurityD.dealtwithdirectlybyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudiced46.Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.howtoeliminatesocialprejudice B.whatasensiblesocietyislikeC.whatcausessocialprejudice D.howtobuildasensiblesociety【43~46题答案】【答案】43.C44.B45.A46.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了导致社会偏见的缘由和目前的现状。【43题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachotherandknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.(在一个稳定、相对不变的社会中，这种情况不太可能发生，在这种社会中，不同社会和职业群体的成员知道彼此的期望，也知道对自己的期望)”可知，在一个稳定相对不变的社会中人们知道对彼此的期望，也知道对自己的期望。由此推知，在一个快速发展的社会中人们会对别人和自己的期望感到茫然。故选C。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Toathirdparty,neutraltotheconflict,itmayseemobviousthatbotharebehavingunreasonably;butwhenone’semotionsareinvolved,andespeciallytheemotionoffear,itisextremelydifficulttoremainsensible.(对于对冲突保持中立的第三方来说，双方的行为显然都不合理；但是，当一个人的情绪，尤其是恐惧情绪牵涉其中时，保持理智是极其困难的)”可知，对于一个对未来感到不确定的社区，“对冲突保持中立”的第三方知道双方都不合理，难以保持理智和无畏。而B项“It’sextremelydifficultforathirdpartytoremainsensibleandfearless.(对于第三方来说，保持理智和无畏是极其困难的)”与文章内容不符。故选B。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Whyisitthatwehearsomuchmoreaboutthefailuresofrelationshipsbetw