专题03 新八省高考阅读理解说明文通关20篇（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）【含答案解析】

2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练专题03新八省高考阅读理解说明文通关20篇解析版（山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海）说明说明文满分作答解题妙招一、命题特点1.选材特点文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。2.语篇结构特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。3.设题特点就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。4.命题热点科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：Whatdoyouknowfromthepassage?标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase…inparagraph…mean/referto?5.语篇模式二、说明方法1.罗列法（listing）在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…andfinally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，

…WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first，

second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。2.举例法（examples）举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用forexample，

forinstance，

stillanotherexampleis…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。3.比较法（comparisonandcontrast）比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，inthesamecase，inspiteofthedifference等这样的词语。however，ontheotherhand，incontrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。4.定义法（definition）定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson（以…为食品）fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.5.顺序法（sequenceoftime，spaceandprocess）顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。6.分类法（classification）分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。Somebooksaretobetasted，

otherstobeswallowed，

andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,

somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts，

otherstoberead，

butnotcuriously，andsomefewtobereadwholly,

andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,

andextractsmadeofthembyothers;

butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,

andthemeanersortofbooks…二、解题策略1.利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。2.利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。3.谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。三、说明文实用答题妙招1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。新八省最新新八省最新名校模拟试题【新八省阅读·说明文01】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻类)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.Thesenewfindingscouldleadresearcherstoreducetheirestimateofhowmuchcarbondioxidediatomspulloutoftheairviaphotosynthesis,whichinturn,couldtakeamuchcloserlookattheunderstandingoftheglobalcarboncycle,whichisespeciallyrelevantgiventhechangingclimate.ThenewfindingswerepublishedinScienceAdvancesonJuly17,2024.TheteamshowedthatthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium,whichisfoundinoceansaroundtheworld,regularlyperformsamixofbothphotosynthesisanddirecteatingofcarbonfromorganicsourcessuchasplankton(浮游生物).Inmorethan70%ofthewatersamplestheresearchersanalyzedfromoceansaroundtheworld,theteamfoundsignsofsimultaneousphotosynthesisanddirectorganiccarbonconsumptionfromCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteamalsoshowedthatthisdiatomspeciescangrowmuchfasterwhenconsumingorganiccarboninadditiontophotosynthesis.Furthermore,thenewresearchhintedatthepossibilitythatspecificspeciesofbacteriaarefeedingorganiccarbondirectlytoalargepercentageofthesediatomslivingallacrosstheglobalocean.Thisworkisbasedonagenome-scalemetabolicmodelingapproachthattheteamusedtorevealthemetabolismofthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteam’snewmetabolicmodelingdatasupportrecentlabexperimentssuggestingthatsomediatomsmayrelyonstrategiesotherthanphotosynthesistointakethecarbontheyneedtosurvive,thriveandbuildbiomass.TheUCSanDiegoledteamisintheprocessofexpandingthescopeoftheprojecttodeterminehowwidespreadthisnon-photosyntheticactivityisamongotherdiatomspecies.1．What’snewaccordingtotheresearch?A．Thewayofthediatom’scarbonaccumulation. B．Theimpactofclimateondiverseseaplants.C．Theprocedureofexploringcarbon. D．Thesystemofbuildingbiomass.2．Whatdothenewfindingsmakeresearchersmorefocuson?A．Thecausesofclimatechange. B．Thegraspofthecarboncycle.C．Thebadeffectofphotosynthesisondiatoms. D．Aroughestimateoftheamountofcarbondioxide.3．Whatdoweknowfromparagraph3?A．Alargenumberofdiatomsmayfeedonbacteria.B．Thediatomlivesonplankton.C．Watersamplesarekeyfactorsfortheresearch.D．Diatomspeciesgrowfasterwithsufficientsunlight4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．PhotosynthesisinDiatoms B．Plankton’sRoleinOceansC．NewCarbonStrategiesinDiatoms D．AdvancesinModelingData【答案】1．A2．B3．A4．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个新的研究发现——海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻类)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.(当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”可知，新研究发现海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这说明硅藻积累碳的方式是新的发现。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Thesenewfindingscouldleadresearcherstoreducetheirestimateofhowmuchcarbondioxidediatomspulloutoftheairviaphotosynthesis,whichinturn,couldtakeamuchcloserlookattheunderstandingoftheglobalcarboncycle,whichisespeciallyrelevantgiventhechangingclimate.(这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收多少二氧化碳的估计，这反过来又可以更深入地了解全球碳循环，这与气候变化尤其相关。)”可知，这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收二氧化碳量的估计，转而更加关注全球碳循环的理解。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Furthermore,thenewresearchhintedatthepossibilitythatspecificspeciesofbacteriaarefeedingorganiccarbondirectlytoalargepercentageofthesediatomslivingallacrosstheglobalocean.(此外，这项新的研究暗示了一种可能性，即特定种类的细菌直接为生活在全球海洋中的大部分硅藻提供有机碳)”可知，大量的硅藻可能以细菌为食。故选A。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻类)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.(当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了硅藻在积累碳方面新的发现，即硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这是硅藻在碳积累方面的新策略，因此最适合的标题是C选项“NewCarbonStrategiesinDiatoms(硅藻中的新碳策略)”。故选C。【新八省阅读·说明文02】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）Accordingtoareportin2023,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)recommendedthatnon-sugarsweetenersnotbeusedasameansofachievingweightcontrolorreducingtheriskofdiseases.Theguidelinecameasasurprise.Afterall,theverypurposeofnon-sugarsweeteners-whichcontainlittletonocalories—istohelpconsumerscontroltheirweightandreducetheirriskofdiseasebyreplacingsugar.Initsreport,theWHOcitedevidencethatlong-termuseofnon-sugarsweetenersisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)anddeath.Howisitthatnon-sugarsweetenersarelinkedtothenegativehealtheffectsthey’resupposedtofendoff?TheWHOmadeitsrecommendationafterreviewinghundredsofpublishedstudies.Theproblemisthattheoverwhelmingmajorityofthesestudiesareobservational.Insuchstudies,subjectstendtoself-reporttheirfoodintake,whichmightnotguaranteeinaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observationalstudiescannotdeterminecauseandeffect.Arenon-sugarsweetenerscausingdiabetes,orarepeopleatriskofdiabetessimplymorelikelytoconsumethem?Lastly,therearenumerousvariablesthatresearcherscan’tpossiblycontrolforinthesestudiesthatcouldinfluencetheresults.Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)telladifferentstoryaboutnon-sugarsweeteners.Thesestudiescontrolforvariablesbyrandomlyassigningpeopletoeitheratreatmentorcontrolgroup,andtheycandeterminecauseandeffect.Theyshowthatsweetenersmodestlybenefitweightlossandhelpcontrolbloodsugar,withoutthenegativeeffectsseeninobservationalresearch.ThedownsideofRCTsisthattheyareshorterinduration,oftenlastingjustafewmonths.Sonegativeeffectscouldappearafterlongeruseandwewouldn’tbeabletotellfromtheseRCTs.Butwealsocan’ttellfromobservationalstudies,whichonlymeasurecorrelationandnotcausality(因果关系).Changingthecurrentsituationmightbehard,though.RCTsareexpensiveandrequirerecruitingparticipants,settingupdietplans,andregularlymeasuringsubjects’healthoutcomes.Forchangetohappen,itmightneedtostartatthetop,wherescienceisfundedGovernmentagencies,whichappropriatebillionsforresearch,shouldstartprioritizingRCTs.1．Whatdotheunderlinedphrase“fendoff”probablymeaninparagraph2?A．Putout. B．Defendagainst. C．Keepup. D．Counton.2．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．TheWHO’ssuggestionsonobservationalstudies.B．Thestrategiestodecidecauseandeffectinconductingstudies.C．Thesignificanceofcontrollingvariablesinobservationalstudies.D．ThelimitationsoftheobservationalstudiesintheWHOreport.3．WhatisafeatureofRCTsaccordingtothetext?A．Theycostlittle B．Theytendtolastlong.C．Theycancontrolvariablesanddeterminecausality. D．Theyrequireparticipantstoself-reportrelateddata4．HowshouldthegovernmenthelpRCTs?A．Bymakingappropriateplans B．ByprovidingfinancialsupportC．Byraisingpeople’sawarenessofhealth D．Byfoundingmorerelatedgovernmentagencies【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．B【导语】本文的体裁是一篇说明文。它主要解释了世界卫生组织（WHO）关于非糖甜味剂使用的推荐，并详细分析了支持这一推荐的研究证据和现有研究的局限性。1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Initsreport,theWHOcitedevidencethatlong-termuseofnon-sugarsweetenersisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)anddeath.Howisitthatnon-sugarsweetenersarelinkedtothenegativehealtheffectsthey’resupposedtofendoff?(在报告中，世界卫生组织引用了长期使用非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和死亡风险增加有关的证据。非糖甜味剂是如何与它们本应fendoff的负面健康影响联系在一起的？)”可知，非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和增加死亡风险有关，即它们本应“防御”的负面健康影响有关，这里的fendoff应理解为“防御，抵挡”或“对抗”。A.Putout扑灭；B.Defendagainst防御，抵抗；C.Keepup跟上，赶上；D.Counton指望，依靠。故选B。2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“TheWHOmadeitsrecommendationafterreviewinghundredsofpublishedstudies.Theproblemisthattheoverwhelmingmajorityofthesestudiesareobservational.Insuchstudies,subjectstendtoself-reporttheirfoodintake,whichmightnotguaranteeinaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observationalstudiescannotdeterminecauseandeffect.Arenon-sugarsweetenerscausingdiabetes,orarepeopleatriskofdiabetessimplymorelikelytoconsumethem?Lastly,therearenumerousvariablesthatresearcherscan’tpossiblycontrolforinthesestudiesthatcouldinfluencetheresults.(世卫组织在审查了数百项已发表的研究后提出了这一建议。问题是这些研究绝大多数是观察性的。在这样的研究中，受试者倾向于自我报告他们的食物摄入量，这可能不能保证不准确。更重要的是，观察性研究不能确定因果关系。是无糖甜味剂导致糖尿病，还是有患糖尿病风险的人更容易食用它们？最后，在这些研究中，有许多研究人员无法控制的变量可能会影响结果。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了WHO报告中观察性研究的局限性，包括自报告数据不准确的问题和无法确定因果关系的问题，故选D。3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Thesestudiescontrolforvariablesbyrandomlyassigningpeopletoeitheratreatmentorcontrolgroup,andtheycandeterminecauseandeffect(这些研究通过将人们随机分配到治疗组或对照组来控制变量，他们可以确定因果关系。他们表明，甜味剂对减肥有一定的好处，有助于控制血糖，没有观察性研究中看到的负面影响。随机对照试验的缺点是持续时间较短，通常只持续几个月。)”可知，RCTs能够控制变量并确定因果关系，故选C。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Forchangetohappen,itmightneedtostartatthetop,wherescienceisfundedGovernmentagencies,whichappropriatebillionsforresearch,shouldstartprioritizingRCTs.(要想发生改变，可能需要从最高层开始，那里的科学是由政府机构资助的，它们为研究拨款数十亿美元，应该开始优先考虑RCTs。)”可知，政府应该通过提供财政支持来帮助RCTs，故选B。【新八省阅读·说明文03】（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Humanresponsestomoraldilemmas(两难选择)canbeinfluencedbystatementswrittenbytheartificialintelligencechatbotChatGPT,accordingtoastudypublishedinScientificReports.Thefindingsindicatethatusersmayunderestimatetheextenttowhichtheirownmoraljudgmentscanbeinfluencedbythechatbot.SebastianKrigelandcolleaguesaskedChatGPTmultipletimeswhetheritisrighttosacrifice(牺牲)thelifeofonepersoninordertosavethelivesoffiveothers.TheyfoundthatChatGPTwroterandomstatementsarguingbothforandagainstsacrificingonelife,indicatingthatitisnotbiasedtowardsacertainmoralstance(立场).Theauthorsthenpresented767U.S.participants,whowereonaverage39yearsold,withadilemmawhethertosacrificeoneperson’slifetosavefiveothers.Beforeanswering,participantsreadastatementprovidedbyChatGPTarguingeitherfororagainstsacrificingonelifetosavefive.StatementswerefromeitheramoraladvisororChatGPT.Afteranswering,participantswereaskedwhetherthestatementtheyreadinfluencedtheiranswers.Eightypercentofparticipantsreportedthattheiranswerswerenotinfluencedbythestatementstheyread.However,theauthorsfoundthattheanswersparticipantsbelievedtheywouldhaveprovidedwithoutreadingthestatementswerestillmorelikelytoagreewiththemoralstanceofthestatementtheydidreadthanwiththeoppositestance.ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.Theauthorssuggestthatthepotentialforchatbotstoinfluencehumanmoraljudgmentshighlightstheneedforeducationtohelphumansbetterunderstandartificialintelligence.Theyproposethatfutureresearchshoulddesignchatbotsthateitherdeclinetoanswerquestionsrequiringamoraljudgmentoranswerthesequestionsbyprovidingmultipleargumentsandwarnings.1．WhatareChatGPT’sanswerstoacertainmoralstancelikeaccordingtoParagraph2?A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple.2．Whatislearnedabouttheparticipants?A．TheyadmittedthepowerofChatGPT.B．Theywereinterviewedbyamoraladvisor.C．TheywereaffectedbyChatGPTunknowingly.D．Theywerepresentedwithdifferentmoraldilemmas.3．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Differentfindingsofthestudy. B．Futurepotentialsforchatbots.C．Majorfocusesoffutureeducation. D．Solutionstotheimpactofchatbots.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChatGPTTendstoCauseMoralPanics B．ChatGPT:IsItLikelytoAffectOurLife?C．ChatGPT:WhyIsItMakingUsSoNervous? D．ChatGPTCanInfluenceHumanMoralJudgments【答案】1．A2．C3．D4．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写语句的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。1．推理判断题。根据第二段“TheyfoundthatChatGPTwroterandomstatementsarguingbothforandagainstsacrificingonelife,indicatingthatitisnotbiasedtowardsacertainmoralstance(立场).(他们发现，ChatGPT随机写出支持或反对牺牲一条生命的陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场)”可推知，ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”可知，参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C。3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Theauthorssuggestthatthepotentialforchatbotstoinfluencehumanmoraljudgmentshighlightstheneedforeducationtohelphumansbetterunderstandartificialintelligence.Theyproposethatfutureresearchshoulddesignchatbotsthateitherdeclinetoanswerquestionsrequiringamoraljudgmentoranswerthesequestionsbyprovidingmultipleargumentsandwarnings.(作者认为，聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的潜力凸显了教育的必要性，以帮助人类更好地理解人工智能。他们提出，未来的研究应该设计出这样的聊天机器人：要么拒绝回答需要道德判断的问题，要么通过提供多种论证和警告来回答这些问题)”可知，最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断力的方法。故选D。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Humanresponsestomoraldilemmas(两难选择)canbeinfluencedbystatementswrittenbytheartificialintelligencechatbotChatGPT,accordingtoastudypublishedinScientificReports.(发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写言论的影响)”以及倒数第二段“ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。可知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最符合文章标题。故选D。【新八省阅读·说明文04】（24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习）Aglobalstudycomparing2,062birdsfindsthatinhighlyvariableenvironmentsbirdstendtohaveeitherlargerorsmallerbrainsrelativetotheirbodysize,butbirdswithsmallerbrainstendtouseecologicalstrategiesthatarenotavailabletobig-brainedones.Thefactisthatthereareagreatmanyspeciesthatdoquitewellwithsmallbrains.Previousstudieshadfoundgeneraltrendstowardlargerrelativebrainsizesathigherlatitudes(纬度)whereconditionsaremorevariable.Thisnewstudyisdifferentbecauseitlooksatthefulldistributionofbrainsizesacrossenvironments,allowingtheresearcherstotestwhetherdifferentsizesareover-orunder-represented.Theyfoundthatathigherlatitudes,somebirdbrainsaresignificantlymorelikelytoberelativelysmallercomparedtobodysize.“InAlaska,theptarmigan(雷鸟)mightbeatypicalexampleofthesmall-brainedspecies.Lovablethoughitis,it’snotexactlyknownforitssmarts.Theptarmigancan,however,feedonbranchesandwillowleaves.”saidTrevorFristoe,firstauthorofthestudyfromWashingtonUniversity.“Wefindthatsmall-brainedspeciesintheseenvironmentsemploystrategiesthatareunachievablewithalargebrain.Thesespeciesareabletoliveonreadilyavailablebutdifficulttodigestresourcessuchasneedlesofconifers(针叶树)orevenbranches.Thesefoodscanbefoundevenduringextremewinterconditions,buttheyarefibrousandrequirealargegut(肠道)todigest,”Fristoesaid.“Guttissue,likebraintissue,isenergeticallydemanding,andlimitedbudgetsmeanthatitischallengingtomaintainalotofboth.”“Brainsarenotevolvingseparately—theyarepartofabroadersuiteofadaptationsthathelpcreaturessucceedintheirlives,”saidCarlosBotero,assistantprofessorofbiologyandco-authorofthestudy.“Biologists,ourselvesincluded,havehistoricallybelievedthatenvironmentalvariabilitydrivestheexpansionofbrainsize.Butwhenwetakeabroaderview,werealizethatotherstrategiesalsoworkandremarkably,thealternativehereinvolvesmakingabrainactuallysmaller!”1．HowdoesFristoe’sresearchdifferfrompreviousstudies?A．Itrevealsbirds’evolvingprocesses. B．Itarrivesataconflictingconclusion.C．Itfocusesonbirdswithsmallerbrains. D．Itcoversawiderrangeofbrainsizes.2．Whatdoweknowabouttheptarmigan?A．Ithasachangeablefeedinghabit. B．Itisconsideredfairlyintelligent.C．Ithasanextremelylargebodysize. D．Ithasapowerfuldigestingsystem.3．WhatdoesBoterothinkofsmallerbrains?A．Theyarearesultoflimitedbudgets. B．Theyareaneffectivesurvivalstrategy.C．Theyarenotforvariableenvironments. D．Theyaretypicalofindependentevolution.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BigBrainsorBigGuts.ChooseOne B．EvolutionofBrainSizeinBirdsC．BigBrains:AdapttoHigherLatitudes D．TheSmallertheBrain,theSmartertheBird【答案】1．D2．C3．A4．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Thisnewstudyisdifferentbecauseitlooksatthefulldistributionofbrainsizesacrossenvironments,allowingtheresearcherstotestwhetherdifferentsizesareover-orunder-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选D。2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Theyfoundthatathigherlatitudes,somebirdbrainsaresignificantlymorelikelytoberelativelysmallercomparedtobodysize.(他们发现，在高纬度地区，一些鸟类的大脑相对于身体来说更有可能相对较小)”以及第三段“InAlaska,theptarmigan(雷鸟)mightbeatypicalexampleofthesmall-brainedspecies.(在阿拉斯加，雷鸟可能是小脑袋物种的典型例子)”可推知，雷鸟的体型非常大。故选C。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Butwhenwetakeabroaderview,werealizethatotherstrategiesalsoworkandremarkably,thealternativehereinvolvesmakingabrainactuallysmaller!(但当我们从更广阔的角度来看，我们意识到其他策略也起作用，值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及到让大脑变得更小！)”可知，波特罗认为小脑袋是预算有限的结果。故选A。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Aglobalstudycomparing2,062birdsfindsthatinhighlyvariableenvironmentsbirdstendtohaveeitherlargerorsmallerbrainsrelativetotheirbodysize,butbirdswithsmallerbrainstendtouseecologicalstrategiesthatarenotavailabletobig-brainedones.Thefactisthatthereareagreatmanyspeciesthatdoquitewellwithsmallbrains.(一项对2062只鸟类进行比较的全球研究发现，在高度多变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于它们的身体大小往往更大或更小，但大脑较小的鸟类往往会使用大脑大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略。事实上，有很多物种的大脑都很小)”结合文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。可知，A选项“脑大还是智慧大。选择一个”最符合文章标题。故选A。【新八省阅读·说明文05】（24-25高三上·四川内江·开学考试）Thestreets,sidewalksandroofsofcitiesallabsorbheatduringtheday,makingsomeurbanareasacrosstheUnitedStatesupto6degreesFahrenheithotterthanruralonesduringtheday-and22degreesFhotteratnight.These“urbanheatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundasthecityheatspreadsdownward,beneaththesurface.Andbasements,subwaytunnelsandotherundergroundinfrastructurealsoconstantlybleedheatintothesurroundingearth,creatinghotspots.Nowtheundergroundheatisbuildingupastheplanetwarms.AccordingtoanewstudyofdowntownChicago,undergroundhotspotsmaythreatentheverysamestructuresthatemittheheatinthefirstplace.Suchtemperaturechangesmakethegroundaroundthemexpandandcontract(收缩)enoughtocausepotentialdamage.“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming,”saysthestudy’sauthorAlessandroF.RottaLoria,acivilandenvironmentalengineeratNorthwesternUniversity.Thefindings,publishedinCommunicationsEngineering,exposea“silenthazard(危险)”tocivilinfrastructureincitieswithsofterground-especiallythosenearwater-RottaLoriasays.“Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize,”headds.Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.Similartoclimatechangeabovethesurface,theseundergroundchangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftime.“Theseeffectstookdecades,acentury,todevelop,”RottaLoriasays,addingthatelevatedundergroundtemperatureswouldlikewisetakealongtimetodissipate(逐渐消失)ontheirown.Butotherresearchersinterviewedforthisstoryallsaythiswastedenergycouldalsoberecycled,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthesubsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Subwaytunnelsandbasementscouldbeupdatedwithtechnologiestorecapturetheheat.Forexample,waterpipescouldbeinstalledtorunthroughundergroundhotspotsandpickupsomeoftheheatenergy.1．Whatcanwelearnaboutthe“urbanheatislands”?A．Theycandevelopundergroundstructures. B．Theyareimpactedbyglobalwarming.C．Theycandestroythegroundaround. D．TheyonlyexistintheUnitedStates.2．WhydoesAlessandroF.RottaLoriamention“silenthazard”inparagraph3?A．Todiscussstructuralissues. B．Tocategorizeclimatechange.C．Toexplainundergroundheat. D．Toemphasizetheneglectedreality.3．Whatwilltheauthorprobablywriteaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?A．Thefutureoftunnelsandbasements. B．Thereusingapproachesofheatenergy.C．Thecostofmaintainingstructures. D．Theevolutionofundergroundenvironment.4．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Undergroundclimatechangeisasilentdanger.B．Humansfailtonoticethedramaticclimatechange.C．Coolingthesurfacehelpscontrolurbanheatrises.D．Researchingundergroundheathelpssaveonenergycosts.【答案】1．B2．D3．B4．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案.1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“These“urbanheatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundasthecityheatspreadsdownward,beneaththesurface.Andbasements,subwaytunnelsandotherundergroundinfrastructurealsoconstantlybleedheatintothesurroundingearth,creatinghotspots.Nowtheundergroundheatisbuildingupastheplanetwarms.(这些“城市热岛”也会在地下形成，因为城市的热量会向下传播，到达地表以下。而且，地下室、地铁隧道和其他地下设施也会不断向周围的土壤散发热量，从而形成热点区域。现在，随着地球变暖，地下热量也在不断积聚。)”可知，“城市热岛”是受到全球气候变暖的影响。故选B。2．推理判断题。根据第三段中AlessandroF.RottaLoria所说的“Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize(发生的这种地下气候变化可能已经造成了建筑结构上的问题，我们甚至没有意识到)”以及最后一句话“Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.(虽然这不是对人类生命的立即或直接威胁，但这种以前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个鲜为人知的组成部分的影响)”可推知，提出“无声的危险”是想强调地下气候变暖这一被人忽略的事实。故选D。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Butotherresearchersinterviewedforthisstoryallsaythiswastedenergycouldalsoberecycled,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthesubsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Subwaytunnelsandbasementscouldbeupdatedwithtechnologiestorecapturetheheat.Forexample,waterpipescouldbeinstalledtorunthroughundergroundhotspotsandpickupsomeoftheheatenergy.(但其他在接受采访的研究人员都表示，这种浪费的能源也可以被回收利用，这不仅提供了冷却地下空间的机会，还能节省能源成本。可以通过更新技术来重新捕获地铁隧道和地下室的热量。例如，可以安装水管穿过地下热点区域，以吸收部分热能)”可知，该段是介绍针对地下气候变暖提出了潜在的解决方案，即可以通过更新地铁隧道和地下室的相关技术来回收利用热能，并举例了可通过安装水管这种方法来获取热能。由此推知，接下来应该是介绍对这种热能的再使用方法。故选B。4．推理判断题。根据全文内容及第二段中“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming(在无人察觉的情况下，芝加哥市中心发生了变形)”和第三段中““Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize,”headds.Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.(“可能会有由于这种地下气候变化导致的结构性问题出现，而我们甚至没有意识到，”他补充道。虽然这对人类生命没有立即或直接的危险，但这一此前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个较少为人知的组成部分所带来的影响)”可知，整篇文章都在围绕地下热岛效应及其对城市基础设施的影响展开，特别是强调了这种地下气候变化带来的隐患。因此，作者想传达的主要信息是地下气候变化是一种无声的危险。故选A。【新八省阅读·说明文06】（24-25高三上·四川雅安·开学考试）Anartificialintelligence(AI)toolofstreetviewcould