2019届新课标天津市高考英语二轮复习第二部分完形填空专题十三说明文讲义

专题十三说明文-2-考情概览在英语中,天文地理、人情世故、客观事物、主观意识等宇宙间的一切都可以通过说明文加以阐述说明,如the

importance

of

being

on

time(准时的重要性)和the

happiness

of

reading

books(读书之乐)之类的话题,在汉语中似乎应该属于议论文的范围,但在英语中却一般列在说明文中。其语言特点是:-3-1.多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间的变化而改变的。2.采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的事物等的说明与介绍,因此,语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。在英语中,使用被动语态(如用It

is

said

that...替代I

think

that...)、引用权威的信息来源(如用according

to

sb.

替代in

my

opinion)、选用委婉语是使说明文增加客观性、从而更易被读者接受的重要语言手段。3.遣词用字简练、平实、确切。说明文的主要目的是帮助读者认清事物,明白事理,故其语言通常较为浅显、通俗,比较易于读者理解。其内容也很客观真实。它的用词总是贴近事物的本来面目,不会使用华丽的辞藻和夸张的写作手法,一般也不加描述和议论。-4-另外,说明性完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解题。在设空与选项设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求:以实词为主,名词、动词、形容词、副词等约占全部小题数的90%,绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断。这一命题思路体现了“语篇意识”。-5-1.确认说明对象,了解文章大意。文章的首句一般就明确了说明对象。对文章先要进行粗读或略读,以对文章的大意有一个大体的了解。例Howlongcanhumanbeingslive?Mostscientistswhostudyoldagethinkthatthehumanbodyis

1

tolivenolongerthan120years.However,110yearsisprobablythelongestthatanyonecouldhopetolive—ifheorsheis

2

healthyandlucky.Somescientistsevensaywecanliveaslongas130years!Yet,ourcellssimplycannotcontinuetoreproduce

3

.Theywearout,andasaresult,wegetoldand

4

die.

...分析:在文章的开头,作者就提出了文章需要探讨的话题:人的寿命有多长?在此基础上,考生再对文章进行略读即可把握文章主题。-6-2.用好语篇标志,理顺行文逻辑。说明文的首段往往是文章的主题段,每段的首句也是主题句,一定把握好主题段和主题句,这是做好这类完形填空题的前提。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语,这些词语被称为“语篇标志语”。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示因果关系的thus,therefore,so等;表示改变话题的bytheway等;表示递进关系的also,besides,what’s

more,further等;表示时间关系的before,so

far,yet,meanwhile,later等;表示转折关系的but,while,ontheotherhand等。做题时如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语,就可以迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文的关系。-7-例...NorthernEuropeansusuallydonotlikehaving(bodily)contact(接触)evenwithfriends,andcertainlynotwith(strangers).PeoplefromLatinAmericancountries,(ontheotherhand),toucheachotherquitealot.Therefore,it’spossiblethatin

,itmaylooklikeaLatinois

aNorwegianallovertheroom.The

Latino,tryingtoexpressfriendship,willkeepmoving

.TheNorwegian,veryprobablyseeingthisaspushiness,willkeep

—whichtheLatinowillinreturnregardas

.

分析:从第一句中,我们可以看出北欧人不喜欢与人(尤其是陌生人)有身体上的接触。下一句话的信息告诉我们,在拉丁美洲人与人身体的接触却比较多。接下来,作者用到了语篇标志词therefore,由此可以推知这两种不同文化碰撞的结果,即一个拉丁美洲人在谈话中追着一个挪威人在屋里到处走。-8-3.细读行文内容,理清事实细节。在阅读这类文章时,我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾,从主题句着手,找出支持句,然后寻找文章的结论。这时,我们还要特别注意,不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑,我们在理解细节的基础上,还要斟酌文字的内涵意义,从而对文章进行深层次的理解。-9-例Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks

thanwords.Accordingtospecialists,ourbodiessendoutmore

thanwerealize.In

fact,non-verbalcommunication(非语言交际)takesupabout50%ofwhatwereally

.Andbodylanguageisparticularly

whenweattempttocommunicateacrosscultures.Indeed,whatiscalledbodylanguageisso

apartofusthatit’sactuallyoftenunnoticed.Andmisunderstandingsoccurasaresultofit...

...Clearly,agreatdealisgoingonwhenpeople

.Andonlyapartofitisinthewordsthemselves.Andwhenpartiesarefrom

cultures,there’sastrongpossibilityof

.Butwhateverthesituation,thebest

istoobeytheGoldenRule:treatothersasyouwouldliketobe(treated).

-10-分析:文章开头的论据中说到不同国家的身势语不同,如果不注意,经常会发生误解。作者在文章的最后提出一条“黄金法则”,即:要像自己希望被对待的方式一样对待他人。前后照应紧密。-11-4.注重上下文语境,克服思维定式。应逐句精读短文,逐题分析选项,对特定的语境做深入的理解,克服思维定式,依据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐空填写。-12-例...For

example,the

moment

you

get

on

the

airplane,start

(adjusting)

your

biological

clock

to

the

destination’s

time.If

it’s

daytime

in

your

destination,try

to

stay

.Walking

around

the

cabin(客舱)can

be

of

help.

A.awake

B.aloneC.hungry

D.calm分析:要仔细分析语境,完形填空题绝不可以脱离语境填空。由前面的daytime提示可知,白天应该醒着。下文“Walking

around

the

cabincan

be

of

help.”也是提示,所以该空应选awake。-13-ABMaybeyou’velostyourjob.Maybeyoudidn’tgetthe

1

inyourjob.Maybeyoursweetheart

2

withyou.Peoplesay“Don’ttakeitpersonally”and“Don’tletitgettoyou”,butthat’svery

3

todo.

Ifyou’refeelingdiscouraged,

4

aresomestrategies(策略)formakingyourselffeelbetter?It’sprettyclearthat

5

“I’mthegreatest!”orwinningaprizealongwitheveryothersecond-gradesoccerplayerisn’tagoodwayto

6

healthyself-respect.

Thenwhatcanyoudotofeelbetter?Herearesome

7

tofollow.

-14-ABDoagooddeed.Thisisasselfishasitisselfless;you’ll

8

asmuchasthepersonyou’rehelping.Ihadafriendwho

9

aperiodofvastrejection:shewasfiredfromher

10

,shedidn’tgetintothegraduateprogramtowhichshe’d

11

,andherboyfriendsplitupwithher.Everythingworkedoutfine

12

,andIaskedherhowshegotthroughsucha(n)

13

time.She

said,“Iwas

14

addictedtodoinggooddeedsforotherpeople.ItwastheonlywayIcouldmakemyselffeellikeIwasn’tatotalloser.”

Keeparesolution(决心).Notonlywillyoubenefitfromexercisingor

15

outyourgarage,butyou’llalsogetaboost(激励)fromthemerefactthatyoumadea

16

andstucktoit.

-15-ABBoostyour

17

.Studiesshowthatwhenyou’refeelingenergetic,you’remuchmorelikelytofeelgoodaboutyourself.Most

important:getenoughsleep.

Challengeyourself

18

.Thisstrategydoesn’tworkforme,butIknowthatmanypeoplefeelgreat

19

white-waterrafting,bungee

jumping,orroller-coasterriding.Forthelessdaring,agreatrun,orbikeridecandothe

20

.

-16-AB1.A.promotion

B.gift

C.match

D.break2.A.keptup B.putup C.brokeup D.madeup3.A.easy B.hard

C.dangerous

D.pleasant4.A.which B.how

C.where

D.what5.A.hearing B.praising

C.knowing

D.repeating6.A.have B.lose

C.build

D.hurt7.A.ideas B.tips

C.plans

D.methods8.A.benefit B.repay

C.reject

D.demand9.A.wentthrough B.cameacrossC.lookedfor D.waitedfor10.A.house B.incident

C.job

D.boss11.A.appealed B.listened

C.reacted

D.applied-17-AB12.A.inthebeginning B.intheendC.inamoment D.inasense13.A.wonderful B.toughC.unforgettable

D.busy14.A.practically B.hardlyC.carefully

D.unwillingly15.A.working B.leaving

C.finding

D.cleaning16.A.bet B.difference

C.promise

D.record17.A.energy B.confidence

C.courage

D.ability18.A.mentally B.physicallyC.successfully

D.naturally19.A.before B.upon

C.until

D.after20.A.service B.business

C.trick

D.favour-18-AB【语篇导读】本文为说明文。当挫折和失败让自己感到心灰意冷、自我怀疑的时候,怎样做才能恢复自尊、自信呢?1.A

解析根据上下文可知,作者在列举一些让人感到不开心的事情。在职场中,没能获得晋升就是其中之一。A项“晋升”;B项“礼物”;C项“比赛”;D项“休息”。2.C

解析句意:或许你的心上人和你分手了。break

up

with

sb.“与某人分手”;keep

up

with

sb.“跟上某人”;put

up

with

sb.“容忍某人”;make

up

with

sb.“同某人言归于好”。3.B

解析句意:人们说“你别往心里去”“不要让它对你产生影响”,但是那做起来却很难。“but”提示上下文存在转折关系,说明事情是说起来容易,但是做起来难(hard)。4.D

解析句意:如果你觉得心灰意冷,有什么策略能让你感觉好点呢?-19-AB5.D

解析根据下文“I’mthegreatest!”以及常理推断,在遭受挫败的时候,人们往往对自己重复(repeating)说一些鼓励的话,让自己心情好起来。6.C

解析句意:重复“我是最棒的!”或者在和其他二流足球队员比赛时获胜都不是建立健全的自尊的好方法。build此处意思是“建立”。7.B

解析根据下文内容可知,这是作者提出的几点建议。tip常用来表示一些有用的小建议。A项“主意,想法”;

C项“计划”;

D项“(系统的)方法”。8.A

解析句意:你会和你所帮助的人受益同样多。A项“得益于”;B项“偿还”;C项“拒绝接受”;D项“要求”。9.A

解析这里指经历了一系列严重的挫败。A项“经历”;B项“偶然碰到”;

C项“寻找”;D项“等候”。-20-AB10.C

解析此处意为“在工作中被解雇”。11.D

解析此处意为“她申请读研失败”。D项applied符合题意。12.B

解析句意:一切最终都顺利了。B项“最后,结果”;A项“起初”;C项“立刻,马上”;

D项“从某种意义上说”。13.B

解析根据语境可知,她度过的是一段艰难的时期。14.A

解析此处副词practically相当于almost,意思是“几乎,差不多”。B项“几乎不”;C项“仔细地”;D项“不情愿地”。15.D

解析此处意为“锻炼或者打扫车库会让你受益”。clean

out

“把……彻底打扫干净”;work

out

“计算出,解决”;leave

out

“遗漏;略去”;find

out

“找出,查明”。16.C

解析根据“Keep

a

resolution.”可知C项意义接近,即做出承诺并且信守承诺。make

a

promise

“许诺”;make

a

bet

“打赌”;make

a

difference

“有影响;起作用”;make

a

record

“录制唱片”。-21-AB17.A

解析根据下文语境以及“energetic”一词的提示可知该段小标题是Boost

your

energy.(养精蓄锐)。18.B

解析根据下文提到的极限运动可知,这里指Challenge

yourself

physically.(挑战体能)。19.D

解析此处意为很多人在进行了激流皮划艇运动、蹦极或乘坐过山车后感觉很好。20.C

解析do

the

trick是固定短语,意思是“起作用;奏效;达到目的”。-22-ABInBritain,peoplehavedifferentattitudestothepolice.Mostpeoplegenerally

1

themandthejobtheydo—althoughtherearecertainpeoplewhodonotbelievethatthepolice

2

havethepowerthattheydo.

Whatdoesapolicemanactuallydo?Itisnota(n)

3

jobtodescribe.After

all,apolicemanhasanumberofjobsin

4

.Apolicemanoftenhastocontroltraffic,either

5

footinthecentreofatown,orinapolicecarontheroads.Indeed,in

Britain,hemightbeintheTrafficPoliceandspendall,oralotof,histime

6

upanddownmainroadsandmotorways(高速公路).Atrafficpolicemanhastohelpkeepthetrafficmoving,stop

7

driversandhelpwhenthereisanaccident.

-23-ABApolicemanhastohelpkeepthe

8

,too.Ifthereisafightorsomeotherdisturbance,we

9

thepolicetocomeandrestore(恢复)order.Andtheyoftenhaveto

10

situationatgreatrisktotheirown

11

.

Weexpectthepolicetosolvecrimes,of

course.Soanordinarypoliceman,

12

heisnotadetective,willoftenhavetohelp

13

andarrestcriminals.

And

14

dowecallwhenthereisanemergency—anaircrash,a

15

,aroadaccident,orarobbery?Wecallthepolice.

16

apolicemanhastobe

17

tofaceanyunpleasantemergencythatmayhappeninthe

18

world.

Thepolicedoanabsolutelynecessaryjob;theydoit

19

wellandIsupportthem,butIdonotenvypolicemen.IdonotthinkthatIcould

20

dothejobofapoliceman.

-24-AB1.A.dislike B.join

C.appreciate

D.admire2.A.should B.would

C.could

D.must3.A.funny B.pleasant

C.interesting

D.easy4.A.it B.one

C.his

D.them5.A.on B.by

C.under

D.with6.A.walking B.driving

C.wandering

D.running7.A.rested B.tiring

C.speeding

D.awake8.A.peace B.silence

C.situation

D.condition9.A.waitfor B.see

C.thinkof D.expect10.A.turnto B.avoid

C.dealwith D.treat11.A.safety B.families

C.future

D.friends12.A.also B.asif C.however

D.evenif-25-AB13.A.getridof B.question

C.lookfor D.sentence14.A.how B.where

C.what

D.who15.A.power-failure B.fireC.thunderstorm

D.thief16.A.Yet B.Then

C.As

D.So17.A.provided B.promised

C.prepared

D.presented18.A.future B.modern

C.real

D.past19.A.extremely B.speciallyC.surprisingly

D.particularly20.A.hardly B.foreverC.ever

D.never-26-AB【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了英国警察职责之所在。1.C

解析根据最后一段的第一句可知,大部分人都还是欣赏警察这个职业和他们所做的工作的。故选C项。2.A

解析根据语境和上文“In

Britain,people

have

different

attitudes

to

the

police.”可推知,此处有人持反对的观点,认为警察不应该拥有那些他们现在所拥有的权力。故选A项。3.D

解析根据下文“After

all,a

policeman

has

a

number

of

jobs...”可推知,警察的工作不是一句两句可以说清楚的。故选D项。4.B

解析根据语境可知,警察的工作是融许多工作为一体的。故选B项。5.A

解析固定搭配on

foot意为“徒步”,与“in

a

police

car”呼应。故选A项。-27-AB6.B

解析根据上文“inapolicecarontheroads”可知,交警大部分时间驱车在路上巡查。故选B项。7.C

解析根据语境“A

traffic

policeman

has