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2023年9月中级口译真题+参照答案
英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试
SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST
PartA:SpotDictation
Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesame
passagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyou
haveheardonthetape.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyour
ANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.
Britishpeoplearefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere50
yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionandyou'llknowwhere
(1)goes.However;spurredonbyrecentstudiessuggestingthat
itcancuttheriskof(2)andretardtheagingprocess,teais
enjoyinga(3).
Althoughteaisavailableinmoreplacesthanever;itremainstobe
(4)ofatypicalBritishfamily.
IfyouareinvitedtoanEnglishhome,(5)inthemorningyou
getacupoftea.Itiseitherbroughtinbyaheartily(6)cran
almostmalevolentlysilentmaid.Whenyouare(7)inyour
sweetestmorningsleepyoumustnotsay:'Goaway,you(8)/
Onthecontrary,youhavetodeclarewithyourbestfiveo'clocksmile:'Thank
youverymuch.I(9)acupoftea,especiallyinthemorning.'If
theyleaveyoualonewiththeliquidyoumaypourit(10)!
Thenyouhave(11);thenyouhaveteaat11o'clockinthe
morning;(12);thenyouhaveteafortea;thenaftersupper;
andagainateleveno'clock(13).
Youmustnotrefuseanyadditionalcupsofteaunderthe(14):
ifitishot;ifitiscold;ifyouare(15);ifyouarenervous;ifyou
arewatchingTV;(16);ifyouhavejustreturnedhome;ifyou
feellikeit;ifyoudonotfeellikeit;ifyouhavehadnotea(17);
ifyouhavejusthadacup.
Youdefinitelymustnot(18),Isleepatfiveo'clockinthe
morning;Ihavecoffeeforbreakfast;Idrinkinnumerable(19)
duringtheday;Ihavethe(20)evenattea-time!
PartB:ListeningComprehension
1.Statements
Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.These
statementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouv/illnotfindthemwrittenonthe
paper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readthe
answerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyou
haveheard.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthe
correspondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.
1.(A)TheprogramonChannelEightremindsmeofTVcommercials.
(B)TheproductadvertisedintheTVcommercialcannothelpcuremyillness.
(C)Idon'twatchTVthatmuch,becauseoftheomnipresentadvertisements.
(D)Ihavetositonthesofa,becauseIamtoosicktostandinfrontofthe
television.
2.(A)Theplanearrivedat7:30.
1
(B)Theplanearrivedat8:00.
(C)Theplanearrivedat9:00.
(D)Theplanearrivedat10:00.
3.(A)rilasksomeoneelsetoreadandcheckthisagreementforerrors.
(B)rilthinkmoreabouttheagreementbeforemakingadecision.
(C)It'sobviousthatIIIdiscusstheagreementv/ithmyassistantfirst.
(D)It'soutofquestionthatIshouldgetintoanyagreementwithyou.
4.(A)Thebettermembersdecidedtocancelthemeeting.
(B)Lessthanhalfofthecommitteewasawayonbusinesstrips.
(C)Itzdbebetterifnoonehadattendedthismorning'scommitteemeeting..
(D)Themeetingwascancelledbecauseoflowattendance.
5.(A)Supermarketsintheinnercityandthesuburbsareusuallyownedbythe
samecompany.
(B)Productsingrocerystoresaremoreexpensivethanthoseinsupermarkets.
(C)Thereisapricedifferenceforthesameproducteveninshopsrunbythe
samecompany.
(D)Peopleprefertoshopinsupermarkets,whicharemostlylocatedinthe
suburbs,withfreeparkingspace.
6.(A)ManyAmericanscannotaffordhighereducationbecauseofthesoaring
collegetuitionfeesandexpenses.
(B)Sendingtheirchildrentocollegeisnolongerabiggerchallengeformillions
ofAmericans.
(C)TheAmericangovernmenthassetthegoalthatitwilleventuallystop
fundinghighereducationinstitutions.
(D)Nowadays,Americanparentshavetopaymoretosendtheirchildrento
college.
7.(A)Formanyuniversitygraduates,thejobstheytakewillnotberelatedto
theiracademicachievements.
(B)Becauseofeconomicrecession,thenumberofuniversitystudentsmajoring
inliberalartsisdeclining.
(C)Universitystudentswhoareinterestedinliberalartswillhavemorejob
opportunitiesupongraduation.
(D)Withhighunemploymentrate,manyuniversitystudentswillhavetooptfor
transferringtoothermajors.
8.(A)Goodbusinessnegotiatorswillneverrepeatwhatotherpeoplehave
alreadyrestated.
(B)Restatingbygoodbusinessnegotiatorsisnotaneffectivewaytocheckthe
information.
(C)Goodbusinessnegotiatorsaresometimescuriousaboutotherpeople's
restatements.
(D)Restatingwhatothershavesaidisagoodstrategyforconfirming
understanding.
9.(A)Wecannotreachanagreement,letaloneaspokenpromise.
(B)We'dbetterdraftandthensignawrittenagreement.
(C)Wegenerallykeepourpromisesinbusinesstransactions.
(D)Wehopeyouunderstandwhyweareunabletokeepourpromises.
10.(A)Idon'tthinkyouhavemoretosayonthattopic.
(B)Ithinkwe'dbettertalkaboutthatindetailsometimelater.
(C)Iamtrulyappreciativeifyoucanelaborateonthattopicafterlunch.
(D)Iambusyrightnow,sowemightaswelldiscussitoverlunchtoday.
2.TalksandConversations
Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksand
conversationsAftereachof
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these,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthe
talkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,read
thefourchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritethe
letteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyour
ANSWERBOOKLET.
Questions11—14
11.(A)Two(B)Three(C)Four(D)Five
12.(A)Aprofit-makingprivateschool.
(B)Anon-profit-makingindependentschool.
(C)Astateschoolthatisfundedbynon-governmentalsources.
(D)AsecondaryschoolthatisopentothemajorityofBritishstudents.
13.(A)Manychildrenarenolongerplacedinschoolsaccordingtotheir
academicabilities.
(B)Manychildrencanaffordtostudyinprivateschools,astheybecomepartof
thestatesystem.
(C)Childrenfromwealthyfamiliesnolongerchoosetogoandstudyinpublic
schools.
(D)Clevererchildrenwillbesenttothebestprivateschoolsinthecountryfora
betterdevelopment.
14.(A)Cleverandlessbrightchildrenwillmixv/ellwitheachother.
(B)Schoolauthoritieswillreceivemorefundsfromthegovernment.
(C)Moststudentswilldowellintheirentranceexaminationforthehigher
education.
(D)Everychildwillhaveanequalopportunitytogoontohighereducation.
Questions15—18
15.(A)Onethatisunabridgedwithdetaileddefinitions.
(B)Onethatcontainsfewerwordsandemphasizesonspecialwords.
(C)Onethatcontainsabroadrangeofwordsincommonusage.
(D)Onethatspansseveralvolumesandhasextensivewordhistories
16.(A)TheNewOxfordPictureDictionary
(B)TheAmericanHeritageDictionary
(C)TheDictionaryofLegalTerms
(D)TheDrinkingWaterDictionary
17.(A)Itlistsabbreviations,propernouns,andtablesofmeasures.
(B)Itisanunabridgededitionprovidingasmanyas500,000entries.
(C)Itwasrandomlycompiledandcontainsasmanyforeignwordsaspossible.
(D)Itprovidesdetailedinformationoffamouspeopleandplaces.
18.(A)Aschooldictionary.(B)Acollegedictionary.
(C)Ageneraldictionary.(D)Aspecializeddictionary.
Questions19—22
19.(A)He'sboughthiswifeapresent.(B)He'smissedanimportantphonecall.
(C)He'sdismissedhisnewsecretary.(D)He'spoppedoutshopping.
20.(A)Talkingaboutthelatestfashion.
(B)Offeringspecialreductions.
(C)Givingbiggerdiscountstofemalecustomers.
(D)Pressingonthecustomertomakeadecision.
21.(A)Upsidedownandinsideout.(B)Insideoutandbacktofront.
(C)Withitssleevesastrouserlegs.(D)Withitspatternupsidedown.
22.(A)AV-neckedpulloverwithshortsleeves.
3
(B)Ahigh-neckedpulloverwithlongsleeves.
(C)Awhitepulloverwithapattern.
(D)Abluepulloverwithahighneck.
Questions23—26
23.(A)Thatofacreator.(B)Thatofare-creator.
(C)Thatofareceiver.(D)Thatofaperformer.
24.(A)Becauseweneedtoconcentrateforourquietthought.
(B)Becausewewanttogivefullattentiontothedriving.
(C)Becausewetrytoavoidbeingcaughtbythepatrollingpolice.
(D)Becauseweintendtobeascasualaspossibleinthedriving.
25.(A)Intheelevator.(B)Inthecar.
(C)Inthebathroom.(D)Inthechurch.
26.(A)Byperceptiveandanalyticallistening.
(B)Bytakingasonicbath.
(C)Byattendingclassicalconcerts.
(D)Bylisteningtoanemotionalpieceofmusic.
Questions27—30
27.(A)Hisgrandfather'shouse.(B)Hisparents'remarks.
(C)Amagazine.(D)Acoursebook.
28.(A)Enjoyingvisitingzoos.(B)Drivingacar.
(C)Makingmoney.(D)Takingkidstoamuseum.
29.(A)Itdiedafewyearsago.(B)Itkilledseveraltourists.
(C)Itisonlyalegend.(D)Itisalivingdinosaur.
30.(A)Noonehasprovidedanaccuratedescriptionoftheanimal.
(B)Nodeadbodiesoftheanimalhaveeverbeenfound.
(C)Thereareonly500specieslivinginLochNess.
(D)Thelakeisnotdeepenoughforsuchahugeanimal.
PartC:ListeningandTranslation
1.SentenceTranslation
Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.Youwill
hearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translate
itintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyour
ANSWERBOOKLET.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2.PassageTranslation
Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.Youwill
hearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateit
intoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWER
BOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.
(1)
(2)
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SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(45minutes)
Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageis
followedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbest
answer;(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.Answerallthequestionsfollowing
eachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwrite
theletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyour
ANSWERBOOKLET.
Questions1—5
ThepurposeoftheArrericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.
AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccusedofacrime,heorsheis
consideredinnocentuntilthecourtprovesthatthepersonisguilty.Inother
words,itistheresponsibilityofthecourttoprovethatapersonisguilty.Itisnot
theresponsibilityofthepersontoprovethatheorsheisinnocent.
Inordertoarrestaperson,thepolicehavetobereasonablysurethatacrime
hasbeencommitted.Thepolicemustgivethesuspectthereasonswhytheyare
arrestinghimandtellhimhisrightsunderthelaw.Thenthepolicetakethe
suspecttothepolicestationto"book"him.''Bookingmeansthatthenameof
thepersonandthechargesagainsthimareformallylistedatthepolicestation.
Thenextstepisforthesuspecttogobeforeajudge.Thejudgedecideswhether
thesuspectshouldbekeptinjailorreleased.Ifthesuspecthasnoprevious
criminalrecordandthejudgefeelsthathewillreturntocourtratherthanrun
away—forexample,becauseheownsahouseandhasafamily—hecangofree.
Otherwise,thesuspectmustputupbail.Atthistime,too,thejudgewillappoint
acourtlayertodefendthesuspectifhecan'taffordone.
Thesuspectreturnstocourtaweekortwolater.Alawyerfromthedistrict
attorney'sofficepresentsacaseagainstthesuspect.Thisiscalledahearing.
Theattorneymaypresentevidenceaswellaswitnesses.Thejudgeatthe
hearingthendecideswhetherthereisenoughreasontoholdatrial.Ifthejudge
decidesthatthereissufficientevidencetocallforatrial,heorshesetsadate
forthesuspecttoappearincourttoformallypleadguiltyornotguilty.
Atthetrial,ajuryof12peoplelistenstotheevidencefrombothattorneysand
hearsthetestimonyofthewitnesses.Thenthejurygoesintoaprivateroomto
considertheevidenceanddecidewhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecrime.
Ifthejurydecidesthatthedefendantisinnocent,hegoesfree.However;ifhe
isconvicted,thejudgesetsadateforthedefendanttoappearincourtagainfor
sentencing.Atthistime,thejudgetellstheconvictedpersonwhathis
punishmentwillbe.Thejudgemaysentencehimtoprison,orderhimtopaya
fine,orplacehimonprobation.
TheAmericanjusticesystemisverycomplexandsometimesoperatesslowly.
However;everystepisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.These
individualrightsarethebasis,orfoundation,oftheAmericangovernment.
1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
(A)TheAmericancourtsystemrequiresthatasuspectprovethatheorsheis
innocent.
(B)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.
(C)UndertheAmericancourtsystem,judgedecidesifasuspectisinnocentor
guilty.
(D)TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtohelpthepolicepresentacaseagainst
thesuspect.
2.Whatfollows'inotherwords7(para.l)?
(A)Anexampleoftheprevioussentence.
(B)Anewideaaboutthecourtsystem.
(C)Anitemofevidencetocallforatrial.5
(D)Arestatementoftheprevioussentence.
3.Accordingtothepassage,'hecangofree"(para.3)means.
(A)thesuspectisfreetochoosealawyertodefendhim
(B)thesuspectdoesnothavetogototrialbecausethejudgehasdecidedheis
innocent
(C)thesuspectwillbeinformedbymailwhetherheisinnocentornot
(D)thesuspectdoesnothavetowaitinjailorpaymoneyuntilhegoestotrial
4.Whatisthepurposeofhavingthesuspectpaybail?
(A)Topayforthejudgeandthetrial.
(B)Topayforacourtlawyertodefendthesuspect.
(C)Toensurethatthesuspectwillreturntocourt.
(D)Toensurethatthesuspectwillappearinprison.
5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
(A)TheAmericanjusticesystemsometimesoperatesslowly.
(B)Thepolicecanarrestasuspectwithoutgivinganyreasons.
(C)Itistheresponsibilityofthesuspecttoproveheisinnocent.
(D)Thejuryconsiderstheevidenceinthecourtroom.
Questions6—10
Soyou'vegotaninvention—youandaround39,000otherseachyear;according
to2023statistics!
The64,000-dollarquestion,ifyouhavecomeupwithadevicewhichyoubelieve
tobetheanswertotheenergycrisisoryou'veinventedalawnmowerwhichcuts
grasswithajetofwater(notsodaft,someonehasinventedone),ishowto
ensureyou'retheonetoreaptherewardsofyouringenuity.Howwillallyou
gardenshedboffinsouttherekeepothersfromcapitalizingonyourideasand
liningtheirpocketsatyourexpense?
Oneofthefirststepstoprotectyourinterestistopatentyourinvention.That
cankeepitoutofthegraspofthepiratesforatleastthenext20years.Andfor
thisreasoninventorsintheirdrovesbeataconstanttrailfromalloverthe
countrytothedoorsofananonymousgrey-frontedbuildingjustbehind
London'sHolborntotryandpatenttheirdevices.
ThebuildinghousesthePatentOffice.It'sanantheapofcorridors,officesand
filingrooms—asortinghouseandstoragedepotforoneoftheworld'sbiggest
andmostvariedcollectionsoftechnicaldata.Sometenmillionpatents—English
andforeign—arelistedthere.
Fileafterfile,catalogueaftercataloguedetailthebrain-childrenofinventors
downthecenturies,froma1600'smachinegundesignedtofiresquarebullets
atinfidelsandroundonesatChristians,topresent-daylaser;nuclearand
computertechnology.
Thefirst'letterspatent7weregrantedaslongagoas1449toaFlemish
craftsmanbythenameofJohnUtynam.Theletters,writteninLatin,arestillon
fileattheoffice.TheyweregrantedbyKingHenryVIandentitledUtynamto
'importintothiscountry'hisknowledgeofmakingstainedglasswindowsin
ordertoinstallsuchwindowsatEtonCollege.
Present-daypatentsprocedureisamoresophisticatedaffairthangettinga
go-aheadnotefromthemonarch.Thesedaysthestrictproceduresgoverning
whetheryougetapatentforyourrevolutionarymouse-traporsolar-powered
back-scratcherhavebeenreducedtoaprettyexactscience.
Fromstarttofinishitwilltakearoundtwoandahalfyearsandcost£165for
theinventortogainpatentprotectionforhisbrainchild.That'sifhe'slucky.By
nomeansallwhoapplytothePatentOffice,whichisabranchofthe
DepartmentofTrade,getapatent.6
AkeymanatthePatentOfficeisBernardPartridge,PrincipalExaminer
(Administration),whoboilsdowntoonewordthevitalingredientanyinventor
needsbeforehecanhopetoovercomethemanyhurdlesinthecomplex
procedureofobtainingapatent—'ingenuity".
6.Peopletakeoutapatentbecausetheywantto.
(A)keeptheirideasfrombeingstolen
(B)reaptherewardsofsomebodyelse'singenuity
(C)visitthepatentofficebuilding
(D)comeupwithmorenewdevices
7.Thephrase'thebrain-childrenofinventors'(para.5)means.
(A)thechildrenwithhighintelligence
(B)theinventionsthatpeoplecomeupwith
(C)adevicethatachildbelievestobetheanswertotheenergycrisis
(D)alawnmowerthatanindividualhasinventedtocutgrass
8.Whathavethe1600zsmachinegunandthepresent-daylaserincommon?
(A)Bothwereapprovedbythemonarch.
(B)BothweregrantedbyKingHenryVI.
(C)BothwererejectedbytheDepartmentofTrade.
(D)Bothwerepatented.
9.WhyisJohnUtynamstillremembered?
(A)Heisthefirstpersontogetapatentforhisrevolutionarymouse-trap.
(B)Heisthefirstpersontobegrantedanofficialpatent.
(C)HeisthefirstpersontobeanofficerinthePatentOffice.
(D)Heisthefirstpersontohaveinventedalawnmower.
10.Accordingtothepassage,howwouldyoudescribethecomplexprocedureof
obtainingapatentforaninvention?
(A)Itisratherexpensive.
(B)Itisanimpossibletask.
(C)Itisextremelydifficult.
(D)Itisverytricky.
Questions11—15
Alllivingcellsonearthrequiremoisturefortheirmetabolism.Cerealgrains
whenbroughtinfromthefield,althoughtheymayappeartobedry,may
contain20percentofmoistureormore.Iftheyarestoredinabinthus,there
issufficientmoistureinthemtosupportseveralvarietiesofinsects.These
insectswill,therefore,liveandbreedand,astheygrowandeatthegrain,it
providesthemwithbiologicalenergyfortheirlifeprocesses.Thisenergywill,
justasinman,becomemanifestasheat.Sincethebulkofthegrainactsasan
insulator;thetemperaturesurroundingthecolonyofinsectswillrisesothat,not
onlyispartofthegrainspoiledbythedirectattackoftheinsectsbutmoremay
bedamagedbytheheat.Sometimes,thetemperaturemayevenrisetothe
pointwherethestoredgraincatchesfire.Forsafestorage,grainmustbedried
untilitsmoisturecontentis13percentorless.
Traditionalartsoffoodpreservationtookadvantageofthisprincipleinanumber
ofways.Theplantseeds,wheat,rye,rice,barleymillet,maize,arethemselves
structuresevolvedbynaturetoprovidestoredfood.Thestarchoftheir
endospermisusedforthenourishmentoftheembryoduringthetimeit
over-winters(ifitisaplantoftheTemperateZone)anduntilitsnewleaveshave
7
grownandtheirchlorophyllcantrapenergyfromthesunlighttonourishthe
new-grownplant.Theseparationbythreshingandwinnowingis,therefore,to
somedegreepartofatechniqueoffoodpreservation.
Thedirectdryingofotherfoodshasalsobeenused.Fishhasbeendriedinmany
partsoftheworldbesidesAfrica.Slicesofdriedmeatarepreparedbynumerous
races.Biltong,aformofdriedmeat,wasacustomaryfoodfortravelers.The
dryingofmeatorfish,eitherinthesunoroverafire,quiteapartfromthe
degreetowhichitexposesthefoodtoinfectionbybacteriaandinfestationby
insects,tendsalsotoharmitsquality.Proteinsarecomplexmolecular
structureswhicharereadilydisrupted.Thisisthereasonwhydriedmeat
becomestoughandcan,withsomescientificjustification,bylikenedtoleather.
Thetechnicalprocessofdryingfoodsindirectlybypicklingtheminthestrong
saltsolutionscommonlycalled'brine'doeslessharmtotheproteinthan
straightforwarddrying,particularlyifthisiscarriedoutathightemperatures.It
isforthisreasonthatmanyofthetypicaldryingprocessesarenottakento
completion.Thatistosay,theouterpartsmaybedriedleavingamoistinner
section.Underthesecircumstances,preservationisonlypartial.ThedriedFood
keepslongerthanitwouldhaveundriedbutitcannotbekeptindefinitely.For
thisreason,traditionalprocessesaretobefoundinmanypartsoftheworldin
whichacombinationofpartialdryingandpicklinginbrineisused.Quiteoften
thedryinginvolvesexposuretosmoke.Foodstreatedinthiswayare,besides
fishofvarioussorts,bacon,hamsandnumeroustypesofsausages.
11.Accordingtothepassage,insectsspoilstoredcerealsby.
(A)consumingallthegrainthemselves
(B)generatingheatandraisingthesurroundingtemperature
(C)increasingthemoisturecontentinthegrain
(D)attackingeachotherformoregrain
12.Inspeakingofthetraditionalmethodsoffoodpreservation,thewriter
(A)expressesdoubtsaboutdirectsmoking
(B)describessaltingandpicklingasineffective
(C)condemnsdirectdrying
(D)mentionsthreshingandwinnowing
13.Directdryingaffectsthequalityofmeatorfishbecause
(A)itexposesthemtoinsects
(B)itmakesthemhard
(C)itdamagestheprotein
(D)itdevelopsbacteria
14.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatsaltingpreservesfoodby
(A)destroyingtheprotein
(B)drawingawaymoisturefromthefood
(C)dryingthefoodinthesun
(D)dressingthefood
15.Accordingtothepassage,partialdryingisusefulbecause
(A)itdamagestheproteinless
(B)itcanbecombinedwithpickling
(C)itleavestheinsidemoist
(D)itmakesthefoodsoft
8
Questions16—20
Wearemovinginexorablyintotheageofautomation.Ouraimisnottodevise
amechanismwhichcanperformathousanddifferentactionsofanyindividual
manbut,onthecontrary,onewhichcouldbyasingleactionreplaceathousand
men.
Industrialautomationhasmovedalongthreelires.Firstthereistheconveyor
beltsystemofcontinuousproductionwherebyseparateoperationsarelinked
intoasinglesequence.Thegoodsproducedbythiswell-establishedmethodare
untouchedbytheworker;andthemachinereplacesbothunskilledand
semiskilled.Secondly,thereisautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequality
oftheproduct:heremechanismsarebuiltintothesystemwhichcancomDare
theoutputwithanorm,thatis,theactualproductwithwhatitissupposedtobe,
andthencorrectanyshortcomings.Theentirecycleofoperationsdispenses
withhumancontrolexceptinsofarasmonitorsareconcerned.Oneortwo
examplesofthistypeofautomationwillillustrateitsimmensepossibilities.
ThereisafactoryintheU.S.A,whichmakes1,000millionelectriclightbulbsa
year,andthefactoryemploysthreehundredpeople.Ifthepreautomation
techniquesweretobeemployed,thelabourforcerequiredwouldleapto25,000.
Amotormanufacturingcompanywith45,000sparepartsregulatestheirentire
supplyentirelybycomputer.Computerscanbeentrustedwithmostofthe
supervisionofindustrialinstallations,suchaschemicalplantsoroilrefineries.
Thirdly,thereiscomputerautomation,forbanks,accountingdepartments,
insurancecompaniesandthelike.Heretheessentialfeaturesaretherecording,
storing,sortingandretrievalofinformation.
Theprincipalmeritofmoderncomputingmachinesistheachievementoftheir
vastlygreaterspeedcfoperationbycomparisonwithunaidedhumaneffort;a
taskwhichotherwisemighttakeyears,ifattemptedatall,nowtakesdaysor
hours.
Oneofthemosturgentproblemsofindustrialsocietiesrapidlyintroducing
automationishowtofillthetimethatwillbemadefreebythemachineswhich
willtakeoverthetasksoftheworkers.Thequestionisnotsimplyoffilling
emptytimebutalsoofutilizingthesurplushumanenergythatwillbereleased.
Wearealreadyseeingstrawsinthewind:destructiveoutburstson
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