长难句共享备课讲稿

GRE阅读长难句阅读是写作的逆过程ideasentenceWRITINGREADING原始论文与ETS修改后长难句难度来源不会断句不知主次词义粘连修饰复杂专业词汇同一个单词的不同词性mapfashionpromptnovelEveryAugust,CodyandAllyvacationinHiawathaNationalForest,wheretheyenjoyhiking,fishing,andcamping.基本句型SVSVOSV(be)PSVOOSVOCSubject主语Predicate述部（谓语）描述主语做什么或者是什么主谓主谓宾主系表主谓双宾主谓宾补长难句基本阅读方法先主句，后从句谓语的确定方法长名词的处理方法标点符号的处理方法主句谓语确定：n+1法则每个句子（主句/从句）必有谓语主句主语+1个从句（1个从句谓语动词）+主句谓语动词（第2个谓语动词）主句主语+n个从句（n个从句谓语动词）+主句谓语动词（第n+1个谓语动词）非谓语动词：分词(doing,done)，不定式(todo)Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.TosayXoversimplifies.Thechildlearnsbyimitation.Thewaytoteachistosetagoodexample.2Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.Thoseofusaredisappointed.WehopedwithKolb,X.Kolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetail.3Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptly

tothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwas

mightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwas

mightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiremightgivewayabruptlytothedesire.adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthedesireonthepartofXtorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Thelightneverwas.WemightconsiderXanovelist-scientist.4Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Thefactledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanetapracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplanktonthatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon名词的修饰前二后六n.限定词a,an,thesome,afewmy,Lily’s形容词beautiful,sexy,noisy介词短语onthedesk,fromChina分词短语livingnextdoor不定式短语形容词短语difficultforyou定语从句同位语从句前置定语后置定语长名词短语NP1ofNP2onNP3inNP4 NP1ofNP2ofwhySVO NP1ofNP2,

doneby…,toNP3

NP1’sNP2toNP3aboutNP4 HisNP1ofNP2overNP3处理：逐级提取核心名词10[But]aftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.[But]aftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.词性变化后，介词何去何从？及物动词加of，不及物动词保留原介词RelateAtoB=>therelationofA

toB9GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau'sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization.GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau'sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization....asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedthe

intrusion

intopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization.Nineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedthattheforcesofindustrializationandurbanizationintruded

into

pastoralharmony.7Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrarian

discontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddecline

inthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.5Thedisjunctionbetweeneducationalobjectivethatstressindependenceandindividualityandthosethatemphasizeobediencetorulesandcooperationwithothersreflectsa_______thatarisefromthevaluesonwhichtheseobjectivesarebased.2conflictredundancygainpredictabilitywisdom6Inmanysciencefictionfilms,theoppositionofgoodandevilisportrayedasa___betweentechnology,whichis___,andtheerrantwillofadepravedintellectual.fusion...usefulstruggle...dehumanizingparallel...unfetteredconflict...beneficentsimilarity...malevolent8AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggests

thatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.11TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).12Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haney

recordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.13Forexample,thespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonovule-bearingpinecones,wherethefemalereproductiveorgansofconifersarelocated,isimportanttotheproductionofairflowpatternsthatspiraloverthecone'ssurfaces,therebypassingairbornepollenfromonescaletothenext.Forexample,thespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonovule-bearingpinecones,wherethefemalereproductiveorgansofconifersarelocated,isimportanttotheproductionofairflowpatternsthatspiraloverthecone'ssurfaces,therebypassingairbornepollenfromonescaletothenext.14MauriceBardeche,inMarcelProust,romancier,hasshowntheimportanceinthedraftsofRemembranceofspontaneousandapparentlyrandomassociationsofProust’ssubconscious.15Thisisunlikelytohappen,butitwarnsusthatperhapsthemostsalutaryfeatureofthepapyrusscrapisitsmessageoftheextremedifficultyofclassifyingandcategorizingrigidlythedevelopmentofacreativeartist.16TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.17Buttherecentdiscoveryofdetailedsimilaritiesintheskeletalstructureoftheflippersinallthreegroupsunderminestheattempttoexplainawaysuperficialresemblanceasduetoconvergentevolution—theindependentdevelopmentofsimilaritiesbetweenunrelatedgroupsinresponsetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.长难句中标点符号的处理逗号破折号括号引号分号逗号1.表示并列TheGRErevisedgeneraltestincludesAnalyticalWriting,Verbal,andQuantitative.Sheisanadamant,braveGREtesttaker.2.分割主句和修饰XXX,XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX,XXX.处理：后读23.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.42.Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheearth’ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.破折号分割主句和修饰XXX–XXX–XXX.XXX–XXX.处理：后读24.Gutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheblackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof--andsowascrucialinsustaining--theblackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.括号解释说明XXX(XXX)XXX.处理：后读124.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.124.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.名词化nominalizationofn.=adj.ofimportance=importantTheOfficialGuideisofimportancetotheGREtesttakers.TheOfficialGuideisimportanttotheGREtesttakers.ofsignificance=significantofvalue=valuable:Yuanisateacherofvaluetoourschool.ofservice=helpful:

Iamgladtobeofservice.引号引语或强调处理：去掉引号82.Openacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheunitedstatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.82.Openacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheUnitedStatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.98.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry”.分号相当于句号，连接语义相关但语法不相关的两个完整句子处理：当成两句话21.Assheputitinthecommonreader,“itissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”117.Forthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticism,thesubjectivityversusobjectivity,orcritic-as-artist-or-scientist,debatehasspecialsignificance;forher,thequestionisnotonlyacademic,butpoliticalaswell,andherdefinitionwillcourtspecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.句内逻辑关系对比因果并列并列并列找同义或语法平行37Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced,ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem,atfirstglance,toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.37Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced,Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem,atfirstglance,toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.46StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.47Thehydrologiccycle,amajortopicinthisscience,isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses,beginningasatmosphericwatervapor,passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation,thencealongandintothegroundsurface,andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration.66FalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beuve’sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingrisetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments,andallowedthesetotakeoveritasteadilydevelopingnovel.73Therehavebeenattemptstoexplainthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseitherbetweenthosewhoareinvolvedandthosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,orbetweenthosealreadysatiatedandthosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.73Therehavebeenattemptstoexplainthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseither

between

thosewhoareinvolvedand

thosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,orbetween

thosealreadysatiatedand

thosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.78Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.78Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,or

internally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.79Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicy,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.85Thus,whatincontrasttothepuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlysouthern-acquisitiveness,astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw,andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels-wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbypuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut,butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.85Thus,whatincontrasttothepuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlysouthern-acquisitiveness,astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw,andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels-wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbypuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut,butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.109Shewishedtodiscardthetraditionalmethodsandestablishedvocabulariesofsuchdanceformsasballetandtoexploretheinternalsourcesofhumanexpressiveness.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceand

toliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyand

envisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,to

opentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceand

toliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyand

envisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,not

ofphilosophy,but

ofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.句内逻辑关系对比因果并列因果提取结果，接受原因逻辑关系：因果明显因果because(of),since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthatso,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly,thus隐含因果隐含因果导致(C=>E):leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt,promote来自(E=>C):comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattributableto,beresponsiveto,relyon,dependon反映(E=>C):reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate考虑到(#C,E):given,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto条件句(#C,E):if,when,while,once,as,assoonas,aslongas19Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.19Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesand

fromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.25Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.54Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.54Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.43Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints-waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.43Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints-waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.建议，命令，要求建议：move,propose,suggest,recommend,advise,vote命令：decide,order,demand,require要求：ask,desire,request,beg接从句要做成shoulddo的形式，should省略Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight.Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.Theadviceisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.Hisideathatwe(should)visitGreatWallwaswarmlywelcomed.53Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness-itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshapinginfluencesonpeople’slives-owesmuchtothatearlierliteraryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporaryliterarycritics.53Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness-itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshapinginfluencesonpeople’slives-owesmuchtothatearlierliteraryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporaryliterarycritics.对比直接对比not…but(rather),whereas,incontrast让步转折but,yet,however,nevertheless,notwithstanding,despite,although,though,albeit对比找反义29Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.29Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.33IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.33IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.35Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,sinceanargumentthatisconvincingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsforceiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvincingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.35Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,sinceanargumentthatisconvincingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsforceiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvincingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.38Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.72Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods,ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.72Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods,ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.74ManycriticsofEmilyBronte’snovelwutheringheightsseeitssecondpartasacounterpointthatcommentson,ifitdoesnotreverse,thefirstpart,wherea"romantic"readingreceivesmoreconfirmation75GrantedthatthepresenceoftheseelementsneednotargueanauthorialawarenessofnovelisticconstructioncomparabletothatofHenryJames,theirpresencedoesencourageattemptstounifythenovel’sheterogeneousparts.特殊连词Grantedthat=AlthoughProvidedthat=IfTheotherbanksaregoingtobeveryeagertohelp,providedthattheyseethathehasaspecificplan.Giventhat=SinceGiventhatvirtuallyeverystockwentdownin2008,nearlyallbuyrecommendationsturnedouttobe,attheleast,premature.99Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women’swork."100Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.110Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturesandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.111Withregardtothislastquestion,