上海名校秋季开学摸底预测卷-新高考英语一轮总复习（上海专用）（解析版）VIP

PAGE1PAGE2上海名校秋季开学摸底预测卷（解析版）学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________GrammarSectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.（2023春·上海杨浦·高三上海市杨浦高级中学校考阶段练习）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Itcantakealittleimaginationtoseehowsomeinnovationsmightchangeaneconomy.NotsowiththelatestAltools.Itiseasy—fromawriter’sperspective,uncomfortablyso—1(think)ofcontextsinwhichsomethinglikeChatGPT,acleverchatbotwhich2(take)thewebbystormsinceitsreleaseinNovember2022,couldeitherdramaticallyboostahumanworker’sproductivityorreplacethemoutright.TheChatGPTinitsnamestandsfor“generativepre-trainedtransformer”,3isaparticularkindoflanguagemodel.4(feed)hugeamountsofhuman-createdtext,ChatGPTlooksforstatisticalregularitiesinthisdata,learnswhatwordsandphrases5(associate)withothersandthereforepredictwhatwordsshouldcomenextinanygivensentenceand6sentencesfittogether.Theresultisamachinethatcanpersuasivelymimic(模仿)humanlanguage.Thiscapacity7mimicryallowsChatGPTtowriteessaysandpoetry,thinkupjokes,formulatecode,andanswerquestionswhethertoachildoranexpert.Itsperformanceissoastonishing8manyoverthepastmonthshavebeenbothcelebratingandpanicking.“Essaysaredead,”wrotethecognitivescientistTimKietzmann.OthersclaimthatitwillfinishoffGoogleasasearchengine.Andtheprogram9thinksitmaybeabletoreplacehumansinjobsfrominsuranceagenttocourtreporter.Nevertheless,thereisan10(underlie)problemthatfacesanyformofartificialintelligence.Acomputermanipulates(处理)symbols.Itsprogramspecifiesasetofruleswithwhichtotransformonestringofsymbolsintoanother,ortorecognizestatisticalpatterns.Butitdoesnotspecifywhatthosesymbolsorpatternsmean.Toacomputer,meaningisirrelevantChatGPT”knows"whatappearsmeaningfultohumans,butnotwhatismeaningfultoitself【答案】1．tothink2．hastaken3．which4．Fed5．areassociated6．how7．for8．that9．itself10．underlying【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了ChatGPT智能聊天机器人。1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这很容易——从作家的角度来看，这很不舒服——想象一下像ChatGPT这样的智能聊天机器人，自2022年11月发布以来在网络上风靡开来，可以显著提高人类工作者的生产力，或者完全取代他们。此处。固定搭配be+adj.+todosth.“做某事是怎么样的”，不定式作真正的主语。填tothink。2．考查动词时态。句意：这很容易——从作家的角度来看，这很不舒服——想象一下像ChatGPT这样的智能聊天机器人，自2022年11月发布以来在网络上风靡开来，可以显著提高人类工作者的生产力，或者完全取代他们。根据sinceitsreleaseinNovember2022可知，此处使用现在完成时，关系代词替代先行词acleverchatbot在从句中作主语，助动词使用has。故填hastaken。3．考查定语从句。句意：ChatGPT顾名思义就是“生成式预训练转换器”，这是一种特殊的语言模型。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是ChatGPT，指物，关系代词替代先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。4．考查非谓语动词。句意：ChatGPT通过输入大量的人工文本，在这些数据中寻找统计规律，学习哪些单词和短语与其他单词和短语相关，从而预测任何给定句子中接下来应该出现哪些单词，以及句子如何组合。feed与ChatGPT是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，作状语。故填Fed。5．考查动词语态。句意：ChatGPT通过输入大量的人工文本，在这些数据中寻找统计规律，学习哪些单词和短语与其他单词和短语相关，从而预测任何给定句子中接下来应该出现哪些单词，以及句子如何组合。句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；associate与whatwordsandphrases是逻辑动宾关系，应用被动语态，be动词使用are。故填areassociated。6．考查宾语从句。句意：ChatGPT通过输入大量的人工文本，在这些数据中寻找统计规律，学习哪些单词和短语与其他单词和短语相关，从而预测任何给定句子中接下来应该出现哪些单词，以及句子如何组合。此处是宾语从句，连接词在从句中作方式状语，应用how引导。故填how。7．考查介词。句意：这种模仿能力使ChatGPT能够写文章和诗歌，想出笑话，编写代码，并回答孩子或专家的问题。固定搭配capacityfor“……的能力”。故填for。8．考查结果状语从句。句意：它的表现如此惊人，以至于在过去的几个月里，许多人既在庆祝，又在恐慌。此处是so...that“如此……以至于……”，that引导结果状语从句。故填that。9．考查反身代词。句意：该程序本身认为，它可能会取代人类从事从保险代理人到法庭记录员的工作。此处指代程序本身，应用反身代词itself。故填itself。10．考查形容词。句意：然而，任何形式的人工智能都面临着一个潜在的问题。此处修饰名词problem，应用形容词underlying“潜在的”，作定语。故填underlying。SectionBDirections:（2023春·上海·高三复旦附中校考阶段练习）Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A．stem

B．dot

C．attributable

D．exceeded

E.overlook

F.exposedG.drainage

H.emerging

I.sinking

J.access

K.establishedTheMega-CityEnvironmentMega-citiessufferfromacatalogofenvironmentalills.AWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)/UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)studyfoundthatsevenofthecities-MexicoCity,Beijing,Cairo,Jakarta,LosAngeles,SaoPauloandMoscow-hadthreeormorepollutantsthat11theWHOhealthprotectionguidelines.All20ofthecitiesstudiedbyWHO/UNEPhadatleastonemajorpollutantthatwentbeyond12healthlimits.AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstitute,“Millionsofchildrenlivingintheworld’slargestcities,particularlyindevelopingcountries,are13tolife-threateningairpollutiontwotoeighttimesabovethemaximumbasedonWHOguidelines.Indeed,morethan80percentofalldeathsindevelopingcountries14toairpollution-inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”InthebigAsianmega-citiessuchasNewDelhi,BeijingandJakarta,approximately20to30percentofallrespiratorydiseases15fromairpollution.Almostallofthemega-citiesfacemajorfreshwaterchallenges.Johannesburg,SouthAfrica,isforcedtodrawwaterfromhighlands370milesaway.InBangkok,saltwaterisinvadingaquifers(地下蓄水层).MexicoCityhasaserious16problembecauseofexcessivegroundwaterwithdrawal.Morethanabillionpeople,20percentoftheworld’spopulation,livewithoutregular17tocleanrunningwater.Whilepoorpeopleareforcedtopayhighfeesforprivatewater,manycitiessquandertheirresourcesthroughleakagesandillegal18.“Withthepopulationofcitiesexpectedtoincreasetofivebillionby2025,”saysKlausToepfer,executivedirectoroftheUNEP,“theurbandemandforwaterissettoincreaserapidly.Thismeansthatanysolutiontothewatercrisisiscloselylinkedtothegovernanceofcities.“Mega-cityresidents,crowdedintounsanitaryslums,arealsosubjecttoseriousdiseaseoutbreaks.Lima,Peru(withpopulationestimatedat9.4millionby2015)sufferedacholeraoutbreakinthelate1990spartlybecause,astheNewYorkTimesreported,”ruralpeoplenewtoLima...liveinhouseswithoutrunningwaterandusetheouthouses(屋外厕所)that19thehillsidesabove.“It’sworthlookingatsomeofthese20mega-citiesindetail,becausedailylifethereislikelytobethepatternforamajorityoftheworld’spopulation.Mostarealreadyexperiencingsevereenvironmentalproblemsthatwillonlybeworsenedbyrapidpopulationincreases.【答案】11．D12．K13．F14．C15．A16．I17．J18．G19．B20．H【导语】本文是说明文。主要讲述了大城市遭受着一系列的环境问题。11．考查动词。句意：世界卫生组织(WHO)/联合国环境规划署(UNEP)的一项研究发现，其中7个城市——墨西哥城、北京、开罗、雅加达、洛杉矶、圣保罗和莫斯科——有三种或三种以上的污染物超过了世卫组织的健康保护准则。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语动词，所以应填动词，根据后文“All20ofthecitiesstudiedbyWHO/UNEPhadatleastonemajorpollutantthatwentbeyond2healthlimits.”可知，此处是指“超过世卫组织的健康保护准则”之意，所以D项exceeded意为“超过”符合题意。故选D项。12．考查形容词。句意：卫生组织/环境规划署研究的所有20个城市至少有一种主要污染物超过既定的健康限度。分析句子结构可知，空前是介词，空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词，根据句意此处表达“既定的健康限度”之意，所以K项established意为“已确立的”符合题意。故选K项。13．考查形容词。句意：生活在世界各大城市，特别是发展中国家的数百万儿童暴露在威胁生命的空气污染中，空气污染比世卫组织指南规定的最大污染水平高出2至8倍。根据后文“Indeed,morethan80percentofalldeathsindevelopingcountries4toairpollution-inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”可知，儿童是暴露威胁生命的空气污染中，所以F项exposed意为“暴露的”符合句意。故选F项。14．考查形容词。句意：事实上，在发展中国家，由空气污染引起的肺部感染导致的所有死亡中，80%以上是5岁以下的儿童。根据后文“toairpollution-inducedlunginfections”可知，此处表达“引起的肺部感染”之意，所以C项attributable和空后的to构成固定短语：attributableto意为“归因于”符合题意。故选C项。15．考查动词。句意：在新德里、北京和雅加达等亚洲大城市，大约20%到30%的呼吸道疾病是由空气污染引起的。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以空处应填动词，根据句意可知表达“引起”之意，所以A项stem和空后的from构成固定搭配：stemfrom意为“源于”符合题意。故选A项。16．考查形容词。句意：由于过度抽取地下水，墨西哥城存在严重的下沉问题。根据后文“becauseofexcessivegroundwaterwithdrawal”可知由于过度抽取地下水，所以它有下沉的危险，所以I项sinking意为“下沉的”符合题意，作定语，修饰名词problem。故选I项。17．考查名词。句意：超过10亿人（占世界人口的20%）生活在无法定期获得清洁自来水的环境中。根据后文“Whilepoorpeopleareforcedtopayhighfeesforprivatewater”可知，此处表达“无法定期获得清洁自来水”之意，所以J项access和后文的to构成固定搭配：accessto意为“接近；有权利使用”符合题意。故选J项。18．考查名词。句意：虽然穷人被迫为私人用水支付高额费用，但许多城市却因漏水和非法排水而浪费资源。根据前文“manycitiessquandertheirresourcesthroughleakages”可知空处和空前的leakages并列，意思接近，所以G项drainage意为“排水”符合题意。故选G项。19．考查动词。句意：秘鲁利马（2015年人口估计为940万）在20世纪90年代末爆发了霍乱，部分原因是，正如《纽约时报》报道的那样，“新来到利马的农村人……住在没有自来水的房子里，使用散布在山坡上的屋外厕所。”分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以空处应填动词，根据句意，此处表达“散布在山坡上的屋外厕所”之意，所以B项dot意为“星罗棋布于”符合题意。故选B项。20．考查形容词。句意：我们有必要仔细研究一下这些新兴的超级城市，因为那里的日常生活很可能是世界上大多数人的生活模式。根据前文主要讲述了秘鲁利马这些新兴的超级城市，所以此处表达“新兴的超级城市”之意，所以H项emerging意为“出现的，新兴的”符合题意。故选H项。ReadingComprehension(21–35题，每题1分；36–50题，每题2分；共45分)SectionADirections:eachblankinthefollowingpassagemarkedB,CandD.ineachblankwiththeorphrasethatbestthecontext.（2023·上海·上海市民办文绮中学校考三模）Theteenageyearsofanindividualismarkedbyevaluatingone’svalues,experiencingashiftinoutlooks,andatendencytoactrebellious.Itcanalsobeatimewhensomeonebecomesextremely21tonegativeinfluences,andisdrawntowardsdangeroussituations.Ontheotherhand,forparents,theperiodoftheirchildren’sadolescencemeansregularlyworryingabouttheirsafetyandformationasacitizen.Thus,amethodof

22teenagers’securityisneeded,andcurfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure,sincetheyhaveprovedtheir23.Atthesametime,certainpeculiaritiesexistaboutestablishingcurfewsforchildren.TheissueofteenagecurfewsiswidelydebatedintheUnitedStates,wherethismethodisstillrather24,andinEuropeandemocracies,wherethismeasureisyetnotsowidelyused.Thefirstandforemostreasonforestablishingcurfewsischildren’ssecurity.25curfewsrequireteenagersunder17yearstostayoutofstreetsstartingfrom11p.m.ormidnight.Thisisbelievedtoprotectthemfromcrimescommittedafternightfall,aswellasfrombreakingthelaw,andthereexistsseriousevidence26thisbelief.Forexample,whenNewOrleansenabledadusk-till-dawncurfewin1994,theratesofjuvenilecrimewerereportedtofallmorethan20percent.Evenmoreimpressive27wererecordedinDallas,whichreporteda30-percentdecreaseinviolentjuvenilecrime,anda21-percentdecreaseintheoverallratesofcrimescommittedbyyoungpeople(TheNewYorkTimes).Ontheotherhand,curfewscanbeseenasapreventivemeasurethatrobyoungpeopleoftheirrights,28theirfreedom.ThisopinionisparticularlysupportedbythefactthatcurfewviolationsandtherespectivechargesareamongthemostoftencommittedjuvenilecrimesintheUnitedStates.29,therewerereportsclaimingthatpolicearrestedmorenon-whiteteenagersforcurfewviolations.Allthiscancauseateenagertobelievetheyhavecrossedapsychologicallinedividingthemas30;thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws,whichcan31committingmoreseriouscrimesthanacurfewoffense.Whatisimportantforaparenttorememberwhenestablishingacurfewfortheirchildrenisthatateenager’smisjudgedviewofcertain32maycausethemtomisbehaveinsomeotherway;thisisprovedbyresearchconductedbytheUniversityofMinnesota,accordingtowhichteenstendtoprotestagainstwhattheyseeas33.Consideringthis,parentsshould34theauthoritarianstyleofestablishingcurfews;instead,theyshouldhaveaconversationwiththeirteenagerthatwouldbeaimedatfindingidealconditionsforacurfewthatwould35bothsides.21．A．opposed B．subjected C．related D．restricted22．A．improving B．restoring C．ensuring D．expanding23．A．principle B．reference C．approach D．efficiency24．A．popular B．absent C．practical D．accessible25．A．Typical B．Evident C．Critical D．Specific26．A．inplaceof B．inhonorof C．incaseof D．infavorof27．A．results B．events C．patterns D．links28．A．protecting B．acknowledging C．limiting D．liberating29．A．Bycontrast B．Inaddition C．Inconclusion D．Ingeneral30．A．winners B．criminals C．victims D．protectors31．A．takechargeof B．contributeto C．resultfrom D．dealwith32．A．rules B．charges C．crimes D．relations33．A．impolite B．unrealistic C．inadequate D．unfair34．A．adopt B．allow C．avoid D．address35．A．satisfy B．spare C．surround D．settle【答案】21．B22．C23．D24．A25．A26．D27．A28．C29．B30．B31．B32．A33．D34．C35．A【导语】这是一篇议论文。为了确保青少年的安全，美国对青少年实行了宵禁。宵禁降低了强少年的犯罪率，非常有效，但是在一定程度上限制了青少年的自由和权利。本文对宵禁这以举措的优点和缺点进行了论述。21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这也可能是一个人变得非常受到负面影响的时候，并被危险的情况所吸引。A.opposed反对；B.subjected使经受；C.related联系；D.restricted限制。由下文“andisdrawntowardsdangeroussituations”可知，被危险的情况所吸引，自然容易受到负面影响，besubjectedto固定搭配，意为“遭受；受……影响”。故选B。22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，需要一种确保青少年安全的方法，宵禁往往被视为这样一种措施，因为它们已经证明了自己的有效性。A.improving提高；B.restoring恢复；C.ensuring确保；D.expanding扩大。由下文“teenagers’securityisneeded,andcurfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure”可知，为了确保青少年安全的方法而采取了宵禁这种措施，故选C。23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：需要一种确保青少年安全的方法，宵禁往往被视为这样一种措施，因为它们已经证明了自己的有效性。A.principle原则；B.reference参考；C.approach方法；D.efficiency效率；成效。由上文“curfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure,sincetheyhaveprovedtheir”可知，采取宵禁这种措施，是因为这种措施很有效，故选D。24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：青少年宵禁的问题在美国引起了广泛的争论，在美国，这种方法仍然相当流行，而在欧洲民主国家，这种措施还没有得到广泛使用。A.popular有名的；流行的；B.absent缺席的；C.practical实用的；D.accessible可接近的。由上文“TheissueofteenagecurfewsiswidelydebatedintheUnitedStates,”可知，青少年宵禁的问题在美国引起了广泛的争论，这说明在美国，这种方法很流行，故选A。25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：典型的宵禁要求17岁以下的青少年从晚上11点或午夜开始不得上街。A.Typical典型的；B.Evident显然的；C.Critical批评的；D.Specific具体的。由下文“curfewsrequireteenagersunder17yearstostayoutofstreetsstartingfrom11p.m.ormidnight.”可知，此处列举典型例子具体介绍了宵禁的要求，故选A。26．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：这被认为可以保护他们免受夜幕降临后的罪行，以及免受违法行为的伤害，并且有确凿的证据支持这一观点。A.inplaceof代替；B.inhonorof为了纪念；C.incaseof以防；D.infavorof支持。由下文“Forexample,whenNewOrleansenabledadusk-till-dawncurfewin1994,theratesofjuvenilecrimewerereportedtofallmorethan20percent.(例如，当新奥尔良在1994年实行从黄昏到黎明的宵禁时，据报道青少年犯罪率下降了20%以上。)”可知，此处举例子来支持宵禁是有效的这一观点，故选D。27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：达拉斯的结果更令人印象深刻，报告显示青少年暴力犯罪率下降了30%，青少年犯罪率整体下降了21%（纽约时报）。A.results结果；B.events事件；C.patterns类型；D.links联结。由下文“whichreporteda30-percentdecreaseinviolentjuvenilecrime,anda21-percentdecreaseintheoverallratesofcrimescommittedbyyoungpeople(TheNewYorkTimes).”可知，报告显示青少年暴力犯罪率下降了30%，青少年犯罪率整体下降了21%，这是达拉斯的调查结果，故选A。28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，宵禁可被视为一种预防性措施，剥夺了年轻人的权利，限制了他们的自由。A.protecting保护；B.acknowledging承认；C.limiting限制；D.liberating解放。由上文“Ontheotherhand,curfewscanbeseenasapreventivemeasurethatrobyoungpeopleoftheirrights”可知，有些人认为宵禁限制了他们的自由，故选C。29．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：此外，有报道称，警方以违反宵禁为由逮捕了更多的非白人青少年。A.Bycontrast相比之下；B.Inaddition此外；C.Inconclusion总之；D.Ingeneral一般地。上文描述了宵禁限制了年轻人的自由这一缺点，此处描写了宵禁的另一缺点——警方以违反宵禁为由逮捕了更多的非白人青少年，由此可知，空前句子和空后句子是并列关系，此处应用inaddition，表示“此外”，故选B。30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所有这些都可能导致青少年认为他们已经越过了将他们划分为罪犯的心理防线；因此，这些青少年可能开始将自己视为不法之徒，这可能导致犯下比宵禁更严重的罪行。A.winners获胜者；B.criminals罪犯；C.victims受害者；D.protectors保护者。由下文“thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws,”可知，所有这些都可能导致青少年认为他们已经越过了将他们划分为罪犯的心理防线，因此，这些青少年可能开始将自己视为不法之徒，故选B。31．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：所有这些都可能导致青少年认为他们已经越过了将他们划分为罪犯的心理防线；因此，这些青少年可能开始将自己视为不法之徒，这可能导致犯下比宵禁更严重的罪行。A.takechargeof控制；B.contributeto有助于；促使；C.resultfrom由……导致；D.dealwith解决。由上文“thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws”可知，这些青少年可能开始将自己视为不法之徒，这促使他们犯下比宵禁更严重的罪行。故选B。32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在为孩子设立宵禁时，父母需要记住的重要一点是，青少年对某些规定的错误看法可能会导致他们在其他方面行为不端，明尼苏达大学进行的研究证明了这一点，根据这项研究，青少年倾向于抗议他们认为不公平的行为。A.rules规则；B.charges收费；C.crimes犯罪；D.relations关系。由上文“whenestablishingacurfewfortheirchildrenisthatateenager’smisjudgedviewofcertain”可知，此处指宵禁的一些规定，故选A。33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在为孩子设立宵禁时，父母需要记住的重要一点是，青少年对某些规定的错误看法可能会导致他们在其他方面行为不端，明尼苏达大学进行的研究证明了这一点，根据这项研究，青少年倾向于抗议他们认为不公平的行为。A.impolite不礼貌的；B.unrealistic不现实的；C.inadequate不足的；D.unfair不公平的。由上文“teenstendtoprotestagainstwhattheyseeas”可知，青少年会对他们认为不公平的行为而抗议，故选D。34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：考虑到这一点，父母应该避免建立宵禁的独裁风格；相反，他们应该与孩子进行对话，旨在为宵禁寻找双方都满意的理想条件。A.adopt采取；B.allow允许；C.avoid避免；D.address解决。由下文“theauthoritarianstyleofestablishingcurfews;instead”可知，父母应该避免建立宵禁的独裁风格，故选C。35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：考虑到这一点，父母应该避免建立宵禁的独裁风格；相反，他们应该与孩子进行对话，旨在为宵禁寻找双方都满意的理想条件。A.satisfy使满意；B.spare抽出，留出；C.

surround围绕；D.settle定居；解决。由上文“theyshouldhaveaconversationwiththeirteenagerthatwouldbeaimedatfindingidealconditionsforacurfewthatwould”和下文“bothsides”可知，父母应该与孩子进行对话，旨在为宵禁寻找双方都满意的理想条件。故选A。SectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）（2023春·上海·高三校考阶段练习）Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcompareactualdecisionsmadebypeoplewiththeoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Supportersoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetcantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,therelevantconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted(多层面的),thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.Arealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestion“WhatwillIdoaftergraduation?”Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithabriefstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlongrangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionaboveto“WhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtoasuccessfulcareer?”36．Ofthefollowingsteps,whichoccursbeforetheothersinmakingadecisionworksheet?A．Listingtheconsequencesofeachsolution.B．Calculatinganumericalsummaryofeachsolution.C．Decidingwhichconsequencesaremostimportant.D．Writingdownallpossiblesolutions.37．Accordingtodecision-worksheettheory,anoptionaldecisionisdefinedasonethat________.A．hasthefewestvariablestoconsider B．usesthemostdecisionworksheetsC．hasthemostpointsassignedtoit D．isagreedbythegreatestnumberofpeople38．Theauthorstatesthat“Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce”toexplainthat________.A．mostdecisionsinvolvesevensteps B．humanmentalcapacityhaslimitationsC．somepeoplehavedifficultymakingminoraswellasmajordecisions D．peoplecanlearntokeepmorethansevenideasintheirmindswithpractice39．Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A．Atooltoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.B．Acomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisions.C．Researchonhowpeoplemakedecisions.D．Differencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmaking.【答案】36．A37．C38．B39．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了心理学领域的研究人员发现，做出一项重要决定的最好方法之一，比如选择一所大学，或从事投资的企业，涉及使用一个决定工作表。36．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.(工作表要求以清晰简洁的方式定义问题，然后列出所有可能的解决方案)”可知，在制定决策工作表时，要列出问题的所有可能解决方案。故选A。37．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Supportersoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.(工作表程序的支持者认为，它将产生最优的，即最好的决策)”和“Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.(得分最高的选项是最佳决策)”可知，根据决策工作表理论，最优决策被定义为拥有分配给它的最多点数。故选C。38．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.(纸笔决策程序的好处之一是，它允许人们处理比他们的大脑通常能理解和记住的更多的变量)”可推知，作者指出“平均而言，人们可以同时在他们的头脑中保留大约七个想法”来解释人的心智能力是有限的。故选B。39．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.(心理学领域的研究人员发现，做出重要决定的最佳方法之一，比如选择上一所大学或投资一家企业，涉及到决策工作表的使用)”及全文可知，这篇文章主要讨论了辅助做出复杂决策的工具。故选A。（B）（2023·上海·南洋中学校考三模）WhatisPayQwiq?PayQwiqisafastandsecurepaymentservicethathelpsyougoquicklythroughtheTescocheckout.Itletsyouaddyourcreditordebitcarddetailstotheappsoyoucanuseyoursmartphonetopayforyourshoppingwithjustonescan.NotonlythatbutitcollectsyourClubcardpointsautomatically.Thismeansyoucannowgowallet-freeinallUKTescostores.Sowhynotgiveitago?Itonlytakesamomenttodownloadandyouwillreceivethesebenefits:CollectyourClubcardpointsautomaticallyPayforyourweeklyshopupto£250UsepayQwiqoffline,evenwithnosignalTrackyourspendinginTescoSignuptoPayQwiqandcollect100extraClubcardpointsforeachweekyoupaywiththeapp,forupto5weeks—that’supto500extrapoints.Availabletonewcustomerswhosignupby3September2018andmakeallpaymentsby31October2018.Oneofferpercustomer.Onlyonequalifyingdealperweekwillcollecttheextrapoints.Additionalpaymentsinthesameweekwillnotreceiveextrapoints.ClubcardpointswillbeaddedtoafutureClubcardstatement.Howdoesitwork?HeadtotheAppStoreorGooglePlaytodownloadthePayQwiqapp.Assoonasyou’veaddedyourcarddetails,you’llbereadytoshopusingjustyourphone.Andthere’snoneedtoworryaboutyourbankdetailsbeingstoredonyourphone—they’reallsecurelyprotectedinourdatacenters.Sonotonlyitisquickerandeasier,it’ssafertoo.40．IfcustomersusePayQwiqinUKTescostores,theycan_______.A．getClubcardpointsautomatically B．payfortheirweeklyshopwithoutlimitC．budgettheireverydayspending D．win500extrapointsatatime41．Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat_______.A．usersmustsignupby3September2018B．usersneedn’taddtheirpaymentcardinformationC．PayQwiqcanguaranteebothconvenienceandsafetyD．PayQwiqcanbedownloadedonlyfromtheAppStore42．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．TostresstheimportanceofPayQwiq. B．TopopularizetheuseofPayQwiq.C．TodescribethefeasibilityofPayQwiq. D．ToensurethesafetyofPayQwiq.【答案】40．A41．C42．B【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了名为PayQwiq的支付服务，介绍了其提供的好处以及工作方式。40．细节理解题。根据第一段“NotonlythatbutitcollectsyourClubcardpointsautomatically.(不仅如此，它还会自动收集你的会员卡积分)”可知，如果顾客在英国乐购商店使用PayQwiq，他们可以自动获得会员卡积分。故选A。41．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Assoonasyou’veaddedyourcarddetails,you’llbereadytoshopusingjustyourphone.(一旦你添加了信用卡的详细信息，你就可以只用手机购物了)”以及最后一段“Andthere’snoneedtoworryaboutyourbankdetailsbeingstoredonyourphone—they’reallsecurelyprotectedinourdatacenters.(你也不必担心你的银行信息会被存储在手机上——它们都在我们的数据中心得到安全保护)”可知，PayQwiq既方便又安全。故选C。42．推理判断题。根据第一段“PayQwiqisafastandsecurepaymentservicethathelpsyougoquicklythroughtheTescocheckout.(PayQwiq是一种快速安全的支付服务，可以帮助您快速通过Tesco结账)”结合文章主要介绍了名为PayQwiq的支付服务，介绍了其提供的好处以及工作方式。可推知，这篇文章的目的是推广PayQwiq的使用。故选B。（C）（2023·上海·卢湾高级中学校考三模）OnJune22,1927,CharlesLindberghflewintoDayton,OhiooftheUS,fordinneratOrvilleWright’shouse.Ithadbeenjustamonthsincetheyoungaviator(飞行家)completedthefirsteversolononstopcrossingoftheAtlantic,andhefeltheoughttopayhisrespectstothecelebratedpioneerofflight.Forty-twoyearslater,onJuly16,1969,Apollo11astronautNeilArmstrongwasallowedtobringapersonalguesttotheKennedySpaceCentertowitnessthelaunchofNASA’stoweringSaturnVrocket.Armstronginvitedhishero,CharlesLindbergh.Oneman,Lindbergh,couldbethelivinglinkbetweenthepilotofthefirstpoweredflightandthecommanderofthefirstmissiontoanotherworld.Inourcentury,forbetterorworse,progressisn’twhatitusedtobe.NorthwesternUniversityeconomistRobertGordonarguesthatby1970,allthekeytechnologiesofmodernlifewereinplace:electricity,mechanizedagriculture,highways,airtravel,telecommunications,andthelike.Afterthat,innovationandeconomicgrowthsimplycouldn’tkeepgoingatthebreakneckpacesetovertheprevious100years—aperiodGordoncalls“thespecialcentury.”Since1970theonlynotablecreationhasbeentheever-growingincreaseincomputingpowerintheformoftheInternetandourmobiledevices.Butinmostotherways,Gordonargues,thelivesofpeopleindevelopednationslookandfeelthesamein2019astheydidin1979or1989.Considerconsumerrobotics.There’senormouspotentialforrobotstohelpuswithhousework,education,entertainmentandmedicalcare.Buthomeroboticscompaniesseemtokeepfolding.Sofar,theonlycommerciallysuccessfulhomerobot,theRoombavacuumcleaner,hitthemarketin2002.Orconsideraccesstospace.In2007theXPRIZEFoundationoffered$30millioninprizestocommercialteamsthatwouldcompetetolandaroboticroveronthemoonby2018.Althoughfiveteamshadbuiltrovers,allhadtroubleraisingenoughmoneytobuylaunchcontracts.Meanwhilethelistofpotentiallyworld-changingtechnologiesthatgetlotsofpressinkbutremainstubbornlyintheprototype(雏形)phaseisverylong.Self-drivingcars,flyingcars,genetherapy,nuclearfusion.NeedIcontinue?Granted,theseareallhardproblems.Buthistorically,solvingthereallybigproblems—ruralelectrification,forexample—hasrequiredsustained,large-scaleinvestments,oftenwithprivatemarketsandtaxpayerssplittingtheburden.In