10 甲流高发季科学有效应对莫慌张-备考2023年中考英语热点材料题型专练

10甲流高发季，科学有效应对莫慌张备考2023年中考英语热点材料真题题型专练背景材料：甲流进入高发季如何科学认识、有效应对2023-03-0611:04·\t"/article/7207263725630423589/_blank"光明网中国疾病预防控制中心数据显示，2023年第6周起，流感病毒阳性率增加，在第7周增加至14.3%。北京市疾控中心监测数据显示，北京市季节性流感疫情活动强度呈现上升趋势，在流行的流感病毒中，甲型流感病毒占绝对优势。甲流都有哪些症状？怎样治疗和预防？记者采访了相关部门和专家。北京市疾控中心相关专家介绍，人群中主要流行的流感病毒包括甲型H1N1亚型、甲型H3N2亚型、乙型Yamagata系以及乙型Victoria系流感病毒，其抗原性易变，传播迅速，每年可引起季节性流行。多位受访专家认为，甲流和普通感冒不同，普通感冒全身症状轻，而局部症状重，表现为低热、咳嗽、流鼻涕、打喷嚏等症状，持续时间较短，一般两三天就可以恢复。而甲流全身症状重，局部症状轻，表现为高热、寒战、肌肉酸痛、乏力等，呼吸道症状不明显，出现并发症的比例较高。北京儿童医院门诊部主任李豫川说，面对近期患者量增加，医院及时调配医疗资源，增加接诊医生人数。同时进一步优化流程，调整了甲乙流咽拭子采样地点，在护士分诊台提前为候诊的患者开具化验单，包括血常规、甲流检测等，以节省患者等待时间。北京儿童医院呼吸一科主任徐保平介绍，神经氨酸酶抑制剂是最主要的抗流感病毒药物，目前最常用的是奥司他韦，需要在医疗机构开具处方购买，并遵医嘱服用。“每年接种流感疫苗是预防流感最有效的手段，可以显著降低接种者患流感和发生严重并发症的风险。”徐保平说，尽管疫苗接种是预防流感病毒感染最好的方法，但在流感暴发时，不能采用疫苗预防的人群可采用药物预防，即对符合预防性用药指征的人员，建议在医师指导下尽早服用奥司他韦。专家表示，为了预防感染，日常要做好个人防护，保持手卫生和咳嗽礼仪等良好卫生习惯。在流感流行季节，尽量避免去人群聚集场所，避免接触有呼吸道症状的人员，如必须接触时做好个人防护。出现呼吸道症状时，应居家休息，进行健康观察，不带病上班、上课；前往医院就诊时，患者及陪护人员需要戴口罩，避免交叉感染；对于出现发热、咳嗽等呼吸道症状的学生，应及时居家观察治疗，如发生聚集性疫情，应配合各项防控措施。(记者侠克)来源：新华网一、阅读单选TheSpanishflualsoknownasthe1918Mupandemicwasadeadlypandemicinrecenthistory.Itspreadworldwideduringtheyear1918—1919.Thevirusinfected500millionpeopleaboutathirdoftheworld’spopulationatthetime.TheoutbreakoftheSpanishfluwascausedbyanHIN1viruswithgenesofavian(禽类)origin.HistoriansnowbelievethatWorldWarIcouldhavebeenpartlyresponsibleforspreadingthevirus.Lackofhygiene(卫生)andmalnourishment(营养不良)mayhavealsobeenresponsibleforweakeningtheimmunesystem.Thereisnoagreementabouttheoriginofthevirus.The1918fluwasfirstobservedinEurope,theUnitedStates,andpartsofAsiabeforeswiftlyspreadingaroundtheworld.Itisbelievedthatcensorship(新闻审查制度)wasthemainreasonwhythispandemicwasreferredtoastheSpanishflu.Tomaintainmorale(斗志),WorldWarIcensors(审查官)reducedearlyreportsofillnessanddeathrateinGermany,theUnitedKingdom,France,andtheUnitedStates.However,becauseSpainwasn’tatwarwithanycountry,newspaperswerefreetoreporttheepidemic’seffectsinSpain,suchastheseriousillnessofKingAlfonsoXIII.ThesestoriescreatedafalseimpressionofSpainasespeciallyhardhit.Thisgaverisetothename‘Spanishflu’.Historicalandepidemiological(流行病学的)dataarenotenoughtoidentifywithcertaintythepandemic’sgeographicorigin,withvaryingviewsastoitslocation.In2015,nearlyacenturyaftertheSpanishflustruck,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)calledonscientists,nationalauthoritiesandthemediatofollowbestpracticesinnamingnewhumaninfectious(传染性的)diseasestoreduceunnecessarynegativeeffectsonnations,economies,andpeople.Moremoderntermsforthisvirusincludethe“1918influenzapandemic”,the“1918flupandemic”,orvariationsofthese.Unlikemostinfluenzaoutbreaksthatlargelykilltheveryyoungandtheveryold,withahighersurvivalrateforthoseinbetween,theSpanishflupandemicresultedinahigherthanexpecteddeathrateforyoungadults.Thedeathtollwasestimatedtobeatleast50millionworldwide,possiblyashighas100million,makingitoneoftheseverestpandemicsinhumanhistory.1．Whatwastheworld’spopulationatthetimeofthe1918flupandemic?A．Around500million. B．About1.5billion.C．Atleast150million. D．Ashighas3billion.2．WhatisNOTbelievedtoberesponsibleforthespreadofthevirus?A．WWI. B．Lackofhygiene.C．Malnourishment. D．Censorship.3．Whyistherenoagreementabouttheoriginofthevirus?A．Becausethefluwasfirstfoundinmorethanonecountry.B．BecausetheWWIcensorstriedtocoverthetruth.C．Becauseofweakhistoricalandepidemiologicalsupport.D．BecausestoriesintheSpanishmediamistedthepeople.4．WhatmightbeincludedinWHO’sbestpoliciesofnaminganewhumaninfectiousdisease?A．Geographiclocations. B．Generaldescriptions.C．People’snames. D．Culturalreferences.5．Whichgroupofpeoplewasfarmorelikelytobehithardbythe1918flu?A．Youngadults. B．Theveryyoung.C．Theveryold. D．Thegoldandyoung.Haveyoueverwonderedifthecoldyouhaveisreallyacommoncoldortheflu?Mostpeopledon’tknowthedifferencesbetweenthem.Here’ssomeinformationaboutcoldsandtheflu.AColdTheFluProgressIttakesacoupleofdaystobuildup.YoumayhaveasorethroatonMonday,andthenhaveaheadacheonWednesday.Itusuallystartssuddenly.Patientscanclearlytellthetimewhenthefluhitsthem—afterlunchoryesterdayafternoon,forexample.TemperatureCommonly,thetemperaturerisestoaround37.2℃or37.7℃anddoesn’thavebigchanges.Thebodytemperatureisusuallymuchhigher—atleast38.3℃.Feelingcoldandbodyachesareflusigns.LifePeopleoftenkeepontheircommonlifeasusualandgetoutofbedforworkorothersocialactivities.Puttingonmuchisn’tenough,andyoustillfeelverycold.Draggingyourselfoutofbedcanseemimpossible.Youusuallyfeeltiredandsleepy.ResultsYoumayhavearunnynoseandcoughfromaheadcold.(伤风)Itcancausealotofcoughingandeventroubleinbreathing.“Eachyeartensofthousandsofpeopledieofflu,”D．YulEjnessays.Andthefluvaccine(疫苗)canhelppreventit.Ofcourse,it’sbesttogetyourfluvaccineatthebeginningofthefluseason—usuallyinthefall.6．Whatmayhappenifsomeonehasacold?A．Histemperatureisabove38℃. B．Hecan’tgetoutofbed.C．Hemayhaveaheadache. D．Hecan’tkeeponhiscommonlifeasusual.7．Whatisthebestwaytopreventthefluaccordingtothetext?A．Keepawayfromsomepublicplaceswithmanypeople.B．Getthefluvaccineatthebeginningofthefluseason.C．Don’tkeepintouchwithpeoplewhohaveacold.D．Putonmoreclothesandcheckyourbodyontime.8．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Feelingcoldandbodyachesarecoldsigns.B．Youarestillabletoworkifyouhavetheflu.C．Patientscan’tclearlytellthetimewhenthefluhitsthem.D．Youcoughalotandhavedifficultyinbreathingwhenhavingtheflu.9．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thedifferencesbetweencoldsandthefu.B．Theinfluencesbetweencoldsandtheflu.C．Preventionmethodsforcoldsandtheflu.D．Reasonsforhavingcoldsandtheflu.二、阅读还原5选5Theflu(流感)caneasilyspreadfromonepersontoanother.Thisisespeciallytrueforpeoplewhoareweak.Whenyouareweak,youaremorelikelytocatchtheflu.Doyouknowhowtoavoidit?___10___.WashyourhandsWashingyourhandsisaneasywaytoavoidtheflu.Youshouldwashyourhandswhencominghome,beforeeating,afterusingthetoilet,etc.___11___.It’sbettertowashthemforseveralminutes.EathealthyfoodAnothergoodwaytoavoidthefluistohavehealthyfood,becausehealthyfoodcanprovideyouwithrichnutrition.Forexample,milk,eggs,vegetablesandfruitsaregoodchoicesforyou.Theywillbenefityourhealth.___12___.___13___Doingexercisewillmakeyoustronger.Ifyouoftendoexercise,youmaykeepfit.Youcanplayping-pong,goswimming,haveawalkandsoon.Nomatterwhatkindofexerciseyoudo,youshoulddoitregularly.Keepawayfrompeoplewiththeflu___14___.Ifyourclassmatesorfriendshavetheflu,keepawayfromthemuntiltheyarewell.Youmaycatchiteasilybystayingclosewiththem.Besides,you’dbetterwearamask(口罩)incrowdedplaces.选择恰当的选项，补全短文。A．DoexerciseB．HerearesomesuggestionsforyouC．YoushoulduserunningwatertowashyourhandsD．SoitisgoodforyoutoeathealthyfoodeverydayE．Keepingawayfrompeoplewiththefluisaneffectiveway三、短文首字母填空Stomachfluisacommondisease.Itspreadseasily,whichmakesithardtoavoid.That’se____15____trueifsomeoneinyourfamilyhasit.Stomachfluiscausedbyavirus,butnotthesameonethatcausesregularflu.Becauseit’scausedbyavirus,there’snomedicinetomakeitgoaway.Buttherearesomethingsyoucandotoavoidcatchingit.Youcanp____16____stomachflubywashingyourhandsoften.Usehotwaterandsoap,andspendtimescrubbing.Usinghandsanitizerisbetterthannothing,butitisnotveryeffectiveagainststomachflu.That’sbecausehandsanitizermostlykillsbacteria,notviruses.Thevirusthatcausesstomachfluishardtokill.Normalcleanerswon’talwayswork.Butcleaningyourhousecanstopyoufromcatchingit.Soputbleach(消毒水)andwatertogether,andusethattocleansurfaces.Ifsomeoneinyourfamilyissick,r____17____tocleanthingsthatpersonhastouched.Dishwashersarebetteratkillingvirusesthanwashingdishesbyhand.That’sbecausetheykeepdisheshotterforlonger.Manyvirusescanstaya____18____inyourwashingmachine.Sodolaundrywithhotwaterandusebleach,ifpossible.Youmayevenwanttorunthewashingmachinewithnoclothesjusthotwaterandbleach.Thiswillkillanygermsinit.Ifyoudogetthestomachflu,drinkasmuchwateraspossible.Otherclearl____19____aregood,too.Youprobablywon’twanttoeatmuch.Butwhenyoudofeelreadytoeat,trybananas,rice,applesauceortoast.Onceyou’refeelingbetter,don’treturntoworkorschoolrightaway.Youcans____20____spreadthediseaseforafewdaysafteryoufeelbetter.Ifyouhaveafever,waitatleast24hoursafteritendsbeforegoingout.Thiswillhelpprotectotherpeoplefromgettingsick.Stomachfluisawful,butbyf____21____thesetips,youcanhelpstopitfromspreading.四、补全对话6选5LiMing:Goodmorning,doctor.Doctor:Goodmorning.___22___LiMing:I’mnotfeelingwell.___23___Doctor:Isee.Nowletmehaveacheck（检查）.LiMing:___24___Doctor:Ishouldsayyou’vegottheflu（流感）.___25___Bytheway,doyousmoke？LiMing:Yes,Ido.Doctor:___26___You’dbetterstopsmoking.LiMing:Thankyou,I’lltry.Goodbye.Doctor:Goodbye!A．Oh,that’sbadforyourhealth.B．I’vegotaverybadcoldandaterriblecough.C．Haveyoutakenyourtemperature?D．What’syourtrouble?E．Isthereanythingserious?F．Nowtakethismedicineeveryfourhoursanddrinkmorehotwater.五、材料作文27．日常生活中，流感经常发生，影响我们的健康，假如你是医生，请你给人们提供一些基本方法预防流感要点如下：1、饮食要健康；2、勤于锻炼；3、……提示词：1.预防prevent(v.)；流感theflu注意：1.字数80-100；2.适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.不得出现真实的校名和人名。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案【短文大意】本文主要介绍了1918年西班牙流感病毒爆发造成的影响，短文大意其传播的原因以及人们对此病毒起源的定论等。【答案解析】1．推理判断题。根据“Thevirusinfected500millionpeopleaboutathirdoftheworld’spopulationatthetime”可知，病毒感染了5亿人，约占当时世界人口的三分之一，由此可推断那时候的人口大约15亿，故选B。2．细节理解题。根据“HistoriansnowbelievethatWorldWarIcouldhavebeenpartlyresponsibleforspreadingthevirus.Lackofhygiene(卫生)andmalnourishment(营养不良)mayhavealsobeenresponsibleforweakeningtheimmunesystem”可知，第一次世界大战，缺乏卫生和营养不良也可能是导致病毒传播的原因，故选D。3．细节理解题。根据“Historicalandepidemiological(流行病学的)dataarenotenoughtoidentifywithcertaintythepandemic’sgeographicorigin,withvaryingviewsastoitslocation”可知，因为缺乏历史和流行病学的支持，所以关于病毒的起源还没有定论。故选C。4．推理判断题。根据“In2015,nearlyacenturyaftertheSpanishflustruck,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)calledonscientists,nationalauthoritiesandthemediatofollowbestpracticesinnamingnewhumaninfectious(传染性的)diseasestoreduceunnecessarynegativeeffectsonnations,economies,andpeople”可知，世界卫生组织呼吁科学家、国家当局和媒体在命名新的人类传染病时遵循最佳做法，以减少对国家、经济和人民不必要的负面影响，结合“Moremoderntermsforthisvirusincludethe“1918influenzapandemic”,the“1918flupandemic”,orvariationsofthese.”和四个选项可知，B选项“一般描述”是最符合的，故选B。5．细节理解题。根据“theSpanishflupandemicresultedinahigherthanexpecteddeathrateforyoungadults”可知，西班牙流感大流行导致的年轻人死亡率高于预期，故选A。【短文大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了感冒和流感的不同之处以及如何预防流感。【答案解析】6．细节理解题。根据“YoumayhaveasorethroatonMonday,andthenhaveaheadacheonWednesday.”可知，感冒有可能头疼。故选C。7．细节理解题。根据“Andthefluvaccinecanhelppreventit.Ofcourse,it’sbesttogetyourfluvaccineatthebeginningofthefluseason”可知，要预防流感最好要在流感季节开始时打疫苗。故选B。8．细节理解题。根据“TheFlu”栏内“Itcancausealotofcoughingandeventroubleinbreathing.”可知，流感会引起咳嗽甚至呼吸困难。故选D。9．细节理解题。根据文章第一自然段“Mostpeopledon’tknowthedifferencesbetweenthem.Here’ssomeinformationaboutcoldsandtheflu.”可知，本文主要讲述的是感冒和流感的不同之处。故选A。【短文大意】本文主要介绍了预防流感的几种方法。【答案解析】10．根据上文“Doyouknowhowtoavoidit?”，以及后文对预防流感的方法的介绍，可知B选项“这是给你们的一些建议”符合语境。故选B。11．根据小标题“Washyourhands”可知第二段主要介绍“勤洗手”这种预防方法，C选项“你应该用自来水洗手”符合语境。故选C。12．根据上文“Anothergoodwaytoavoidthefluistohavehealthyfood…”可知此处讲“吃健康食品”的预防方法，D选项“所以吃健康的食物对你有好处”符合语境，和小标题Eathealthyfood呼应。故选D。13．根据下文“Doingexercisewillmakeyoustronger.Ifyouoftendoexercise,youmaykeepfit.”可知此段主要在介绍“做运动”的预防方法，A选项“做运动”符合语境。故选A。14．根据小标题“Keepawayfrompeoplewiththeflu”可知要远离流感患者，E选项“远离流感患者是一种有效的方法”符合语境。故选E。【短文大意】本文是说明文，作者就如何避免感染肠胃流感给出了几点建议，指出遵循这些建议，可以帮助阻止它的传播。【答案解析】15．句意：如果你家里有人得了这种病，那就更是如此了。短文大意句子可知，本句需用副词修饰true；根据下文“ifsomeoneinyourfamilyhasit”可知家里其他人也极有可能被传染；结合首字母提示，especially“尤其”符合语境，故填(e)specially。16．句意：你可以通过勤洗手来预防肠胃流感。本句缺谓语动词，根据下文介绍的方式，可知勤洗手能够预防肠胃流感；结合首字母提示，protect“保护”符合语境，故填(p)revent。17．句意：如果你的家人生病了，记得清洁他们接触过的东西。根据上文“Ifsomeoneinyourfamilyissick…tocleanthingsthatpersonhastouched”可知这里是提醒对方清洁他们接触过的东西；结合首字母提示，remember“记得”用于提醒，这里是祈使句结构，故填(r)emember。18．句意：这是因为它们能延长洗碗时间很多病毒可以在洗衣机里存活。短文大意句子结构，stay在本句中作为持续系动词，后面加表语形容词；结合句意很多病毒可以在洗衣机里存活，所以用stayalive；结合首字母提示，alive符合语境，故选alive。19．句意：其他的透明液体也很好。clear清澈的/透明的，形容词修饰名词；根据上文“Ifyoudogetthestomachflu,drinkasmuchwateraspossible”和首字母提示可知这里是说其他透明液体，liquid“液体”符合句意；由系动词are可知用复数名词，故填(l)iquids。20．句意：在你感觉好些后的几天里，你仍然可以传播这种疾病。短文大意句