语言学课件第十章语言习得

Chapter10LANGUAGEACQUISITIONdefinition

languageacquisition----referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity..differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearningThetermacquisition:thegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.Thetermlearning:appliestoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearninglearningacquisitionintentionalprocessUnconsciousprocess

Presupposesteaching

DoesnotpresupposeteachingTeachercontrolspaceChildcontrolspaceusesgrammaticalrulesusesgrammatical"feel"

语言习得：通常指在自然的语言环境中，通过旨在沟通意义的言语交际活动，不自觉地，自然地掌握或获得第一语言。典型的例子是儿童习得第一语言。

语言学习：通常指在学校环境下，有专门的教师指导，严格按照教学大纲和课本，通过讲解，练习，记忆等活动，有计划，有系统，有意识地对语言规则的掌握。典型的例子是成人在学校学习第二语言。example:thesubject"Mathematics"islearned,notacquired.

wecannotseparatelanguagelearningfromacquisitioncompletely.Forthesecondlanguagelearners,learningplaysanimportantroleatthebeginning,thentheportionofacquisitionbeginstoincreasegradually

inthelearningprocess.3differenttheoriesconcerningchildlanguageacquisitionthebehavioristview行为主义理论theinnatistview语法积极天生主义理论theinteractionistview互动主义理论

thefocusoftheirdebateiswhether

theinnateabilityorthelanguageenvironmentplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofachild'slanguageacquisition.ThreemaindifferenttheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearnedBehavioristviewInnatistviewInteractionistviewthebehaviorist（行为主义论）proposedbyB.F.Skinners(斯金纳)Traditionalbehavioristsviewlanguageasbehaviorandbelievethatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.

Imitation

Recognition

Reinforcement

theoryofthebehaviorist

children'slanguageabilitycomesfromaseriesof

stimulation.theygiveanreactionthroughimmitation,ifthechildrepeatstherightsoundorpatterns,itwillbe

reinforced.thestimulationandcorrespondingreactionhasbeenrepeatedmanytimes,itwillbecomeahabitandlanguageislearnt.

examplesaboutimitationcase1:Supposeababyishungry,shebabbles.

Allthetimethebabyisobservingandimitatingthespeechsound[milk].ifshefailstoproducetherightsound[milk],shegetsrewarded(shedoesnotgetthemilkshewants);ifsheimitatesthecorrectsoundandgetsunderstood,shegetspunished(shedidn'tgetthemilkshewants).case2

mother:wouldyoulikesomebreadandbutter?

child:somebreadandbutter.

case3

Icanhandleit.Emmacanhandleit.Weallcanhandleit.

C:wantotheronespoon,Daddy.F:Youmean,youwanttheotherspoon.C:Yes,Iwantotheronespoon,pleaseDaddyF:Canyousay”theotherspoon”?C:Other…one…spoon.F:Say“other”C:Other.F:”Spoon”C:Spoon.F:“Otherspoon”.C:Other…spoon.Nowgivemetheother

spoon.advantages

althoughthebehavioristviewisunderchallengeandcriticismbecauseofitsinadequacy,butitseemstobereasonableinsomedegree.

forexample,children'slearningofalanguageneedsimmitationandreinforcememt;it'snecessarytoformcertainhabitinordertomasteralanguage.disadvantages

itfailstoexplainhowchildrenqcquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.Examples:a.Johni’smotherloveshimi,j.b.*HeilovesJohni’smother.c.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.

Theinadequacyofbehavioristviewliesinthefactthatchildrendonotimitateadults’languageinmuchthesamewayasparrotsdo.theinnatistview（语法天生主义论）proposedbyChomsky

Accordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,humanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.

theory

theinnatistviewbelievesthatlanguageisakindofcomplexsystembasedonrules,notthesumofhabits.

thereasonwhychildrencanmasteralanguageisthathumanhaveinnateabilityoflearningalanguage,andthisabilityisdeterminedbygeneticfactors.LAD-languageacquisition

device

LAD语言习得机制Chomskyreferredtotheinnatelanguageabilityaslanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).TheLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)isapostulated“organ”ofthebrainthatissupposedtofunctionasainborndeviceforlanguageacquisition.featuresofLADithastwofeatures:1.itisauniquehumanability.thelanguage

acquisitiondeviceplaysarolesincewearebornuntilabout12yearsold.2.LADcouldexistwithoutotherfunctionsofhuman,itevenhasnorelationwithintelligence.UG普遍语法LaterChomskyreferstothisinnateendowment天资

asUniversalGrammar.UniversalGrammarincludesasetofprincipleswhichcanbeusedtoexplainchildlanguageacquisition.UGisanendowmentthatallchildrenarebornwith.Ifchildrenarepre-equippedwithUG,thenwhattheyhavetolearnisthewayinwhichtheirownlanguagemakesuseoftheseprinciples.LogicalProblemofLanguageAcquisition逻辑问题Thelogicalproblemreferstothefactthatchildrencometoknowmoreabouttheirlanguagethanwhattheycouldreasonablybeexpectedtolearnfromtheirlivingenvironment.so,whenexposedtoconfsinginformationorwhenguidanceorcorrectionisnotavalable,childrencandiscoverforthemselvestheultimaterulesofthelanguagesystem.examples

Johnsawhimself.

HimselfsawJohn.

(thereflexivepronounmustfollowthenounitrefersto)

lookingathimselfboresJohn.

JohnsaidthatFredlikedhimself.

JohnsaidthatFredlkehimself.

(theclosestnounphraseuauallybetheantecedent)

JohnpromisedBilltowashhimself.

Merit&DeficiencyMerit:inawayservesasananswertothelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisitionthatthebehavioristviewfailstorecognize.Deficiency:noevidenceaboutwhattheUG(universalgrammar)isandhowdoesitwork.interactionistview互动主义理论Theinteractionistviewholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechild（儿童身上的人类特点）andtheenvironmentinwhichthechilddevelops.Theinteractionisttheoryemphasizestheimportanceoftheinteractionbetweenbiologicalandsocial(natureandnurture)aspectsoflanguageacquisition.Case1:motherese保姆式语言“Motherese”Childdirectedspeech(CDS)

Caretakertalkcharacteristics:ShorterandsimplersentencestructuresFrequentrepetitionParaphrasingandlimitedvocabularyTopiccloselyrelatedtothe“hereandnow”environmentcase2Jim,ahearingboyborntodeafparents,hadlimitedcontactwithhearingadultsbeforehewas9yearsold.Whenheenteredhiskindergarten,hislanguageabilitywasfarworsethantheotherchildrenofthesameage.Hewasusingsomeungrammaticalsentencestoexpresshimself.However,afteraperiodofconversationsessions,Jim’slanguageabilityimproveddramatically.conclsionItisimportantforchildrentobeexposedtocomprehensiblelanguage.Theinteractionistviewcallsforthequalityofthelanguagesamplesavailableinthelinguisticenvironment,onlywhenthelanguageismodifiedandadjustedtothelevelofchildren’scomprehension,dotheyprocessandinternalizethelanguageitems.SummaryofthesethreetheoriesThebehavi