《生物质颗粒堆垛内自维持阴燃反应分析综述》2200字

生物质颗粒堆垛内自维持阴燃反应分析综述生物质颗粒在堆积存储时，与空气中的氧气发生放热反应，虽然室温下氧化反应非常缓慢，但如果产生的热量不能及时散失，会导致材料内部温度升高，当材料内部温度过高时，会进一步引发阴燃反应从而导致火灾。阴燃是一种低温、缓慢、无焰的燃烧反应形式，由固相燃料表面发生氧化反应放出的热量维持传播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>J</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>387</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6,9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>387</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OhlemillerTJ</author><author>BellanJ</author><author>RogersF</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Amodelofsmolderingcombustionappliedtoflexiblepolyurethanefoams</title><secondary-title>CombustionandFlame</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CombustionandFlame</full-title></periodical><pages>197-215</pages><volume>36</volume><dates><year>1979</year></dates><isbn>0010-2180</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Steen-Hansen</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>325</RecNum><record><rec-number>325</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">325</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Steen-HansenA</author><author>MikalsenRF</author><author>JensenUE</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>RISEFireResearchTrondheim,Tiller,Norway;WesternNorwayUniversityofAppliedSciences(HVL),Haugesund,Norway;OttovonGuerickeUniversityMagdeburg,Magdeburg,Germany;NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(NTNU),Trondheim,Norway</auth-address><titles><title>Smoulderingcombustioninloose-fillwoodfibrethermalinsulation:Anexperimentalstudy</title><secondary-title>FireTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FireTechnology</full-title></periodical><pages>1585-1608</pages><volume>54</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1572-8099</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[6,9]。阴燃通常是自维持的反应过程，反应释放的热量足以使该反应在没有外部能量输入的情况下持续进行ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>390</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>390</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456502">390</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WangHZ</author><author>vanEykPJ</author><author>MedwellPR</author><author>BirzerCH</author><author>TianZF</author><author>PossellM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectsofoxygenconcentrationonradiation-aidedandself-sustainedsmolderingcombustionofradiatapine</title><secondary-title>Energy&Fuels</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&Fuels</full-title></periodical><pages>8619-8630</pages><volume>31</volume><number>8</number><section>8619</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0887-0624 1520-5029</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00646</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。与有焰燃烧相比，阴燃是在燃料或多孔基体的固体表面发生氧化反应和放热，反应的峰值温度、升温速率和传播速率较低；而有焰燃烧是在燃料周围的气相发生氧化反应和放热ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>392</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>392</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456535">392</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ReinG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Smoulderingcombustionphenomenainscienceandtechnology</title><secondary-title>InternationalReviewofChemicalEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalReviewofChemicalEngineering</full-title></periodical><pages>3-18</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]。阴燃反应的峰值温度通常在500~700°C左右，其平均燃烧热为6~12kJ/g；有焰燃烧的峰值温度在1500~1800°C左右，平均燃烧热为16~30kJ/gADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[11-13]。由于这些特性，阴燃的传播速度较慢，一般在10~30mm/h左右，比有焰燃烧的传播速度约低两个数量级ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>392</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>392</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456535">392</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ReinG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Smoulderingcombustionphenomenainscienceandtechnology</title><secondary-title>InternationalReviewofChemicalEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalReviewofChemicalEngineering</full-title></periodical><pages>3-18</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]。根据阴燃波传播方向与氧化剂流动方向的异同，可以分为正向阴燃和反向阴燃。当两者方向相同时为正向阴燃，方向相反时为反向阴燃ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>J</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>386</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>386</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">386</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OhlemillerTJ</author><author>LuccaDA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anexperimentalcomparisonofforwardandreversesmolderpropagationinpermeablefuelbeds</title><secondary-title>CombustionandFlame</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CombustionandFlame</full-title></periodical><pages>131-147</pages><volume>54</volume><number>1-3</number><dates><year>1983</year></dates><isbn>0010-2180</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]。根据阴燃的空间燃烧特性，又可以分为水平阴燃和竖直阴燃。目前提出的阴燃模型包括一维和多维模型。现实中的阴燃传播是多维且不规则的，但多维阴燃模型是多个一维模型的混合，而一维阴燃模型的研究较为方便，因此被研究的最多ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>郑克明</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>338</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">338</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>郑克明</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>王德明,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>煤田火区煤阴燃特性及治理研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>阴燃特性</keyword><keyword>火风压</keyword><keyword>供氧通道</keyword><keyword>最低供风速率</keyword><keyword>堵漏技术</keyword><keyword>露天矿煤火</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>中国矿业大学</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。迄今为止，已经有许多关于阴燃的研究报道。阴燃是一个受颗粒粒径、床层渗透率、密度、含水率、初始温度和火源等影响的复杂反应过程ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hagen</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>357</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>357</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">357</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HagenBC</author><author>FretteV</author><author>KleppeG</author><author>ArntzenBJ</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>StordHaugesundUniversityCollege,Bjørnsonsgt.45,N-5528Haugesund,Norway;;DepartmentofPhysicsandTechnology,UniversityofBergen,Pb.7803,N-5020Bergen,Norway</auth-address><titles><title>Onsetofsmolderingincotton:Effectsofdensity</title><secondary-title>FireSafetyJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FireSafetyJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>73-80</pages><volume>46</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Smolder</keyword><keyword>Ignition</keyword><keyword>Cotton</keyword><keyword>Density</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0379-7112</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。在阴燃引燃过程中，热通量、点火时间、空气流量等因素是主要研究内容。WangADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456521">391</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WangHZ</author><author>vanEykPJ</author><author>MedwellPR</author><author>BirzerCH</author><author>TianZF</author><author>PossellM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Identificationandquantitativeanalysisofsmolderingandflamingcombustionofradiatapine</title><secondary-title>Energy&Fuels</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&Fuels</full-title></periodical><pages>7666-7677</pages><volume>30</volume><number>9</number><section>7666</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0887-0624 1520-5029</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00314</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]通过时间和空间温度分布、质量损失规律和气体分析对生物质颗粒阴燃燃烧和有焰燃烧的起始特性进行了实验研究，分析了阴燃燃烧与有焰燃烧的区别，发现有焰燃烧的峰值温度、升温速率和平均质量损失速率远远高于阴燃燃烧。CarvalhoADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Carvalho</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>378</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>378</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">378</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CarvalhoER</author><author>VerasCAG</author><author>CarvalhoJrJA</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartamentodeEnergia,UniversidadeEstadualPaulista(UNESP),Av.AribertoPereiradaCunhano.333,CEP12516-410,Guaratinguetá,SP,Brazil;;UniversidadedeBrası́lia,Brası́lia,DF,Brazil;;InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasEspaciais(INPE),CachæiraPaulistra,SP,Brazil</auth-address><titles><title>Experimentalinvestigationofsmoulderinginbiomass</title><secondary-title>BiomassandBioenergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiomassandBioenergy</full-title></periodical><pages>283-294</pages><volume>22</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Smouldering</keyword><keyword>Biomasscombustion</keyword><keyword>Heattransfer</keyword><keyword>Machaeriumanguwtifolium</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>0961-9534</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]通过实验研究了木材的阴燃过程，检查引发和控制阴燃过程稳定性的参数，发现供氧和热损失是阴燃过程自维持的主要参数。RondaADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ronda</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>337</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>337</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">337</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>RondaA</author><author>DellaZassaM</author><author>BiasinA</author><author>Martin-LaraMA</author><author>CanuP</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversityofGranada,18071Granada,Spain;;DepartmentofIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofPadua,35131Padova,Italy</auth-address><titles><title>Experimentalinvestigationonthesmoulderingofpinebark</title><secondary-title>Fuel</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Fuel</full-title></periodical><pages>81-94</pages><volume>193</volume><keywords><keyword>Pinebark</keyword><keyword>Smouldering</keyword><keyword>Combustion</keyword><keyword>Biomassself-heating</keyword><keyword>Thermalignitionofbiomass</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0016-2361</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]在实验室条件下对松树皮样品进行了几十克范围内的自热实验，研究了颗粒大小、含水率、材料压实度、加热速度和储存几何形状对阴燃开始和发展的影响，结果表明松树皮在190~240°C内触发自热行为。ReinADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rein</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>364</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>364</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">364</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ReinG</author><author>CohenS</author><author>SimeoniA</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>BRECentreforFireSafetyEngineering,UniversityofEdinburgh,King’sBuildings,AGB,EdinburghEH93JL,UK;;UMRCNRS6134–SPE,UniversitàdiCorsica,France</auth-address><titles><title>Carbonemissionsfromsmoulderingpeatinshallowandstrongfronts</title><secondary-title>ProceedingsoftheCombustionInstitute</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProceedingsoftheCombustionInstitute</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="178"size="100%">2489-2496</style></pages><volume>32</volume><keywords><keyword>Biomassburning</keyword><keyword>Carbonmonoxide<ce:keyword>Carbondioxide</keyword><keyword>Emissionfactor</keyword><keyword>Smoldering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>1540-7489</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]研究了含水率对泥炭阴燃过程的影响，结果表明含水率较低时生物质阴燃会产生更广泛的热解前沿，而在高含水率条件下阴燃反应可能会熄灭。何芳ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>何芳</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>348</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>348</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">348</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>何芳</author><author>易维明</author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">李志合</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">，等</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address>山东理工大学农业工程和食品科学学院;</auth-address><titles><title>生物质内部燃烧特性的阴燃实验研究</title><secondary-title>工程热物理学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>工程热物理学报</full-title></periodical><pages>792-795</pages><volume>35</volume><number>04</number><keywords><keyword>生物质</keyword><keyword>燃烧</keyword><keyword>阴燃实验</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0253-231X</isbn><call-num>11-2091/O4</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]通过阴燃实验的方法研究了生物质内部的燃烧特性，考察了物料种类、含水率、孔隙尺寸对燃烧温度、干燥前沿及炭氧化前沿的移动速度、裂纹和气体成分等的影响，发现物料内最高温度随燃料种类、孔隙尺寸略有变化，几乎不随含水率变化。许多学者对阴燃传播过程开展了相关研究，主要研究不同因素对阴燃传播规律及传播速度的影响。HeADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>He</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>346</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>346</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">346</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HeF</author><author>YiWM</author><author>LiYJ</author><author>ZhaJW</author><author>LuoB</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>ShandongUniversityofTechnology,Zibo,Shandong255049,PRChina</auth-address><titles><title>Effectsoffuelpropertiesonthenaturaldownwardsmolderingofpiledbiomasspowder:Experimentalinvestigation</title><secondary-title>BiomassandBioenergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiomassandBioenergy</full-title></periodical><pages>288-296</pages><volume>67</volume><keywords><keyword>Fueltype</keyword><keyword>Moisturecontent</keyword><keyword>Particlesize</keyword><keyword>Biomass</keyword><keyword>Smoldering</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0961-9534</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]为了验证一维生物质阴燃燃烧模型的有效性，通过实验研究了燃料类型、含水率和粒度对生物质粉末自然向下阴燃的影响，发现炭氧化前沿的传播速度受碳密度和灰分含量的影响较大，几乎不受含水量和粒径的影响。ChenADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>343</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>343</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">343</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ChenHX</author><author>ReinGu</author><author>LiuNA</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>StateKeyLaboratoryofFireScience,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui230026,PRChina;;DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ImperialCollege,London,UK</auth-address><titles><title>Numericalinvestigationofdownwardsmolderingcombustioninanorganicsoilcolumn</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofHeatandMassTransfer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofHeatandMassTransfer</full-title></periodical><pages>253-261</pages><volume>84</volume><keywords><keyword>Self-sustainedsmoldering</keyword><keyword>Criticalmoisturecontent</keyword><keyword>Organicsoil</keyword><keyword>Numericalmodel</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>0017-9310</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]通过建立一个阴燃向下蔓延通过一根有机土柱的数值模型，研究发现影响有机土壤自维持阴燃的主要因素是水分含量、无机物含量、堆积密度和阴燃热。SmuckerADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Smucker</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>322</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>322</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">322</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SmuckerBD</author><author>MulkyTC</author><author>CowanDA</author><author>NiemeyerKE</author><author>BlunckDL</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SchoolofMechanical,Industrial,andManufacturingEngineering,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA</auth-address><titles><title>Effectsoffuelcontentanddensityonthesmolderingcharacteristicsofcelluloseandhemicellulose</title><secondary-title>ProceedingsoftheCombustionInstitute</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProceedingsoftheCombustionInstitute</full-title></periodical><pages>4107-4116</pages><volume>37</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Wildlandfires</keyword><keyword>Smoldering</keyword><keyword>Solidcombustion</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1540-7489</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]为确定密度和燃料浓度对纤维素和半纤维素混合物阴燃特性的影响，测量了不同密度和不同比例纤维素样品的向下阴燃传播速度和水平阴燃传播速度，发现在一定的堆积密度下，阴燃传播速度随着纤维素含量的降低而增加。QiADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Qi</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>339</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>339</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">339</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>QiGS</author><author>WangDM</author><author>ZhengKM</author><author>TangY</author><author>LuXX</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>KeyLaboratoryofCoalMethaneandFireControl,MinistryofEducation,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology,Xuzhou,China;;SchoolofSafetyEngineering,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology,Xuzhou,China</auth-address><titles><title>Smolderingcombustionofcoalunderforcedairflow:experimentalinvestigation</title><secondary-title>JournalofFireSciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofFireSciences</full-title></periodical><pages>267-288</pages><volume>34</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Coal</keyword><keyword>forwardsmoldering</keyword><keyword>reversesmoldering</keyword><keyword>forcedairflow</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0734-9041</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]为获得煤的阴燃特性，进行了不同风量下竖直正向阴燃和反向阴燃实验，并对阴燃燃烧过程、速度和温度进行了分析，结果表明正向阴燃和反向阴燃的燃烧过程虽然有显著差异，但阴燃速度相同，均随空气流量单调增加，空气流量越大，耗氧率越高。一些学者对阴燃过程进行了数值模拟研究。贾宝山ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>贾宝山</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>366</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>366</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">366</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>贾宝山</author><author>解茂昭</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>大连理工大学能源与动力学院,大连理工大学能源与动力学院大连116024,辽宁工程技术大学安全科学与工程学院,阜新123000,大连116024</auth-address><titles><title>聚氨酯泡沫燃料正向阴燃传播特性的数值模拟</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">东南大学学报(英文版)</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>东南大学学报(英文版)</full-title></periodical><pages>278-284</pages><volume>23</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>聚氨酯泡沫</keyword><keyword>正向阴燃</keyword><keyword>多孔介质</keyword><keyword>阴燃速度</keyword><keyword>数值模拟</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1003-7985</isbn><call-num>32-1325/N</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]建立了聚氨酯泡沫阴燃反应的二维两相流数学模型，预测了固相温度和固相成分（聚氨酯泡沫、焦炭和灰分）的变化情况，得到了阴燃平均传播速度和平均最高温度，研究了入口空气流速和燃料性能（导热系数、比热、密度和孔径）对阴燃传播的影响，结果表明随着进气速度的增加，阴燃速度和阴燃温度大致呈线性增加，燃料密度是决定阴燃传播最重要的因素。ZanoniADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zanoni</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>324</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>324</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">324</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ZanoniMAB</author><author>ToreroJL.</author><author>GerhardJI</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,SpencerEngineeringBuilding,Rm.3029,London,OntarioN6A5B9,Canada;;A.JamesClarkSchoolofEngineering,TheUniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD20742,USA</auth-address><titles><title>Delineatingandexplainingthelimitsofself-sustainedsmoulderingcombustion</title><secondary-title>CombustionandFlame</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CombustionandFlame</full-title></periodical><pages>78-92</pages><volume>201</volume><keywords><keyword>Smoulderingcombustion</keyword><keyword>Localthermalnon-equilibrium</keyword><keyword>Porousmedium</keyword><keyword>Energybalance</keyword><keyword>Heatlosses</keyword><keyword>Extinction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>0010-2180</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]通过一个一维数值模型模拟了利用阴燃处理被沥青污染砂土的情况，量化了阴燃过程中化学反应和传热过程在空间和时间上的复杂相互作用，证实了局部能量平衡在反应熄灭时变为负值，而全局能量平衡在较早时变为负值。RostamiADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rostami</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>377</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>377</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9wtpaefesfdx0jevre3peadydp0ww0pe22de"timestamp="1610456441">377</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>RostamiA</author><author>MurthyJ</author><author>HajaligolM</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>PhilipMorrisUSA,ResearchCenter,P.O.Box26583,Richmond,VA23261,USA;;DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213,USA</auth-address><titles><title>Modelingofasmolderingcigarette</title><secondary-title>JournalofAnalyticalandAppliedPyrolysis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofAnalyticalandAppliedPyrolysis</full-title></periodical><pages>281-301</pages><volume>66</volume><number>1-2</number><keywords><keyword>Modeling</keyword><keyword>Smoldering</keyword><keyword>Combustion</keyword><keyword>Cigarettesmoldering</keyword><keyword>Burnvelocity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>0165-2370</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]建立了烟丝自然阴燃的瞬态二维模型，模型中假设气相和固相温度不同，通过相间热交换相互作用，对不同工况和边界条件下的阴燃过程进行模拟，研究了燃料密度的变化、焦炭的形成和氧化、阴燃速度和阴燃温度分布等，发现阴燃过程主要是由氧气向燃烧区的扩散控制的，纸的渗透性对燃烧过程的发展和维持影响很大。CostaADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Costa</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>375</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>375</rec-number><foreign-keys><