系统工程第一章培训教材

SystemsEngineering系统工程鄢萍教授/博导12007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGCourseName:SystemsEngineeringCourseHoursandCredits:30Hs,2ScrsTextbook:IntroductiontoSystemEngineeringAndreP.SageGeorgeMasonUniversityIntroductiontoOperationResearch,SeventhEdition,Prof.Hiller,StanfordUniversity系统工程教程：喻湘存，熊曙初，清华大学出版社系统工程，第三版，汪应洛，机械工业出版社1/7/202522007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1/7/202532007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGTesting:NormalTesting,buttheanswershouldbewritteninEnglish.1/7/202552007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGChapter1

IntroductiontoSystemsEngineering

62007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGIntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT1.4SYSTEMSENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE

1.5TheAPPLICATIONOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING1/7/202572007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW

Becausesystemsengineeringisoftendescribedasa"newwayofthinking,"weneedtodescribewhatwemeanbythesystemspointofview.Thiswillleadustoseethatitisnotreallynew.Thesystemsperspectivetakesa"bigpicture"orholistic,orgestalt,viewoflarge-scaleproblemsandtheirproposedtechnologicalsolutions.1/7/202582007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW

Thismeansthatsystemsengineersnotonlyexaminethespecifics(细节)oftheproblemunderconsiderationbutalsoinvestigaterelevantfactorsinthesurroundingenvironment.Theyrealizethatproblemsareembeddedinasituationorenvironmentthatcanhavesignificantimpactsontheproblemanditsproposedalternativesolutions.Thisisnottosaythatsystemsengineersdonotgetverydetailedorspecificfarfromit.Thereisalsomucheffortdevotedtoinscoping,high-fidelitymodeling,andspecificationofsystemrequirementsandarchitecture.1/7/202592007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWThesystemsviewpointstresses（讲述了）thatthereusuallyisnotasinglecorrectanswerorsolutiontoalarge-scaleproblemordesignissue.Instead,therearemanydifferentalternatives（可选方案）thatcanbedevelopedandimplementeddependingontheobjectives（目标）thesystemistoserveandthevaluesofthepeopleandorganizationswithastakeinthesolution.Let'saddmoredetailtowhatwemeanbythesystemspointofview.

1/7/2025102007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW

First,asystemisdefinedasagroupofcomponentsthatworktogetherforaspecifiedpurpose.

Thisisaverysimplebutcorrectdefinition.Purposefulactionisabasiccharacteristicofasystem.Anumberoffunctionsmustbeimplementedinordertoachievethesepurposes.Thismeansthatsystemshavefunctions.Theyaredesignedtodospecifictasks.1/7/2025112007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWSystemsareoftenclassified（分类）bytheirultimatepurpose:service-orientedsystems,product-orientedsystems,orprocess-orientedsystems.Anairportcanbeviewedasanexampleofaservicesystem.Theplanes,pilots,mechanics,ticketagents,runways,andconcoursesareallcomponentsthatworktogethertoprovidetransportservicetopassengersandfreight.Anautomobileassemblyplantisanexampleofaproduct-orientedsystem.Therawmaterials,people,andmachinesallworktogethertoproduceafinishedcar.Arefinerythatchangescrudeoilintogasolineisanexampleofaprocess-orientedsystem.1/7/2025122007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWWenoteherethatthesystemsconsideredbysystemsengineersmaybeservicesystems,ortheymaybeproductsystems.Thesystemsmaybesystemsdesignedforusebyanindividualorbygroupsofindividuals.Thesesystemsmaybeprivatesectorsystems,ortheymaybegovernmentorpublicsectorsystems.1/7/2025132007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWForExample,Anoverheadprojector（高射投影仪）maybeviewedasa"system."Somaythecombinationofanoverheadprojector,ascreenonwhichitprojects,andasetofoverheads.Theinstructorusingtheoverheadmayalsobeincludedinthenotionof"system."Fromanotherperspective,thecombinationoftheoverhead,screen,overheads,instructor,andstudentsmayberegardedasa"system.“Thus,whenweusea

termsuchas"engineerasystem,"wemustbeverycarefultodefinethenatureofthe"system"thatwewishtoengineerandwhatisincludedin.andexemptedfrom,thenotionofsystem.

Wemustalsobeveryconcernedwiththeinterfacestothesystemthatweareengineering.1/7/2025142007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWThesystemspointofviewalsorecognizesthataproblemanditssolutionhavemanyelementsorcomponents,andtherearemanydifferentrelationsamongthem.Theimportantaspectsofaproblemareoftenafunctionofhowthecomponentsinteract.Simpleaggregationofindividualaspectsofaproblemisintuitivelyappealingbutoftenwrong.Thewholeisoftennotsimplythesumofitsparts.Often,muchmoreisinvolved.Thisdoesnotsuggestatallthatscientificanalysis,inwhichanissueisdisaggregatedintoanumberofcomponentissuesandunderstandingsoughtoftheindividualissues,isinanywayimproper.1/7/2025152007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWThefollowingstepsareessentialinfindingsolutionstolargeandcomplicatedproblems:Desegregationordecomposition（分解）ofalargeissueintosmaller,moreeasilyunderstandablepartsAnalysisoftheresultinglargenumberofindividualissuesAggregationoftheresultstoattempttofindasolutiontothemajorissueThisistheessenceoftheformalscientificmethod.

1/7/2025162007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWHowever,interpretationmustfollowanalysis,andmeaningfulissueformulationmustprecedeit.Also,theseformaleffortsneedtobeconductedacrossavarietyoflife-cyclephases.

Thesystemsapproachattemptstoincorporateallofthese.1/7/2025172007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW

Systemcomponentsareoftenofverydifferenttypes;anditishelpful,fromasystemsperspective,todistinguishamongthem.Considerauniversityasasystemforproducingeducatedgraduates.

Someofthepartsoftheuniversitysystemarestructuralorstaticcomponents,suchasuniversitybuildings.Asthesystemisoperating,thesestructuralcomponentsusuallydonotchangemuch.Operatingcomponentsaredynamicandperformprocessingsuchastheprofessorsinauniversitywhoteachstudents.Flowcomponentsareoftenmaterial,energy,orinformation;butinthisexample,studentsarethepartsthatflowormatriculatethroughtheuniversitysystem.1/7/2025182007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEWAgain,howthecomponentsinteractisanimportantaspectofanysystem,itsproblemsordesignissues,andtheiralternativesolutions.

Forexample,gradesareonemechanism（机制）forinteractionbetweenprofessorsandstudents.Gradesserveapurpose,intendedornot.

itisimportanttounderstandwhatpurpose,intendedandunintended,theyserve.1/7/2025192007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.1AttributesCharacterizingSystems

FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem

Fromamongmanycharacteristics,fourbasicattributeswhichplaybasicrolestocharacterizethesystemaredescribedinthefollowing(Hitomi,1971):(1)Assemblage（集合、装配）.Asystemconsistsofapluralnumberofdistinguishableunits(elements,components,factors,subsystems（子系统）,etc.),whichmaybephysicalorconceptual,naturalorartificial.1/7/2025202007SYSTEMSENGINEERING(2)Relationship.Severalunitsassembledtogetheraremerelya'group'ora'set.'Forsuchagrouptobeadmissibleasasystem,arelationshiporaninteractionmustexistamongtheunits.1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1/7/2025212007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGEXAMPLE1.1'Logicalrelationship'isdeterminedessentiallybydefinitionsandassumptions,suchastherelationofproduction,inventory,andsalesinaperiod:Finalinventory（最后清单）=initialinventory+productionquantity（生产数量）-salesquantity.EXAMPLE1.2‘Institutionalrelationship’（体制关系）isspecified（规定，指定）by

socialinstitution,laws,andregulations,suchas：taxamount（税额）=profit(orincome)×taxrate.

1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1/7/2025222007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(3)Goal-seeking.

Anactualsystemasawholeperformsacertainfunctionoraimsatsingleormultipleobjectives.Wherevertheseobjectivesareattainedattheirmaximum/minimumlevels,systemoptimizationissaidtohavebeenperformed.Forthispurposeitisnecessarytobeabletomeasure,objectivelyorsubjectively,thedegreeofattainmentoftheobjectives.Anobjectivethatismeasurablebyanymeansiscalledagoal/target.

1/7/2025232007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGEXAMPLE1.3A'manufacturingsystem'effectivelyconvertsresourcesofproductionintoproducedgoods(products),attaininganobjectivethatcreateshighutilitiesbyaddingvaluestotherawmaterials,resultinginsuperiorquality,costanddelivery.1/7/2025242007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGEXAMPLE1.4A'businessmanagementsystem'coordinatesfunctionaldivisions----production,salespersonnelandfinance,whichconstitutesthesystem----andallocateslimitedresourcesavailabletothosedivisions.Thissystemaimsatorganizationalobjectivessuchasprofitmaximization,reasonablerateofreturnoncapital,increaseinmarketshare,stablegrowth,publicservices(philanthropy),etc.1/7/2025252007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.1FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem(4)Adaptabilitytoenvironment.Aspecific,factualsystembehavessoastoadapttothechangeinitssurroundings,orexternalenvironment.Thisexternalenvironmentinfluencesandisinfluencedbythesystem,inthatmatterand/orenergyand/orinformationarereceivedfromandgiventoeachother.Asystemthatiscapableofcontrollingitselfinsuchawayastobealwaysoptimalevenunderchangesintheexternalenvironment,iscalledanadaptive(orcybernetic)system.1/7/2025262007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGIfthissystempossessesdynamicadaptability,approachingadesiredstatewiththeleasttimelagbychangingitsinternalstructureandfunctionsastheenvironmentchanges,itisasself-organizingsystem.

1/7/2025272007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGEXAMPLE1.5

'Human'isacompleteadaptivesystem.

EXAMPLE1.6A'businesssystem'isaself-organizingsystem,inthatitgeneratesadiversifiedvarietyofactivities,resultingineconomiesofscope.1/7/2025282007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGA'businesssystem'isanadaptivesystem,inthatitmakesproperdecisionssoastoachieveitsobjectivesundersevereenvironmentalsituations(competitors,markets,industrialsocieties,economicandpoliticalconditions,internationaltrends,etc.).Thesystemoftenreactstoitsenvironmenttomakeitsfuturebehaviormoreeffective:e.g.itperformsmarketingactivities,suchasadvertisingandmerchandising,toenhancepotentialdemandsinthemarket.1/7/2025292007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.2SystemsDefinedFourDefinitionsofSystemsOnthebasisoftheforegoingconsiderations,thefouressentialdefinitionsofsystemscannowbegivenasfollows(Hitomi,1975).1/7/2025302007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.2SystemsDefined

(1)Abstract(orbasic)definition.Onthebasisofthefirsttwoattributesabove,'asystemisacollectionofrecognizableunitshavingrelationshipsamongtheunits'.Underthisdefinition,generalsystemtheoryhasbeendeveloped,whereinthingsaredeliberatedtheoretically,logically,andspeculatively.1/7/2025312007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.2SystemsDefined(2)Structural(orstatic)definition.Onthebasisofallfourattributes,asystemisacollectionofrecognizableunitshavingrelationshipsamongtheunits,aimingatspecifiedsingleormultipleobjectivessubjecttoitsexternalenvironment'.

1/7/2025322007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.2SystemsDefined(3)Transformational(orfunctional)definition.Fromthelastattribute,theeffectsoftheenvironmentuponthesystemareinputs(includingunforeseen‘disturbances’),and,conversely,theeffectsinwhichthesysteminfluencestheenvironmentareoutputs.Fromthisconsideration，asystemreceivesinputsfromitsenvironment,transformsthemtooutputs,andreleasestheoutputstotheenvironment,whilstseekingtomaximizetheproductivityofthetransformation'.1/7/2025332007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.2SystemsDefined(4)Procedural(ordynamic)definition.Theprocessoftransformationintheinput-outputsystemconsistsofanumberofrelatedstages,ateachofwhichaspecifiedoperationiscarriedout.Byperformingacompletesetofoperationsaccordingtotheprecedencerelationshiponthestages,afunctionortaskisaccomplished.Thus,'asystemisaprocedure----aseriesofchronological,logicalstepsbywhichallrepetitivetasksareperformed'.

1/7/2025342007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.3SystemLifeCyclesAveryimportantfundamentalconceptofsystemsengineeringisthatallsystemsareassociatedwithlifecycles.Similartonaturalsystemsthatexhibitabirth-growth-aginganddeathlifecycle,human-madesystemsalsohavealifecycle.Mostgenerally,thislifecycleconsistsofdefinitionoftherequirementsforasystem,developmentofthesystemitself,anddeploymentofthesysteminanoperatingenvironment.Thesethreeessentiallife-cyclephasesarealwaysneeded.Eachofthemmaybedescribedintermsofalargernumberofmorefine-grainedphases.Inalltypesofsystemevolution,andaswewilldiscuss,therewillbeaminimumofthreephases:DefinitionDevelopmentDeployment1/7/2025352007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.3SystemLifeCyclesThesecomprisetheessentialsystemsengineeringprocessactivities.Thislife-cycleperspectiveshouldalsobeassociatedwithalong-termviewtowardplanningforsystemevolution,researchtobringaboutanynewandemergingtechnologiesneededforthisevolution,andanumberofactivitiesassociatedwithactualsystemevolution,oracquisition.1/7/2025362007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.1.3SystemLifeCyclesThus,weseethattheeffortsinvolvedinthelife-cyclephasesfordefinition,development,anddeploymentneedtobeimplementedacrossthreelifecyclesthatcomprise:Systemsplanningandmarketing,Research,development,test,andevaluation(RDT&E)Systemsacquisitionorprocurement1/7/2025372007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGIntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT1.4SYSTEMSENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE

1.5TheAPPLICATIONOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING1/7/2025382007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

TheU.S.DepartmentofDefense

doprovidegenerallyappropriatedefinitions.Thesetwodefinitionsattempttocombinestructural,functional,andpurposefulviewsofsystemsengineering.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatwemaydefinethingsaccordingtostructure,function,orpurpose.Ourcontinueddiscussionofsystemsengineeringwillbeassistedbytheprovisionofastructural,purposeful,andfunctionaldefinitionofsystemsengineering.Table1.1presentsthesethreedefinitions.1/7/2025392007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGTABLE1.1DefinitionsofSystemsEngineeringStructure

Systemsengineeringismanagementtechnologytoassistclientsthroughtheformulation,analysis,andinterpretationoftheimpactsofproposedpolicies,controls,orcompletesystemsupontheneedperspectives,institutionalperspectives,andvalueperspectivesofstakeholderstoissuesunderconsideration.Function

Systemsengineeringisanappropriatecombinationofthemethodsandtoolsofsystemsengineering,madepossiblethroughuseofasuitablemethodologyandsystemsmanagementprocedures,inausefulprocess-orientedsettingthatisappropriatefortheresolutionofreal-worldproblems,oftenoflargescaleandscope.Purpose Thepurposeofsystemsengineeringisinformationandknowledgeorganizationthatwillassistclientswhodesiretodefine,develop,anddeploytotalsystemstoachieveahighstandardofoverallquality,integrity,andintegrationasrelatedtoperformance,trustworthiness,reliability,availability,andmaintainabilityoftheresultingsystem.1/7/2025402007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGInourthreelevelhierarchyofsystemsengineeringthereisgenerallyanon-mutuallyexclusivecorrespondencebetweenfunctionandtools,structureandmethodology,andpurposeandmanagement.Asystemengineeringprocessresultsfromeffortsatthelevelofsystemsmanagementtoidentifyanappropriatemethodology,anappropriatesetofprocedures,oraprocessforengineeringasystem.Asystemsengineeringproduct,orservice,resultsfromtheuseofthisprocess,orproductline,togetherwithanappropriatesetofmethodsandmetrics.1/7/2025412007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGTheevolutionofasystemsengineeringproduct,orservice,fromthechosensystemsengineeringprocessisillustratedinFigure1.3.Thesystemsengineeringprocessisdrivenbysystemsmanagementandthereareanumberofdriversforsystemsmanagement,suchasthecompetitivestrategyoftheorganization.1/7/2025422007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

1/7/2025432007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGWenowexpandonthistoindicatesomeoftheingredientsateachoftheselevels.Thefunctionaldefinitionofsystemsengineeringsaysthatwewillbeconcernedwiththevarioustoolsandtechniquesthatenableustoengineersystems.Often,thesewillbesystemsscienceandoperationsresearchtoolsthatenabletheformalanalysisofsystems.1/7/2025442007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

Thebasicactivitiesofsystemsengineersareusuallyconcentratedontheevolutionofanappropriateprocesstoenablethedefinition,development,anddeploymentofasystemorontheformulation,analysis,andinterpretationofissuesassociatedwithoneofthesephases.Figure1.4illustratesthebasicsystemsengineeringprocessphasesandsteps.Generally,thesearecombinedtoformanineelementmatrixstructure,asrepresentedinFigure1.5.1/7/2025452007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

Thefunctionaldefinitionofsystemsengineeringsaysthatwewillbeconcernedwithanappropriatecombinationofmethodsandtools.Wewilldenotetheresultoftheefforttoobtainthiscombinationasasystemsmethodology.Systemsengineeringmethodologyisconcernedwiththelifecycleorprocessusedforsystemevolution.Thefunctionaldefinitionofsystemsengineeringalsosaysthatwewillaccomplishthisinausefulandappropriatesetting.Thisusefulsettingisprovidedbyanappropriatesystemsmanagementprocess.1/7/2025462007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGWewillusethetermsystemsmanagementtorefertothecognitiveandorganizationaltasksnecessarytoproduceausefulprocess,methodology,orproductlineforsystemevolutionandtomanagetheprocess-relatedactivitiesthatresultinatrustworthysystem.Morespecifically,theresultofsystemsmanagementisanappropriatecombinationofthemethodsandtoolsofsystemsengineering,includingtheiruseinamethodologicalsetting,withappropriateleadershipinmanagingsystemprocessandproductdevelopment,toultimatelyfieldasystemthatcanbeusedbyclientstosatisfytheneedsthatledtoitsdevelopment.1/7/2025472007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

Figure1.6illustratesthenotionofsystemsengineeringasabrokerofinformationacrossenterpriseshavinganeedforasystemandtheimplementationspecialistswhowillimplementdetaileddesignconsiderationstobringthisabout.1/7/2025482007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGThestructuraldefinitionofsystemsengineeringtellsusthatweareconcernedwithaframeworkforproblemresolutionthat,fromaformalperspectiveatleast,consistsofthreefundamentalsteps:IssueformulationIssueanalysisIssueinterpretationTheseareeachconductedateachofthelife-cyclephasesthathavebeenchoseninordertoimplementthebasicphasedeffortsofdefinition,development,anddeployment.1/7/2025492007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERINGThesephasesmaybedescribedinanynumberofways.Therearethreegeneralsystemslifecycles,assuggestedbyFigure1.7:Research,development,test,andevaluation(RDT&E)Acquisition(orproduction,ormanufacturing,orfielding)Planningandmarketing

1/7/2025502007SYSTEMSENGINEERINGIntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.1THESYSTEMSPOINTOFVIEW1.2DEFINITIONSOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING

1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

1.4SYSTEMSENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE

1.5ThEAPPLICATIONOFSYSTEMSENGINEERING1/7/2025512007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTInmostcases,anewtoolormachinemakesitpossibletoperformafamiliartaskinasomewhatnewanddifferentway,typicallywithenhancedefficiencyandeffectiveness.Inasmallernumberofcases,anewtoolhasmadeitpossibletodosomethingentirelynewanddifferentthatcouldnotbedonebefore.Thesephasedeffortsofdefinition,development,anddeploymentrepresentthemacrostructureofasystemsengineeringframework.TheyeachneedtobeemployedforeachofthelifecyclesillustratedinFigure1.7.1/7/2025522007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTWhenphysicaltools,machines,andsystemsbecomesocomplexthatitisnolongerpossibletodesignthembyasingleindividual,andadesignteamisnecessary,thenahostofnewproblemsemerge.Thisistheconditiontoday.Tocopewiththis,anumberofmethodologiesassociatedwithsystemsdesignengineeringhaveevolved.Throughthese,ithasbeenpossibletodecomposelargedesignissuesintosmallercomponentsubsystemdesignissues,designthesubsystems,andthenbuildthecompletesystemasacollectionofthesesubsystems.1/7/2025532007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTEvenso,problemsremain.Therearemanyinstancesoffailuresduetothissortofincompleteapproach.Justsimplyconnectingtogetherindividualsubsystemsoftendoesnotresultinasystemthatperformsacceptably,eitherfromatechnologicalefficiencyperspectiveorfromaneffectivenessperspective.Thishasledtotherealizationthatsystemsintegrationengineeringandsystemsmanagementthroughoutanentiresystemlifecyclewillbenecessary.1/7/2025542007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTThus,contemporaryeffortsinsystemsengineeringcontainafocusontoolsandmethods,onthesystemsmethodologyfordefinition,development,anddeploymentthatenablesappropriateuseofthesetools,andonthesystemsmanagementapproachesthatenabletheembeddingofsystemsengineeringproductandprocessdevelopmentapproacheswithinorganizationsandenvironments,suchastosupporttheapplicationoftheprinciplesofthephysicalandmaterialsciencesforthebettermentofhumankind.1/7/2025552007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTNowlet'sreturntohistoryagaintounderstandhowthestoredprogramdigitalcomputerpropelledtheemergenceofsystemsengineering.1/7/2025562007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

Sometimearoundthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,theuseofanewtypeofmachinebecamewidespread.Thisnewmachine,thestoredprogramdigitalcomputer,wasfundamentallydifferent,inmanyways,fromtheusualcombinationofmotors,gears,pulleys,andotherphysicalcomponentsthatassistedhumans,perhapsinanautomatedfashion,inperformingphysicaltaskssuchaspulling,orevenflying.Whilethismachinecouldassistinperformingfunctionsassociatedwithphysicaltasks,suchascomputingtheoptimaltrajectoryforanaircrafttomovebetweentwolocationswithminimumenergyconsumptionandcost,itcouldalsoassisthumansinanumberofprimarilycognitivetaskssuchasplanning,resourceallocation,anddecisionmaking.1/7/2025572007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

Itisdoubtlesslycorrecttosaythatthemodernstoredprogramdigitalcomputerisaproductofthephysicalandmaterialsciences.Theinternalcomponentsofthisnewmachinesurelyareproductsofthephysicalandmaterialsciences.Butitisalsoimportanttonoteherethatthedigitalcomputerisintended,fromapurposefulviewpoint,tobeusedtoprovideassistancetoeffortsthatcanbemoreefficientlyandeffectivelyachievedthroughmoreappropriateuseofinformationandknowledgetechnologies.Systemsengineeringenablesthisinanorganizedframework,andthusprovidesaverynecessarybasisforthedevelopmentofcomplexsystemsofhumansandmachines.1/7/2025582007SYSTEMSENGINEERING1.3HISTORYOFTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENT

Thus,thepurposeofthedigitalcomputerismuchmorecognitiveandintellectualsupportthanitisphysicalsupport.Thecomputerisaninformationmachine,aknowledgesupportmachine,andacognitivesupportmachine.

Ithasledtothegrowthofanewengineeringareaofendeavor,whichinvolvesinformationandknowledgetechnology.Thisnewprofessionalareaisbroadlyconcernedwitheffortswhosestructure,function,andpurposeareassociatedwiththeacquisition,representation,storage,transmission,anduseofdatathatisofvaluefortypicallycognitivesupport,butwhichoftenresultsinsomesortofultimatephysicaleffortandhumansupervisoryc