高考英语复习-第二部分-阅读理解-14-科普知识类

专题十四科普知识类1/26-2-(全国Ⅰ)Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'×5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.2/26-3-Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.3/26-4-Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.4/26-5-32.WhatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraphA.It’sdelicate. B.It’sexpensive. C.It’scomplex. D.It’sportable.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2refertoA.Thetube. B.Thestill. C.Thehole. D.Thecup.34.WhatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstillA.Digaholeofacertainsize. B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet’scenterdown. D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.5/26-6-35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.

A.theplastictube B.outsidetheholeC.theopenair D.beneaththesheet6/26-7-【文章结构】7/26-8-【难点分析】①Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.不幸是,你必须随身携带这些必备仪器,因为要找到天然替换品几乎是不可能。分析:since...是原因状语从句;it是形式主语,tofind...是不定式作真正主语。allbut意为“几乎”。②Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.当容器装满了水,你就能够经过吸水管把这些提神水吸出来,而无须每次饮水时都要把装置拆掉。分析:该句中“everytimeyouneedadrink”是时间状语从句,表示“每当……时候”。8/26-9-【语篇导读】美国农业部两位博士研制出一个蒸馏器。在水资源短缺区域,这是一个非常不错取得饮用水设备。32.D

推理判断题。从文章第一段“These

pieces

can

be

folded

into

a

neat

little

pack

and

fastened

on

your

belt.”可知,这种集水器设备携带起来很方便。人们能够把它折叠成一个小包并系在腰带上。33.B

词义猜测题。从文章第二段“To

construct

a

working

still...”和画线词后productivity可推断出画线部分指是the

still。34.C

细节了解题。从文章第三段“Next,cover

the

hole

with

the

plastic

sheet,securing

the

edges

of

the

plastic

with

dirt

and

weighting

the

sheet’s

center

down

with

a

rock.”可知,用塑料布把洞穴覆盖,并把塑料布边缘用泥土弄牢。最终把一块石头压在塑料布中心。所以选C项。9/26-10-35.D

推理判断题。从文章最终一段“Ground

water

evaporates

and

collects

on

the

sheet

until

small

drops

of

water

form,run

down

the

material

and

fall

off

into

the

cup.”可知,这种蒸馏器工作原理是创造一个温室。地面水向上蒸发并在塑料布上聚集形成小水滴,然后水滴顺着塑料布流下来落到杯子里。10/26-11-A(天津·C)There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.Food

productionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.11/26-12-Sustainability(可连续性)Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock“food”thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.12/26-13-NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”13/26-14-ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍一项新3D食物打印技术。分别介绍食物打印省时高效特点、所使用原料可连续性、提供用户所需要营养以及当前技术推广面临挑战等。14/26-15-1.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction

A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.答案解析解析关闭细节了解题。依据第二段第一、二句可知,用3D打印机,一名厨师可在婚礼蛋糕上打印出复杂巧克力图案和精美装饰,这并非每个人都能做到,这要厨师多年经验积累,但一台打印机能够很轻易就做到。由此可知,3D打印技术在食品制作方面节约了时间和精力。答案解析关闭B15/26-16-2.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraph3

A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.答案解析解析关闭推理判断题。依据第三段第四句“Someexpertsbelieveprinters...”可知,教授相信3D打印机可使用大量藻类和草等可再生资源形成水解胶体代替熟知烹饪原料。答案解析关闭D16/26-17-3.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood

.

A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials答案解析解析关闭细节了解题。依据第四段中HodLipson教授话可知,食品打印能使得用户打印出富含用户个性化需求营养成份,如维生素。所以,用户无须吃昨天从超市买来面包,而是随需烤制。答案解析关闭B17/26-18-4.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely

A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.答案解析解析关闭细节了解题。依据第五段第三句“Ontopofthat,...”可知,尽管3D食物打印技术进展迅猛,但所需大多数打印材料必须是干燥才能使用,这也就制约了食物打印技术普及。答案解析关闭C18/26-19-5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage

A.3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD.3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTable答案解析解析关闭主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文开宗明义,一项新3D打印技术引人瞩目,最新进展有利于大规模食品打印和服务。接下来分段介绍食物打印省时高效特点、所使用原料可连续性、提供用户所需要营养以及当前技术推广面临挑战等。所以文章最正确题目应为——3D食物打印:“精美可口”新技术。答案解析关闭A19/26-20-B(山东济南二模)ManypeopletraveledtoLasVegas,Nevadalastweekforthe50thConsumerElectronicsShow,orCES.Theshowissaidtohavethelargestcollectionofnewelectronicdevicesintheworld.Theshowhadmanyexamplesof“smarthome”devices.“Smarthome”technologyisdesignedtomakelifeeasierforpeoplebylettingcomputerscontrolmanythingsinsideourhomes.Onesuchdeviceactuallybeginsworkingoutsidethehome,whensomeonearrivesandringsthedoorbell.20/26-21-“Whensomeonecomestoyourfrontdoorandringsthedoorbell,thelightcanturnonimmediately.IgetanotificationwhenI’mhalfwayaroundtheworldthatsomeonecame,andIcanstarttalkingtothepersonwho’satmyfrontdoor,andIcansay,‘Oh,hereletmeletyouin.’Icanunlockthedoorforthemveryeasily.”saidVivint,asmarthomeserviceprovider.Oneelectronicsmakerlaunchedadevicethatletspeopleseeandinteractwiththeiranimalswhentheyareaway.Thedevice,fromPetcube,letsyouremotelywatchandtalktoyourpetthroughapersonaldevice,accordingtoacompanyofficial.Itcanevengivethepetatreat—ifyouapproveandorderit.21/26-22-Forheatingorcooling,thereisasmartthermostat.Thisdevicecanalsosendyouamessageifabigstormcausesleaksorflooding.“We’retryingtocatchitwithjustafewdripsbeforeitbecomesareallybigproblem,”saidMikeSaleofiDevices.Aconcernformanyhomeownersisthepossibilitythatsomeoneelsemightfindawaytoattackthesesmarthomedevices.AnofficialfromVivintsaidhiscompanyissurethatonlyownersofthehomecangainuseofinformationonthedevices.WarrenKatzfromiDevicessaidhiscompanyemploysengineersfromthedefenseindustrytohelppreventhacking.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科技产品说明文。作者介绍了内华达州拉斯维加斯消费者电子产品展示会中智能家庭电子产品特点。22/26-23-6.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheshow

A.Itcreatedmuchattractiontoconsumers.B.IthasbeenheldinLasVegasmanytimes.C.Itonlyexhibitedsmarthomedevices.D.Itisthelargestshoweverheld.