英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编29(总分：88.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)1.ThestructuralapproachtotheanalysisoflanguagewasstartedbytheSwisslinguist1inthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.(中山大学研)

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________

（对的答案：对的答案：Saussure）解析：解析：对语言的构造性分析措施是在20世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔启动的，他被称为“现代语言学之父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。2.FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)isatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichdescribeshow1isdistributedinsentences.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：information）解析：解析：功能句子观是一套语言学分析理论，它是指用信息论的原理来分析话语或文本。3.Systemic-FunctionalGrammar,unliketraditionalgrammarwhichtakessentenceasthelargestunit,takes1asthebasicunit.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：clause）解析：解析：与老式语法不一样，系统功能语法把句子作为最大单位，把分句作为最小单位。4.InHalliday'sSystemicGrammar,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled1.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：options）解析：解析：系统就是存在于语法中的一系列选择。系统语法的目的是要阐明语言作为系统的内部底层关系，它是与意义有关联的可供人们不停选择的若干子系统构成的系统网络。5.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsisL.Bloomfield,whosebook1(1933)wasonceheldasthemodelofscientificmethodology.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：Language）解析：解析：布龙菲尔德是描述语言学的重要代表，他的著作《语言》曾被当做科学措施的典范。6.ThepublicationofSyntacticStructures(1957)markedthebeginningofthe1.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：ChomskyRevolution）解析：解析：1957年，乔姆斯基写了一本名为《句法构造》的著作，这本书标志着“乔姆斯基改革时代”的到来，从此，乔姆斯基在语言学界的地位变得极为重要。7.In1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesPisa,Italy,whichwererevisedlaterandpublishedunderthetideof1.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：LecturesonGovernmentandBinding）解析：解析：1979年，乔姆斯基开展了一系列的讲座，之后把讲座内容写成一本书，叫做《管辖与约束》，即修正的扩展的原则理论。8.1isanapproachthatstressestherelationshipsofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmore.(中山大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：CaseGrammar）解析：解析：格语法是美国语言学家菲尔墨在60代中期提出来的，它是着重探讨句法构造与语义之间关系的一种语法理论和语义学理论。9.1,bornin1928,isallAmericanlinguist,educator,andpoliticalactivist.Heisthefounderoftransformational-generativegrammar,asystemthatrevolutionizedmodemlinguistics.(北京邮电大学研)

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（对的答案：对的答案：NormanChomsky）解析：解析：乔姆斯基，生于1928年，是美国著名的语言学家，教育家。他是转换生成语法的创始人。10.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween1andphonology.

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（对的答案：对的答案：phonetics）解析：解析：布拉格学派重要的奉献是对音系学的研究和对音系学与语音学的辨别。11.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa1,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.

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（对的答案：对的答案：hypothesis-maker）解析：解析：乔姆斯基的语言习得机制由3个元素构成：对语言的假想，语言的普遍性和评价。12.Systemic-FunctionalGrammartakestheactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy,whileChomsky'sTGGrammartakestheidealspeaker'slinguistic1astheobjectofstudy.

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（对的答案：对的答案：competence）解析：解析：系统功能语法把实际中的语言现象当做其研究对象，而乔姆斯基的转换生成语法把理想说话者的语言能力作为研究对象。二、判断题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)13.Functionalgrammarisanapproachtolinguisticsthatgoesinthroughmeaning.(对外经贸研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：功能语法的基础是语言系统及其成分由它们所提供的作用和功能所决定，而非其意义。14.Accordingtotheinnatenesshypothesis,infantsarebornabletospeakalanguage.(北二外研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：乔姆斯基的天赋假设是说，小朋友与生俱来拥有一种语言学习的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”。即小朋友天生拥有语法关系及语法范围的知识，而不是说孩子天生就会说话。15.IntheClassicaltheory,Chomsky'saimistomakelinguisticsascience.Thistheoryischaracterizedbythreefeatures:(1)emphasisonprescriptionoflanguage;(2)introductionoftransformationalrules;and(3)grammaticaldescriptionregardlessoflanguageformation.(南开大学研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：乔姆斯基的古典理论有三个特点：(1)重视语言的生成能力，而非规定性；(2)转换规则的简介；(3)语法描述，不研究意义，而非不研究语言形式。16.Generativegrammarisasystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences.(南开大学研)

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A.真

√

B.假解析：解析：乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行构造描写，定义明确严格的规则系统”。17.AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：美国构造主义是共时语言学的一种分支，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国，它并不是历时语言学的分支。18.Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：概念功能和人际功能完全相似的两个句子可以有不一样的语篇功能。三、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)19.Accordingto______theory,grammarreferstotheinitialstateofthehumanlanguagefaculty.(西安外国语学院研)

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A.Saussure's

B.Bloomfield's

C.Chomsky's

D.Halliday's

√解析：解析：韩礼德认为，人类语言能力的最初形式即是对语法知识的理解。20.______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.(西安交通大学研)

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A.Generative

B.Transformational

√

C.X-bar

D.Phrasestructure解析：解析：乔姆斯基的转换规则会变化一种句子的句法构造。21.Generallyspeaking,the______specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.

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A.Slot

√

B.Class

C.Role

D.Cohesion解析：解析：派克认为，语言的三种等级系统中的每一种层次都具有轨位、类别、作用和接应这四个特点的语言单位。轨位决定了法位在构造中是处在关键还是边缘位置。22.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof______.

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A.function

√

B.meaning

C.signs

D.system解析：解析：布拉格学派将语言看作是在所属语言群体中发挥一系列功能的工具，这是其对语言学界的一大奉献。23.Chomskyfollows______inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

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A.empiricism

B.behaviourism

C.rationalism

√

D.mentalism解析：解析：乔姆斯基在他的研究中运用了心理学中的理性主义和哲学中的心灵主义。四、简答题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)24.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics?(四川大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Saussureoccupiessuchanimportantplaceinthehistoryoflinguisticsthatheisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics":(1)ThebookCourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916),whichisthemostimportantsourceofSaussure'sideas,markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.(2)Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignistheunionofthesignifierandthesignified.(3)Byprovidinganswerstoquestionsconcerningmanyaspectsoflanguage,Saussuremadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.)解析：25.WhatarethethreeimportantpointsofthePragueSchool?(北交大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：ThethreeimportantpointsdevelopedinPragueSchoolare:(a)Itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncompleteandcontrollablematerialforinvestigationbutnorigidtheoreticalbarrieriserectedtoseparatediachronicstudy.(b)Therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.(c)Languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense,thatis,asatoolperforminganumberessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.)解析：26.WhatarethemajorconcernsofthePragueSchooltheory?(北航研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：ThreepointsofthePragueSchooltheoryareofspecialimportance.First,itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncompleteandcontrollablematerialforinvestigation.Second,therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.Third,languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense.Basedontheseideas,thePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,andmadegreatcontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.Itsmostimportantcontributionisthatitseeslanguageintermsoffunction.)解析：27.WhatisyourunderstandingofSystemicFunctionalGrammar?(北航研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Systemicfunctionalgrammar,developedbyM.A.K.Halliday,isasociallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachandoneofthemostinfluentiallinguistictheoriesinthetwentiethcentury.Systemicfunctionalgrammarisbasedontwofacts;Languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasetofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.Languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy.Onepointtonoticeisthatittakesclauseasthebasicunit.Itconsistoftwoinseparableparts:systemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.)解析：28.Whatisbehaviourism?

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对的答案：(对的答案：Behaviourismisaprincipleofscientificmethod,basedonthebeliefthathumanbeingscannotknowanythingtheyhavenotexperienced.Behaviourisminlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainof"stimulus-responsereinforcement",andtheadult'suseoflanguageisalsoaprocessof"stimulus-response".)解析：29.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?

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对的答案：(对的答案：ForBloomfield,linguisticsisabranchofthepositivisticbrandofpsychologyknownas"behaviourism".WhenthebehaviouristmethodologyenteredlinguisticsviaBloomfield'swritings,thepopularpracticeinlinguisticstudieswastoacceptwhatanativespeakersaysinhislanguageandtodiscardwhathesaysaboutit.Thisisbecauseofthebeliefthatalinguisticdescriptionwasreliablewhenbasedonobservationofunstudiedutterancesbyspeakers;itwasunreliableiftheanalysthadresortedtoaskingspeakersquestionssuchas"Canyousay...inyourlanguage?")解析：五、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)30.FerdinanddeSaussure(中山大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：FerdinanddeSaussureisaSwisslinguistwhoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics".Thegreatwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics,whichwasbasedonhislecturenotes,markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.Saussure'sideaonthearbitrarynatureofsign,onetherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.)解析：31.Textualfunction(西安外国语学院研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Textualfunction:Thetextualfunctionisoneofthethreemeta-functionslanguageiscomposedof.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingmessagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.)解析：32.TheLondonSchoolofLinguistics(中山大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：TheLondonSchoolgenerallyreferstothekindoflinguisticscholarshipinEngland.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwasJ.R.Firth.)解析：33.Surfacestructure(四川大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Surfacestructure:Itisatermusedingenerativegrammartorefertothefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.Forinstance,"Johniseasytoplease."and"Johniseagertoplease."aretwosentenceswiththesamesurfacestructure.)解析：34.Transformational-Generativegrammar(浙江大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Transformational-generativegrammarisproposedbyNoamChomsky.Hepostulatedasyntacticbaseoflanguage(calleddeepstructure),whichconsistsofaseriesofphrase-structurerewriterules,i.e.,aseriesof(possiblyuniversal)rulesthatgeneratestheunderlyingphrase-structureofasentence.Theendresultofatransformational-generativegrammarisasurfacestructurethatisidenticaltoanactualsentenceofalanguage,afterthemediatingofaseriesofrules(calledtransformations)thatactuponthedeepstructures.)解析：35.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)(武汉大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：LanguageAcquisitionDevice:LADreferstoaninnatefacultyoflanguageingeneralwithwhichchildrenareborn.ItispositedbyChomsky,whoarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements;ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.)解析：36.Innatenesshypothesis

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对的答案：(对的答案：The"InnatenessHypothesis"ofchildlanguageacquisitionwasproposedbyNoamChomsky,whostatesthatlanguagearesomewhatinnateandthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsalanguageacquisitiondevice,whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning.)解析：六、1举例阐明题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)37.AdiscussiononSaussureasthefatherofmodernlinguistics.(武汉大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns.Tocommunicateideas,signsmustbepartofasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignistheunionofaform(signifier)andanidea(signified),anditisthecentralfactoflanguage.Byprovidinganswerstoquestionsconcerningmanyaspectsoflanguage,Saussuremadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Saussureexertedtwokindsofinfluenceonmodernlinguistics.First,heprovidedageneralorientation,asenseofthetaskoflinguisticswhichhasseldombeenquestioned.Second,heinfluencedmodernlinguistics.Manyofthedevelopmentsofmodernlinguisticscanbedescribedashisconcepts,i.e.hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.Saussure'sfundamentalperceptionisofrevolutionarysignificance,anditishethatpushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstageandalllinguisticsinthetwentiethcenturyisSaussureanlinguistics.That'swhySaussureisconsideredbeingthefatherofmodernlinguistics.)解析：38.WhataretheuniquefeaturesofHalliday'ssystemiclinguistics?(北航研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：Halliday'sSystemicGrammarisdifferentfromotherlinguistictheoriesinthefollowingaspects.First,itattachesgreatimportancetothesociologicalaspectsoflanguage.Secondly,itviewslanguageasaformofdoingratherthanaformofknowing.Itdistinguisheslinguisticbehaviorpotentialfromactuallinguisticbehavior.Thirdly,itgivesarelativelyhighprioritytodescriptionofthecharacteristicsofparticularlanguagesandparticularvarietiesoflanguages.Fourthly,itexplainsanumberofaspectsoflanguageintermsofclines(i.e.ungrammatical→moreunusual→lessunusual→lessusual→grammatical).Fifthly,itseeksverificationofitshypothesesbymeansofobservationfromtextsandbymeansofstatisticaltechniques.Lastly,ithasasitscentralcategorythecategoryofthesystem.)解析：39.HowdoesHallidayrelatethefunctionsperformedbylanguagetoitsstructures?(北京邮电大学研；中山大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：AccordingtoHalliday,structureistheoutwardformofthesystem,whichliesbehindtheformer.Structure,therefore,islessabstract,andclosertothe"surface".Bystudyingtheconstituencystructureofgrammar,itisassumedthatthesemanticsystemaboveitcouldbecomeplausible.Intheconstituencystructure,elementsarerecognizedwithreferencetotheirfunctionsinrelationtothewhole.Therefore,in"Thehugetigerclimbedatree",onlyelementslike"thehugetiger"not"the"or"thehuge"couldberecognized,sinceitisthewholesequencethatplaysaroleintheclause,andinthissentence,theroleisSubject.ThisisthewayofbracketingusedinSystemic-FunctionalGrammar.Thisstepisfollowedbylabeling,whichistorevealthespecificfunctionofthatelementinrelationtothewhole.Forexample,bylabeling"thehugetiger"afunctionallabel;"Subject",wegettoknowtheinterpersonalfunctionthatelementplays.Itisthroughthesetwostepsthestructuresarerelatedtothefunctionsperformedbylanguage.)解析：40.Chomskysetsupthreedifferenttargetstoaimat:observationaladequacy,descriptiveadequacyandexplanatoryadequacy.Defineanddiscussthem.(浙江大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：AccordingtoChomsky,observationaladequacyrequiresagrammartobeabletoproducecorrectexplanationsforrawlinguisticdata;thatis,itshouldbeabletocapturespeakers'intuitionsaboutgrammaticality.Onthesecondlevel,thatis,onthelevelofdescriptiveadequacy,agrammarshouldnotonlyproducecorrectexplanationsforrawlinguisticdata,butalsoproducecorrectexplanationsforthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandhearer;thatis,itshouldreflectspeakers'competence.Onthethird,andthehighest,level,i.e.explanatoryadequacy,agrammarthatissufficientlydescribedshouldreveallinguisticcompetenceandthenrelateitwithuniversalgrammarsinordertoberelatedtotheinitialstateofthehumanmindforthepurposeofrevealinghumancognitivesystems;thatis,itshouldaccountforthelearnabilityoflanguage.InChomsky'spointofview,itisfarfromadequateforagrammartomerelydistinguishthosestringsofwordswhicharesentencesofthelanguagefromthosewhicharenotsentencesofthelanguageinquestion.Neitherisitforagrammartoassignstructurestosentencesthatmatchnativespeaker'sintuitionaboutstructureandmeaning.However,thisiswheretheStructuralisticapproachstops.Therefore,Chomskyarguesforagenerativegrammarsinceitisabletoexplainhowthefactsarethewaytheyareandhowtheyariseinthemindofthespeakerandhears.Anditisaftersuccessfuldescriptionsofmanylanguagesandsubsequentgeneralizationsofuniversalfeaturesofhumanlanguagethatitispossibletoexploretheinitialstateofthehumanmindthatcontainsuniversalgrammars.)解析：41.TherolesofTransformational-GenerativelinguisticsandFunctionallinguisticsinlanguageteachingandlearning.(武汉大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：(1)IntheframeworkofTransformational-Generativelinguistics,languageisnotlearntbyinnate.Whileacquiringhismothertongue,hecompareshisinnatelanguagesystemwiththatofhisnativelanguageandmodifieshisgrammar.Therefore,languagelearningisanactivityofbuildingandtestinghypothesis.Althoughtheinfluenceofsuchaformalandabstractgrammarremainslimitedinthefieldoflanguageeducation,therearestillvariousattemptstoapplyTGgrammartolanguageteaching.Indesigningteachingmaterials,forexample,sentencepatternswiththesamedeepstructurecanbecloselyrelated,suchastheactiveandthepassive.Transformationalrulesmayassisttheteacherintheteachingofcomplexsentenceconstruction.Intheteachingofliterature,TGgrammarprovidesanewinstrumentforstylisticanalysis.(2)TheFunctionallinguisticsseeslanguagelearningfromasemantic-sociolinguisticperspective.Inparticular,Systemic-Functionallinguistics,whichwasproposedbyHalliday,seestheformalsystemoflanguageasarealizationoffunctionsoflanguageinuse.Itsscopeisbroaderthanthatofformallinguistictheories.Inthefieldoflanguageteaching,itleadstothedevelopmentofnotion/function-basedsyllabuses,whichhaveattractedincreasingattention.)解析：42.WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanstructuralism?(武汉大学研)

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对的答案：(对的答案：AmericanstructuralismisabranchofsynchroniclinguisticsthatdevelopedinaverydifferentstylefromthatofEurope.WhilelinguisticsinEuropestartedmorethantwothousandyearsago,linguisticsinAmericastartedattheendofthenineteenthcentury.WhiletraditionalgrammarplaysadominatingroleinEurope,ithaslittleinfluenceinAmerica.WhilemanyEuropeanlanguageshavetheirownhistoricaltraditionsandcultures,EnglishisthedominatinglanguageinAmerica,wherethereisnosuchatraditionasinEurope.Inaddition,thepioneerscholarsinAmericawerefacedwiththeurgenttaskofrecordingtherapidlyperishingnativeAmericanIndianlanguagesbecausetherewasnowrittenrecordofthem.However,theselanguageswerecharacterisedbyfeaturesofvastdiversityanddifferenceswhicharerarelyfoundinotherpartsoftheworld.Torecordanddescribetheseexoticlanguages,itisprobablybetternottohaveanypresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflanguageingeneral.Thisexplainswhytherewasnotmuchdevelopmentinlinguistictheoryduringthisperiodbutalotofdiscussionondescriptiveprocedures.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsofdistribution,andthatthestructureofeachlanguageshouldbedescribedwithoutreferencetotheallegeduniversalityofsuchcategoriesastense,moodandpartsofspeech,Firstly,structuralgrammardescribeseverythingthatisfoundinalanguageinsteadoflayingdownrules.However,itsaimisconfinedtothedescriptionoflanguages,withoutexplainingwhylanguageoperatesthewayitdoes.Secondly,structuralgrammarisempirical,aimingatobjectivityinthesensethatalldefinitionsandstatementsshouldbeverifiableorrefutable.However,ithasproducedalmostnocompletegrammarscomparabletoanycomprehensivetraditionalgrammars.Thirdly,structuralgrammarexaminesall