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PracticalAction
Formorethan40years,PracticalActionhaveworkedwithpoorcommunitiestoidentifythetypes
oftransportthatworkbest,takingintoconsiderationculture,needsandskills.Withourtechnical
andpracticalsupport,isolatedruralcommunitiescandesign,buildandmaintaintheirown
solutions.
A
WhilstthefocusofNationalDevelopmentPlansinthetransportsectorliesheavilyintheareasof
extendingroadnetworksandbridges,therearestillmajorgapsidentifiedinaddressingtheneeds
ofpoorercommunities.Thereisaneedtodevelopandpromotethesustainableuseofalternative
transportsystemsandintermediatemeansoftransportation(IMTs)thatcomplementthelinkages
ofpoorpeoplewithroadnetworksandothersocio-economicinfrastructurestoimprovetheir
livelihoods.
B
Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentofallweatheredroads(only30percentofruralpopulation
haveaccesstothissofar)andmotorablebridgesoreverycostlyforacountrywithasmalland
stagnanteconomy.Inadditiontheseinterventionsarenotalwaysfavourableinallgeographical
contextsenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomically.Morethan60percentofthenetworkis
concentratedinthelowlandareasofthecountry.Althoughthereareanumberofalternativeways
bywhichtransportationandmobilityneedsofruralcommunitiesinthehillscanbeaddressed,a
lackofcleargovernmentfocusandpolicies,lackoffiscalandeconomicincentives,lackofadequate
technicalknowledgeandmanufacturingcapacitieshaveledtounder-developmentofthis
alternativetransportsub-sectorincludingtheprovisionofIMTs.
C
OneufIhemajurcaubtibufpuverlyibibuldliuri.Improvingthedcce、、andniobililyufUieibuldled
poorpavesthewayforaccesstomarkets,servicesandopportunities.Byimprovingtransport
poorerpeopleareabletoaccessmarketswheretheycanbuyorsellgoodsforincome,andmake
betteruseofessentialservicessuchashealthandeducation.Noproperroadsorvehiclesmean
womenandchildrenareforcedtospendmanyhourseachdayattendingtotheirmostbasicneeds,
suchascollectingwaterandfirewood.Thisvaluabletimecouldbeusedtotendcrops,careforthe
family,studyordevelopsmallbusinessideastogeneratemjchneededincome.
D
RoadBuilding
Withoutroads,ruralcommunitiesareextremelyrestricted.Collectingwaterandfirewood,and
goingtolocalmarketsisahugetask,thereforeitisunderstandablethattheconstructionofroads
isamajorpriorityformanyruralcommunities.PracticalActionarehelpingtoimproverural
access/transportinfrastructuresthroughtheconstructionandrehabilitationofshortruralroads,
smallbridges,culvertsandothertransportrelatedfunctions.Theaimistousemethodsthat
encouragecommunitydrivendevelopment.Thismeansvillagerscanimprovetheirownlives
throughbetteraccesstomarkets,healthcare,educationandothereconomicandsocial
opportunities,aswellasbringingimprovedservicesandsuppliestothenow-accessiblevillages.
E
Drivingforwardnewideas
PracticalActionandthecommunitiesweworkwithareconstantlycraftingandhoningnewideas
tohelppoorpeople.Cycletrailershaveapracticalbusinessusetoo,helpingpeoplecarrytheir
goods,suchasvegetablesandcharcoal,tomarketsforsale.Notonlythat,butthoseonthe
poverty-linecancamadecentincomebymaking,maintainingandoperatingbicycletaxis.With
PracticalAction'sknow-how.SriLankancommunitieshavebeenabletostartabusserviceand
maintainthpread,alnngwhichittravpk.Thpimpactha,hppnrpmarkahlp.Thi,sprviephx,putan
endtoruralpeople'ssocialisolationQuickandaffordable,itgivesthemareliablewaytotravelto
thenearesttown,andnowtheirchildrencangetaneducation,makingitfarmorelikelythey'llfind
apathoutofpoverty.PracticalActionisalsoanactivememberofmanynationalandregional
networksthroughwhichexchangeofknowledgeandadvocatingbasedonactionresearcharc
carriedoutandoneconspicuousexampleistheLankaOrganicAgricultureMovement.
F
Sky-scrapingtransportsystem
Forpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareas,gettingfoodtomarketinordertoearnenough
moneytosurviveisaseriousissue.Thehillsorcsosteepthattravellingdownthemisdangerous.
Aportercanhelpbuttheyareexpensive,anditwouldstilltakehoursorevenaday.Thejourney
cantakesolongthattheirgoodsstarttoperishandbecomeworthlessandless.PracticalAction
havedevelopedaningenioussolutioncalledanaerialropeway.Itcancitheroperatebygravitation
forceorwiththeuseofexternalpower.Theropewayconsistsoftwotrolleysrollingoversupport
tracksconnectedtoacontrolcableinthemiddlewhichmovesinatraditionalflywheelsystem.The
trolleyatthetopisloadedwithgoodsandcantakeupto120kg.Thisispulleddowntothestation
atthebottom,eitherbytheforceofgravityorbyexternalpower.Theothertrolleyatthebottom
isthereforepulledupwardsautomatically.Theexternalpov/ercanbeproducedbyamicrohydro
systemifaccesstoanelectricitygridisnotanoption.
G
Bringingpeopleonboard
PracticalActiondevelopedatwo-wheeledirontrailerthatcanbeattachedviaahitchbehindthe
scat)toabicycleandbeusedtocarryheavyloads(uptoabound200kgs)offood,wateroreven
passengers.Peoplecannowcarrythreetunesasmuchasbeforeandstillpedalthebicycle.The
cycletrailersareusedfortransportinggoodsbylocalproducers,asambulances,asmobileshops,
andevenasmobilelibraries.Theyaremadeinsmallvillageworkshopsfromirontubing,whichis
cut,bent,weldedanddrilledtomaketheframeandwheels.Modificationsarealsocarriedoutto
thetrailersintheseworkshopsattherequestotthebuyers.Thetwo-wheeled'ambulance'ismade
frommouldedmetal,withstandardrubber-tyredwheels.The"bed"sectioncanbepaddedwith
cushionstomakethepatientcomfortable,whilethe"seat"sectionallowsafamilymemberto
attendtopatientduringtransit.Adedicatedbicycleisneededtopulltheambulancetrailer,sothat
othercommunitymembersdonotneedtogowithoutthebicyclestheydependonintheirdaily
lives.Ajoiningmechanismallowsforeasyremovalandattachment.Inresponsetousercomments,
acoverhasbeendesignedthatcanbeaddedtogiveproteciontothepatientandattendantin
poorweatherMadeoftreatedcotton,thecoverisdurableandwaterproof.
Questions1-4
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassagel?
Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write
YESifthestatementistrue
NOifthestatementisfalse
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
1.Aslewdpvplnpingpconomyoftpncannotaffordreadnatwerk,aspaciallyfnrtheeued
regardlessweatherconditions.
2.Ruralcommunities'officialsknowhowtoimprovealternativetransporttechnically.
3.TheprimaryaimforPracticalActiontoimproveruraltransportinfrastructuresismeantto
increasethetradeamongvillages.
4.LankaOrganicAgricultureMovementprovidedservicethatPracticalActionhighlyinvolvedin.
Questions5-8
Answerthequestionsbelow.
ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.
5.WHATisthefirstdutyformanyruralcommunitiestoreachunrestricteddevelopment?
6.WHATwasoneofthenewideastohelppoorpeoplecarr/theirgoods,suchasvegetablesand
charcoal,tomarketsforsale?
7.WHATservicehasputanendtoruralpeople'ssocialisolationinSriLanka?
8.WHATsolutionhadbeenappliedforpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareasgettingfood
tomarket?
Questions9-13
Summary
CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethantwo
wordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.
Besidesnormaltransporttask,changesarealsoimplementedtothetrailersintheseworkshopsat
therequestofthebuyerswhenitwasusedonmedicalemergencyormoveable9;
'Ambulance'ismadefrommetal,withrubberwheelsanddrivebyanotherbicycle.Whenputwith
10inthetwo-wheeled'ambulance*,thepatientcanstaycomfortableandwhichanother
11cansitoncaringforpatientintransportjourney.Inordertodismantleorattachother
equipment,anassembling12isdesigned.Later,asuser'ssuggest,13hasalsobeen
addedtogiveaprotectiontothepatient.
主题"实践行动"交通答案
1YES2NO3NOTGIVEN
4YES5constructionof6cycletrailers
roads
7abusservice8anaerialropeway9shops/shopsand
libraries
10cushions11familymember12mechanism
13acover
BestcomeConsiderateComputing
A
“Yourbatteryisnowfullycharged”,Announcedthelaptopcomputertoitsowner,DonaldA
Norman,withenthusiasm-perhapsevenahintofpride?—initssyntheticvoice.Tobesure,
distractionsandmultitaskingarehardlynewtothehumancondition."Acomplicatedlife,
continuallyinterruptedbycomputingrequestsforattention,isasoldasprocreation/*laughsTed
SelkeroftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMediaLab.Butincreasingly,itisnotjustour
kidspullingusthreewaysatonce;itisalsoarelentlessbarrageofe-mail,alerts,alarms,calls,
instantmessagesandautomatednotifications,noneofthemcoordinatedandallofthemoblivious
towhetherwearebusy—orevenpresent./zltzsridiculousthatmyowncomputercan'tfigureout
whetherTminfrontofit,butapublictoiletcan,“exclaimsRoelVertegaalofQueen'sUniversityin
Ontario.
B
Humanityhasconnecteditselfthroughroughlythreebillionnetworkedtelephones,computers
trafficlights—evenrefrigeratorsandpictureframe—becausethesethingsmakelifemore
convenientandkeepusavailabletothosewecareabout.Soalthoughwecouldsimplyturnoffthe
phones,closethee-mailprogram,andshuttheofficedoorwhenitistimeformeetingorstrench
ofconcentratedwork,weusuallydon't.Wejustenduretheconsequences.
C
Numerousstudieshaveshownthatwhenpeopleareunexpectedlyinterrupted,theynotonlywork
lessefficientlybutalsomakemoremistakes."Itseemstoaddcumulativelytoafeelingof
frustration/'Picardreports,andthatstressresponsemakesithardtoregainfocus.Itisn'tmerely
amatterofproductivityandthepaceoflife.Forpilots,drivers,soldiersanddoctors,errorsof
Inattentioncanbedownrightdangerous.,zlfwecouldjustgiveourcomputersandphonessome
understandingofthelimitsofhumanattentionandmemory,itwouldmakethemseemalotmore
thoughtfulandcourteous/*saysEricHorvitzofMicrosoftResearch.Horvitz,Vertegaal,Selkerand
PicardareEricHorvitzamorgasmallbutgrowingnumberofresearcherstryingtoteachcomputers,
phones,carsandothergadgetstobehavelesslikeegocentricoafsandmorelikeconsiderate
colleagues.
D
“Attentive“computingsystemshavebegunappearinginnewerVolvosandIBMhasintroduced
Webspherecommunicationssoftwarewithabasicbusynesssense.Microsofthasbeenrunning
extensivein-housetestsofamuchmoresophisticatedsystemsince2003.Withinafewyear,
companiesmaybeabletooffereveryofficeworkerasoftwareversionofthepersonalreceptionist
thatonlycorner-suiteexecutivesenjoytoday.Butifsuchanoffershouldlandinyourinbox,besure
toreadtheprintbeforeyousign.Anattentivesystem,bydefinition,isonethatisalwayswatching.
Thatconsideratecomputermaycometoknowmoreaboutyourworkhabitsthanyoudo.
E
Mostpeoplearen'tasbusyastheythinktheyare,whichiswhywecanusuallytolerate
interruptionsfromourinconsiderateelectronicparaphernalia.JameswithJenniferLaiofIBM
Researchtostudy10managers,researchersandinternsatwork.TheyVideotapedthesubjectsand
periodicallyhadthemratetheir“interruptibility”.Theamountoftimetheworkersspentinleave-
me-alonemodevariedfrompersontopersonanddaytoday,rangingfrom10toSlpericent.On
average,thesubjectswantedtoworkwithoutinterruptionaboutonethirdofthetime.Instudies
ofMicrosoftemployees,Horvitzhassimilarlyfoundthattheytypicallyspendmorethan65percent
oftheirdayinastateoflowattention.
F
Tcday'sphonesandcomputers,whichnaivelyassumethattheuserisnevertoobusytotakeacall,
readanemail,orclick"OK"onanalertbox,thusareprobablycorrectabouttwothirdsoftime.To
beuseful,thenconsideratesystemswillhavetobemorethan65percentaccurateinsendingwhen
theirusersareneartheircognitivelimits.
G
Bestcom/EnhancedTelephony,aMicrosoftprototypebasedonHorvitz'swork,digsalitterdeeper
intoeachuser'scomputertofindcluesaboutwhattheyareupto.Microsoftlaunchedaninternal
betatestofthesysteminmid-2003.ByLastOctober,Horvitzsays,about3,800peoplewereusing
thesystemtofieldtheirincomingphonecalls.
H
Horvitzhimselfisoneofthosetesters,andwhilewetalkinhisofficeinRedmond,Wash.Bestcom
silentlyhandlesonecallafteranother.Firstitcheckswhetherthecallerislistedinhisaddressbook,
thecompanydirectory,oritslogofpeoplehehascalledrecently.Triangulatingthesesources,it
triestodeducetheirrelationship.Familymembers,supervisorsandpeoplehecalledearliertoday
ringthrough.Othersseeamessageontheircomputerthatheisinmeetingandwon'tbeavailable
until3P.M.ThesystemscansHorvitz'sandthecaller'scalendarandofferstoreschedulethecallat
atimethatisopenforboth.Somecallerschoosethatoption,othersleavevoicemail.E-mail
messagesgetasimilarscreening.WhenHorvitzisoutoftheoffice,Bestcomautomaticallyoffers
toforwardselectedcallerslohiscellphone一unlesshiscalenddrandoilierevidencesuggestllidl
heisinameeting.
I
Mostlargecompaniesalreadyusecomputerizedphonesystemsandstartedcalendarandcontact
managementsoftware,sotappingintothose'sensors'shouldbestraightforward.Notall
employeeswillliketheideaofhavingamicrophoneonallthetimeintheiroffice,however,nor
willeveryonewanttoexposetheirdatebooktosomeprogramtheydonotultimatelycontrol.
Moreover,somemanagersmightbetemptedtoequatea“stateoflowattention"with"goofing
off“andpunishthosewhoseeminsufficientlybusy.
Question14-19
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes14"
19onyouranswersheet,v/rite
TRUEifthestatementistrue
FALSEifthestatementisfalse
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
14.AccordingtoTedSelker,humanreproductionhasbeendisturbedthroughouthistory.
15.Ifpeopleareinterruptedbycallsore-mails,theyusuallyputupwithitinsteadoffeeling
sickness.
16.Microsoftisnowinvestigatingasoftwarewhichiscompatiblewithordinaryoffices.
17.Peopleusuallyhavemisperceptionaboutwhethertheyarebusyornot.
18.ExpertsinCarnegieMellonUniversityconductedaresearchobservingalloccupationsofIBM.
19.Currentphoneandcomputersystemshaveshortcutkeysforpeoplereceivinginformation
immediately.
Question20-26
Answerthequestionsinthediagrambelow.
ChooseONLYONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Bestcqmworkingprocess
乌魏£9,systemmadefurthereffortsinordertofind20aboutwhatareusersdoing.
Ifcallersarenotindirectory,a/an22___
Checkthe21____betweenR空其on3Providessotitionsto
willshowupontheirscreen,sayingthat
callersandusers,whethertransferyourcalltouserrs
userisnotavailableatmoment.Callers
callerhavecontact25____ifthereisnc26_____
can23____asuitabletimeforboth,or
informationofusers,suchasinhisschedule.
theycanchoosetoleavea/an24___to
user'sfamilyortrends.
user.
主题BESTCOM系统答案
14NOTGIVEN15TRUE16TRUE
17TRUE18FALSE19NOTGIVEN
20clues21relationship22message
23reschedule24voicemail25cellphone
26meeting
FinchesonIslands
AToday,thequestcontinues.OnDaphneMajor-oneofthemostdesolateoftheGalipagosIslands,
anuninhabitedvolcaniccorewherecactiandshrubsseldomgrowhigherthanaresearcher'sknee-
PeterandRosemaryGranthavespentmorethanthreedecadeswatchingDarwin'sfinchrespond
tothechallengesofstorms,droughtandcompetitionforfoodBiologistsatPrincetonUniversity,
thpGrant,knowandraccgni7Pmanyofthpindividualbirdsnnthpislandandcantracpthpbird,'
lineageshackthroughtime.TheyhavewitnessedDarwin'sprincipleinactionagainandagain,over
manygenerationsoffinches.
BTheGrants'mostdramaticinsightshavecomefromwatchingtheevolvingbillofthemedium
groundfinch.Theplumageofthissparrow-sizedbirdrangesfromdullbrowntojetblack.Atfirst
glance,itmaynotseemparticularlystriking,butamongscientistswhostudyevolutionarybiology,
themediumgroundfinchisasuperstar.Itsbillisamiddlingexampleinthearrayofshapesandsizes
foundamongGalapagosfinches:heftierthanthatofthesmallgroundfinch,whichspecializesin
eatingsmall,softseeds,butpetitecomparedtothatofthelargegroundfinch,anexpertatcracking
anddevouringbig,hardseeds.
CWhentheGrantsbegantheirstudyinthe1970s,onlytwospeciesoffinchlivedonDaphneMajor,
themediumgroundfinchandthecactusfinch.Theislandissosmallthattheresearcherswereable
tocountandcatalogueeverybird.Whenaseveredroughthitin1977,thebirdssoondevouredthe
lastofthesmall,easilyeatenseeds.Smallermembersofthemediumgroundfinchpopulation,
lackingthebillstrengthtocracklargeseeds,diedout.
DBillandbodysizeareinheritedtraits,andthenextgenerationhadahighproportionofbig-billed
individuals.TheGrantshaddocumentednaturalselectionatwork-thesameprocessthat,over
manymillennia,directedtheevolutionoftheGalapagos'14uniquefinchspecies,alldescended
fromacommonancestorthatreachedtheislandsafewmillionyearsago.
EEightyearslater,heavyrainsbroughtbyanElNinotransformedthenormallymeagervegetationon
DaphneMajor.Vinesandotherplantsthatinmostyearsstruggleforsurvivalsuddenlyflourished,
chokingouttheplantsthatprovidelargeseedstothefinches.Smallseedscametodominatethe
foodsupply,andbigbirdswithbigbillsdiedoutatahigherratethansmallerones.'Naturalselection
isobservable/RosemaryGrantsays.'Ithappenswhentheenvironmentchanges.Whenlocal
conditionsreversethemseb/es,sodoesthedirectionofadaptation.
FRecently,theGrantswitnessedanotherformofnaturalselectionactingonthemediumground
finch:competitionfrombigger,strongercousins.In1982,atnirdfinch,thelargegroundfinch,came
toliveonDaphneMajor.Thestoutbillsofthesebirdsresemblethebusinessendofacrescent
wrench.TheirarrivalwasthefirstsuchcolonizationrecordedontheGalapagosinnearlyacentury
ofscientificobservation.'Vi/erealized/PeterGrantsays,'wehadaveryunusualandpotentially
importanteventtofollow.'For20years,thelargegroundfinchcoexistedwiththemediumground
finch,whichsharedthesupplyoflargeseedswithitsbigger-billedrelative.Then,in2002and2003,
anotherdroughtstruck.Neneofthebirdsnestedthatyear,andmanydiedout.Mediumground
fincheswithlargebills,crowdedoutoffeedingareasbythemorepowerfullargegroundfinches,
werehitparticularlyhard.
GWhenwetterweatherreturnedin2004,andthefinchesnestedagain,thenewgenerationcfthe
mediumgroundfinchwasdominatedbysmallerbirdswithsmallerbills,abletosurviveonsmaller
seeds.Thissituation,saysPeterGrant,markedthefirsttime:hatbiologistshavebeenabletofollow
thecompleteprocessofanevolutionarychangeduetocompetitionbetweenspeciesandthe
strongestresponsetonaturalselectionthathehadseenin33yearsoftrackingGalapagosfinches.
HOntheinhabitedislandofSantaCruz,justsouthofDaphneMajor,AndrewHendryofMcGill
UniversityandJeffreyPodosoftheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmhersthavediscoveredanew,
man-madptwistinfinchpvnlutinn.Thpirstudyfccusadonbird,livingnparthpAcadpmyRay
researchstation,onthefringeofthetownofPuertoAyora.Thehumanpopulationoftheareahas
beengrowingfast-from900peoplein1974to9,582in2001.TodayPuertoAyoraisfullofhotels
andmaitaibars/Hendrysays.'Peoplehavetakenthisextremelyaridplaceandtriedtoturnitinto
aCaribbeanresort/
IAcademyBayrecordsdatingbacktotheearly1960sshowthatmediumgroundfinchescaptured
therehadeithersmallorlargebills.Veryfewofthebirdshadmid-sizebills.Thefinchesappeared
tobeintheearlystagesofanewadaptiveradiation:Ifthetrendcontinued,themediumground
finchonSantaCruzcouldsplitintotwodistinctsubspecies,specializingindifferenttypesofseeds.
Butinthelate1960sandearly70s,mediumgroundfincheswithmediumsizedbillsbegantothrive
atAcademyBayalongwithsmallandlarge-billedbirds.Theboominghumanpopulationhad
introducednewfoodsources,includingexoticplantsandbirdfeedingstationsstockedwithrice.
Billsize,oncecriticaltothefinches'survival,nolongermadeanydifference.'Nowanintermediate
billcandofine/Hendrysays.
JAtacontrolsitedistantfromPuertoAyora,andrelativelyuntouchedbyhumans,themedium
groundfinchpopulationremainssplitbetweenlarge-andsmall-billedbirds.Onundisturbedparts
ofSantaCruz,thereisnoecologicalnicheforamiddlingmediumgroundfinch,andthebirds
continuetodiversify.Intown,thoughtherearestillmanyfinches,once-distinctpopulationsare
merging.
KThefinchesofSantaCruzdemonstrateasubtleprocessinwhichhumanmeddlingcanstop
evolutioninitstracks,endingtheformationofnewspecies.Inatimewhenglobalbiodiversity
continuesitsdownhillslide,Darwin'sfincheshaveyetanotherunexpectedlessontoteach.'Ifwe
hopetoregainsomeofthediversitythat'salreadybeenlost/Hendrysays,'weneedtoprotectnot
justexistingcreatures,butalsotheprocessesthatdrivetheoriginofnewspecies.
Questions1-4
Completethetablenow.
ChooseNoMoreThanTwoWordsfromtheReadingPassage1foreachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.
YearClimateFinch/scondition
19771_______Small-beakbirdsfailingtosurvive,withoutthe
powertoopen2_________
19853________broughtbyElNinobig-beakbirdsdyingout,with4________asthe
mainfoodresource
Questions5-8
CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage1,usingNoMoreThan
TwoWordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyour
answersheet.
OntheremoteislandofSantaCruz,AndrewHendryandJeffreyPodosconductedastudyon
reversal5duetohumanactivity.Intheearly1960smediumgroundfincheswerefoundto
havealargerorsmallerbeak.Butinthelate1960sandearly70s,fincheswith6flourished.
Thpstudy<;ppculatp<;thatitisduptnthpgrowing7whnbroughtinalipnplantswith
intermediate-sizeseedsintotheareaandthebirdsate8sometimes.
Questions9-13
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassagel?
Inboxes9-13onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementistrue
FALSEifthestatementisfaIse
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
9.Grants'discoveryhasquestionedDarwin'stheory.
10.Thecactusfinchesarelessaffectedbyfoodthanthemediumgroundfinch.
11.In2002and2003,allthebirdswereaffectedbythedrought.
12.ThediscoveryofAndrewHendryandJeffreyPodoswasthesameasthatofthepreviousstudies.
13.ItisshownthattherevolutioninfinchesonSantaCruzislikelyaresponsetohuman
intervention.
主题岛上的雀鸟答案
1drought2largeseeds3heavyrains
4smallseeds5finchevolution6medium-sized
bills
7human8rice9FALSE
population
10NOTGIVEN11TRUE12FALSE
13TRUE
TheLostCity
Thankstomodernremote-sensingtechniques,aruinedcityinTurkeyisslowlyrevealingitselfas
oneofthegreatestandmostmysteriouscitiesoftheanciertworld.SallyPalmeruncoversmore.
A
Thelowgranitemountain,knownasKerkencsDag,jutsfromthenorthernedgeofthe
C'appadncianplaininTurkey.Sprawlpdovprthpmcuntainsidparpthprum<;nfanpncrmcuscity,
containedbycrumblingdefensivewallssevenkilometerslong.Manyrespectedarchaeologists
believethesearetheremainsofthefabledcityofPlena,thesixth-centuryBCstrongholdofthe
MedesthattheGreekhistorianHerodotusdescribedinhisfamousworkTheHistories.Theshort
livedcitycameunderMediancontrolandonlyfiftyyearslaterwassacked,burnedanditsstrong
stonewallsdestroyed.
B
BritisharcheologistDrGe。仟reySummerhasspenttenyearsstudyingthesite.Excavatingtheruins
isachallengebecauseoftievastareatheycover.The7kmperimeterwallsrunaroundasite
covering
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