中國传统文化之皮影戏36

ACHINESESHADOWPLAY皮影戏介绍皮影戏的制作皮影戏的演出皮影戏的发展目录皮影戏的表演形式皮影戏的历史起源皮影戏的制作方法皮影戏的艺术流派壹皮影戏介绍民间艺术皮影戏最早诞生在两千年前的西汉,发祥于中国陕西,成熟于唐宋时代的秦晋豫,极盛于清代的河北.我国地方戏曲剧种很多都是从皮影戏中派生出来的.皮影戏是世界上最早由人配音的活动影画艺术,所用的幕影演出道理,艺术手段,对电影的发明和美术片的发展也起到先导作用皮影戏的起源皮影戏的起源表演时,艺人们在白色幕布后面,一边用手操纵戏曲人物,一边用当地流行的曲调唱述故事,同时配以打击乐器和弦乐,有浓厚的乡土气息.皮影戏是中国汉族民间的一门古老传统艺术,老北京人都叫它“驴皮影”.据史书记载,皮影戏始于战国,兴于汉朝,盛于宋代,元代时期传至西亚和欧洲,可谓历史悠久,源远流长.皮影”是对皮影戏和皮影戏人物（包括场面道具景物）制品的通用称谓.中国皮影艺术,是我国民间工艺美术与戏曲巧妙结合而成的独特艺术品种,是中华民族艺术殿堂里不可或缺的一颗精巧的明珠.民间艺术皮影造型俊俏大方,轮廓挺拔镌刻精细流畅,重视图案的装饰效果着色对比强烈,活泼明快影人肢体部分之间的组合、分解合理,因而表演十分活,充分体现了粗中有细的艺术风格皮影戏的起源两千多年前,汉武帝爱妃李夫人染疾故去了,武帝的思念心切神情恍惚,终日不理朝政.大臣李少翁一日出门,路遇孩童手拿布娃娃玩耍,影子倒映于地栩栩如生.李少翁心中一动,用棉帛裁成李夫人影像,涂上色彩,并在手脚处装上木杆.入夜围方帷,张灯烛,恭请皇帝端坐帐中观看.武帝看罢龙颜大悦,就此爱不释手.这个载入《汉书》的爱情故事,被认为是皮影戏最早的渊源.皮影戏的传说皮影戏的分类比较多,有北京皮影戏、唐山皮影戏、冀南皮影戏、孝义皮影戏、复州皮影戏、海宁皮影戏、江汉平原皮影戏、陆丰皮影戏、华县皮影戏、华阴老腔.阿宫腔、弦板腔、环县道情皮影戏、凌源皮影戏等等.皮影戏的分类贰皮影戏的制作选皮皮影戏的制作由于皮影戏是民间艺术的缘故,各方面的情况都因地方不同而有所差异,制作材料也根据当地的使用兽皮的情况而定.在中国,较多使用牛皮、羊皮、驴皮、猪皮等等,其中牛皮是目前中国市场上应用最广泛的材质.各地皮影的原材料有所不同.比如陇东皮影的制作一般选用年轻、毛色黑的公牛皮,这种牛皮厚薄适中,质坚而柔韧,青中透明.制皮皮影戏的制作牛皮的炮制方法有两种:一是“净皮”,另一是“灰皮”.净皮的制作工艺是在牛皮选好后,放在洁净的凉水里浸泡两、三天取出用刀刮制:第一道工序先刮去牛毛,第二次再刮去里皮的肉渣,第三次是逐渐刮薄,刮去里皮.每刮一次用清水浸泡一次,直到第四次精致细作,把皮刮薄泡亮为止.刮时一定要注意使皮子厚薄均匀,手劲要轻而稳,以免损伤皮子.刮好后撑於木架之上,荫干即成.画稿皮影戏的制作制作皮影时有专门的画稿,称为“样谱”,这些设计图稿世代相传.过稿皮影戏的制作雕刻艺人将刮好的皮分解成块,用湿布潮软后,再用特制的推板,稍加油汁逐次推摩,使牛皮更加平展光滑,然后才能描图样.薄而透亮的成品皮,用于头、胸、腹这些显要部位；较厚色暗的成品皮,用于腿部和其他一般道具上.接下来是描图样,用钢针把各部件的轮廓和设计图案纹样分别拷贝、描绘在皮面上,这叫“过稿”,再把皮子放在枣木或梨木板上进行刻制.镂刻皮影戏的制作雕刻刀具一般都有十一、二把,甚至三十把以上.刀具有宽窄不同的斜口刀（尖刀）、平刀、圆刀、三角刀、花口刀等,分工很讲究,艺人需要熟练各种刀具的不同使用方法.根据传统经验,在刻制线状的纹样时要用平刀去扎；在刻制直线条的纹样时用平刀去推；对于传统服饰的袖头袄边的圆型花纹则需要用凿刀去凿；一些曲折多变的花纹图样,则须用斜口刀刻制.艺人雕刻的口诀如下:樱花平刀扎,万字平刀推,袖头袄边凿刀上,花朵尖刀刻.雕刻线有虚实之分,还有暗线、绘线之分敷彩皮影戏的制作皮影雕完之后是敷彩.老艺人用色十分讲究.大都自己用紫铜、银朱、普兰等矿植物炮制出大红、大绿、杏黄等颜色着色.着色的方法也各有不同.以陕西皮影为例,敷彩的方法是先把制好的纯色化入稍大的酒盅内,放进几块用精皮熬制的透明皮胶,然后把盅子放在特制的灯架上,下边点燃酒精灯火,使胶色交融成为粥状,趁热敷在影人上.虽是色彩种类不多,但老艺人善于配色,再加上点染的浓淡变化,使色彩效果异常绚烂.熨平皮影戏的制作敷色后还要给皮影脱水发汗,这是一项关键性工艺.它的目的是为了使敷彩经过适当高温吃入牛皮内,并使皮内保留的水分得以挥发.脱水发汗的方法很多,有的用薄木板夹住皮影部件,压在热炕的席下；也有的用平布包裹皮影部件,以烙铁或电熨斗烫；此外还有一种土办法是用土坯或砖块搭成人字形,下面用麦秸烧热,压平皮影使之脱水发汗.锻结皮影戏的制作为了让皮影动作灵活,一个完整皮影人物的形体,从头到脚通常有头颅、胸、腹、双腿、双臂、双肘、双手,共计十一个部件.头部--头包括颜面、帽、须和颈部,下端为楔子,演出时插入胸上部的卡口内,不用时则卸下保管.胸部--上部装置卡口,皮影人头就插在那里.与胸上侧同点相钉结的有两臂,各分为上下臂两节,小臂下有手相连.腹部--腹部上方与胸相连,下方与双腿相连,腿部与足为一个整体（包括靴鞋在内）.皮影人物各个关节部分都要刻出轮盘式的枢纽（老艺人称之为"骨缝"）,以避免肢体叠合处出现过多重影.连接骨缝的点叫"骨眼".叁皮影戏的演出

皮影戏的造型主要有人物、鸟兽、山水等,而舞台道具的造型,也非常巧妙,有帷幔、城寨、房屋、亭院、车马和家具等,都呈现出丰富的环境装饰效果.人物造型分生、旦、净、末、丑等角色,演出要依剧本,动作要配合鼓点旋律,在表演时,艺人手上要耍,嘴里要说、念,唱、逗,脚下还要制动锣鼓.皮影戏的演出影人:皮影人用驴皮镌刻,约三零cm高,多为侧面形像,影人的头部叫“楂子”,“楂子”可以改头换面,换了“楂子”就等于变成了另外一个人物.影箱:装有影人,影人配备头像约四零零个,身子八零个环境景片若干.影台:用五六尺长的板墙拼成的长方形板房.板房前面的上半部是影幕,内部行话叫“影窗”,其余三面是板墙.上面用一块苫布遮盖,留有天窗通气和放烟.皮影戏的演出皮影戏规模很小,但却是“麻雀虽小,五脏俱全”.但凡要演皮影戏都必须先搭起一个小小的戏班子.人员主要有耍影,演唱、锣鼓和四弦胡琴等五六名表演艺人组成.这五六人却要求既能操纵“影人儿”又能使用乐器,还得能够充当生、旦、净、丑各色人物的唱念.皮影戏的演出皮影戏的演出看似十分简单,不过是用灯光把影人映照在影窗上,由艺人操纵影人做各种动作构成故事情节.其实要演出一部完整的戏剧,过程较为复杂.操纵者是最为繁忙的演员,一边要手忙脚乱地耍影人,一边还要扯开嗓子,配合影人的动作演唱.戏台边的锣鼓和四弦胡琴根据耍影人的唱腔进行伴奏以突出戏剧的真实性.皮影戏的演出肆皮影戏的发展

早在公元十三世纪初叶,我国的皮影艺术首先传入了南亚各国,其以印度、泰国、爪哇为最盛；公元十五世纪曾传入埃及,后于十七世纪由波斯辗转传入土耳其,十八世纪中叶传入欧洲各国.近几十年里,法国、意大利、奥地利、德国等西欧国家掀起的中国皮影热有增无减.目前在德国至少有近百家国立和私人博物馆收藏着中国皮影.皮影戏的发展皮影戏皮影戏的现状不容乐观.当年的制作和表演艺人如今都已年逾百岁,这门精湛的技艺眼看就要失传.皮影戏从曾经的娱乐为主,欣赏为辅向如今以欣赏为主,娱乐为辅缓慢过渡.未来的皮影更强调与突出其静态的艺术价值,通过场景的布置,角色的表情,丰富的色彩等,展示着它独特的魅力.皮影戏的发展皮影文化宣传非遗文化|共赏艺术传承传统艺术源远流长Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcorehere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.目录一在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.二在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.三在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.四在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcorehere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.零一Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.编辑段落文本内容在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入段落文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入段落文本内容在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.EDITTHECORECONTENTEntercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.THECORETEXTTHECORETEXT在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.编辑文本编辑文本编辑文本编辑文本在此输入标题在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcorehere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.零二Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.ENTERTHECORETEXTEntercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.ENTERTHECORETEXT零一零二在此输入标题八五%七六%八二%编辑文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.编辑文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.编辑文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.在此输入标题编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.在此输入标题输入文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.输入文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.输入文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.输入文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.编辑重要段落文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.Enterthecoretexthere.在此输入标题在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcorehere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.零三Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.THECORETEXTEntercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.THECORETEXT在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容输入文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.ABC在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.EDITTHECORECONTENTEntercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.THECORETEXTTHECORETEXTTHECORETEXT在此输入标题零一零三零二零四编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.编辑重要文本Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthecoretexthere.Enterthetext.在此输入标题在此输入标题Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcorehere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.Enterthecoretextcontenthere.零四Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.输入文本内容零一零二零三在此输入标题编辑文本内容Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.Entertexthere.编辑文本内容编辑文本内容编辑文本内容在此输入标题Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Entercoretext.Enterco