2023考研英语二真题及答案解析

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Here’sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you’retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou’remakinganice1,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois2growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus3onfindingwaystogrow.Let’slookatareal-world4.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe5departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And 7makingimprovementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,8,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,9agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn’tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion.14,upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.Thisleaderwill16thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframeforthe 17ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso18forkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19attractivenewideascanbedistracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon’t20thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.[C]connection2.[A]define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3.[A]exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4.[A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5.[A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional[D]problem7.[A]despite[B]unlike[C]through[D]besides8.[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again9.[A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[D]reformed[B]objective[D]personal[B]burden[D]decrease[B]suggestion[C]purpose[D]insight[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transforming[B]atanyrate[C]bytheway[D]choose[B]identify[D]broaden17.[A]announcement[B]assessment[C]adjustment[D]accomplishment[B]responsible[C]available[D]respective[C]while[D]unless20.[A]serve[C]summarize[D]alterSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbyChoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut—anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear’sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHorne,oftheRHS,said:“Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,mitigatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS’sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccountcalledShitLawns,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreenwash”ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,260and11,272signatures.However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof£500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass”.Itadded:“Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters.However,theuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.”21.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass.[A]isharmfultotheenvironment[B]isahottopicingardeningcircles[C]isoverpraisedintheannualshow[D]isruiningtheviewofwestLondon22.Thepetitionsmentionedinpara.3revealthecampaigner's.[A]disappointmentwiththeRHS[B]resistancetofakegrassuse[C]angerovertheproposedtax[D]concernaboverealgrasssupply23.Inpara4,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthat.[A]thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrass[B]thedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrass[C]thewaytotakecareofartificiallawns[D]thechallengesofinsecthabitatprotection24.Whatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?[A]urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse[B]takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality[C]reminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules[D]replaceitwithsustainablealternatives25.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass.[A]isbeingimprovedcontinuously[B]hasbeenamarketsharedecline[C]isbecomingaffordable[D]hasbeenacontroversialproductText2It’seasytodismissasabsurdtheTrumpadministration’sideasforpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit’sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Buttheadministrationisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.ButprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethepanaceathattheInteriorDepartment’sOutdoorAdvisoryCommitteewouldhaveusbelieve.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andconcessionairesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetarespitefromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.WeconductedacomprehensivesurveyexamininghowU.S.residentsviewtheirnationalparks,andwefoundthatAmericansplaceaveryhighvalueonthem—whetherornottheyactuallyvisitthem.Thepeer-reviewedeconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayers,conductedbymailandinternet,alsofoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica’spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsites—includingEllisIslandandGettysburg—andtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenationalparksystem—anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009aspartoftheObamastimuluspackage.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.26.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?[A]declineofbusinessprofits[B]inadequatecommercialization[C]lackoftransportationservices[D]poorlymaintainedinfrastructure27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundmay?[A]spoilvisitorexperience[B]helppreservenature[C]bringoperationalpressure[D]boostvisitstoparks28.Accordingtopara.5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywould?[A]gotothenationalparksonaregularbasis[B]advocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparks[C]payextraforthenationalparks[D]supportthenationalparks'recentreforms29.Thenationalparksarevaluableinthatthey[A]leadthewayintourism[B]havehistoricalsignificance[C]sponsorresearchonclimate[D]provideanincomeforlocals30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthenationalparksystem[A]isabletocopewithshortages[B]isabletomeetvisitors'demand[C]isinneedofanewpricingpolicy[D]isinneedofafundingincreaseText3TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In201,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factsinacomputer("anostrich'seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtoremembertheirinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn'tremembertheirinformation.Buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut"adaptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,"Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas"cognitiveoffloading.""Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinking-somethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet."Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings,"Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven'tlostourabilitytodoit.Still,otherexpertssayit'stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDanielSimons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-saveolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternetbutI'dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,observespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm:'Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon'tknow.31.Sparrow'sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwill[A]analyzeinformationindetail[B]collectinformationefficiently[C]switchitsfocusofmemory[D]extenditsmemoryduration32.Theprocessof"cognitiveoffloading"[A]helpsusidentifyfalseinformation[B]keepsourmemoryfromfailing[C]enablesustoclassifytrivialfacts[D]lessensourmemoryburdens33.WhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?[A]Itmayreformourwayoflearning[B]Itmayimpactoursocietynegatively[C]Itmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnology[D]Itmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking34.ItisindicatedinPara3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains?[A]requiresfurtheracademicresearch[B]ismoststudiesinolderadults[C]isreflectedinourreadingspeed[D]dependsonourweb-surfinghabits35.NeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat[A]ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostly[B]theInternetisweakeningourmemory[C]memoryexerciseisamustforourbrain[D]ourabilitytofocusdeclinewithageText4Teenagersareparadoxical.That'samildanddetachedwayofsayingsomethingthatparentsoftenexpresswithconsiderablystrongerlanguage.Buttheparadoxisscientificaswellaspersonal.Inadolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabouteverythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantakecareofthemselvesandhelpeachother.Atthesametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantchildrenbecomerebelliousteenagerisk-takers,oftentothepointofself-destruction.Accidentaldeathsgoupdramaticallyinadolescence.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityofLeidenandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboutadolescence.Foralongtime,scientistsandpolicymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesolved.Thenewworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.Theresearchersstudied“prosocial”andrebellioustraitsinmorethan200childrenandyoungadults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsfilledoutquestionnairesabouthowoftentheydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositive,likesacrificingtheirownintereststohelpafriend,orrebelliousandnegative,likegettingdrunkorstayingoutlate.Otherstudieshaveshownthatrebelliousbehaviorincreasesasyoubecomeateenagerandthenfadesawayasyougrowolder.Butthenewstudyshowsthat,interestingly,thesamepatternholdsforprosocialbehavior.Teenagersweremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelpafriend.Mostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.Theteenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsidesofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.Istheresomecommonfactorthatunderliestheseapparentlycontradictorydevelopments?Oneideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcherscall“rewardsensitivity.”Decision-makingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisks,benefitsandcosts.“Rewardsensitivity”measureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisk.Teenagersareparticularlysensitivetosocialrewards—winningthegame,impressinganewfriend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivity,likeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,seemstogoupinadolescenceandthendownagainasweage.Somehow,whenyouhit30,thechancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn’tseemtooutweightheeffortofgettingupoffthecouch.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendto[A]developoppositepersonalitytraits[B]seetheworldinanunreasonableway[C]havefondmemoriesofthepast[D]showattentionfortheirparents37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatCrone'sstudy[A]exploresteenagers'socialresposibilities[B]examinesteenagers'emotionalproblems[C]providesanewinsightintoadolescence[D]highlightnegativeadolescentbehaviour38.WhatdoesCrone'sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?[A]Itresultsfromthewishtocooperate[B]Itiscultivatedthrougheducation[C]Itissubjecttofamilyinfluence[D]Ittendstopeakinadolescence39.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers[A]overstresstheirinfluenceonothers[B]carealotaboutsocialrecognition[C]becomeanxiousabouttheirfuture[D]endeavortoliveajoyfullife40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?[A]whyteenagersareself-contradictory[B]whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive[C]Howteenagersdevelopprosociality[D]HowteenagersbecomeindependentPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Net-zerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK’scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsisalreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,atradegroupforsmallandmedium-sizedbuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,”hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,”hesays.“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,asitewhichsourcesquotes,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.“Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,”hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator,whichpricesprojects.Asthechangesareaimedtomakehomesmoreenergyefficient,theywilleventuallydrivedownheatingbills.Butintheshort-termhomeownersarelikelytofacehighercostsforwork.Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears,accordingtofiguresfromtheConstructionProductsAssociation.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear.“Whileadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,”saysRolande.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound£3,000additionalcostthankstothenew”regs.JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture.“Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition,”hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndrewMellor.“Homeownerswillprobablyrecoupthatcostovertimeinenergybillsavings.Itwillobviouslybeveryvolatileatthemoment,buttheywillhavethatbenefitovertime.”[A]Theriseofhomepricesisatemporarymatter.41.BrianBerry[B]Builderspossiblyneedtosubmitnewestimatesoftheirprojects.42.GarethBelsham[C]Therewillbespecificlimitsonhomeextensionstopreventheatloss43.MarcusJefford[D]Thenewruleswilltakehomepricetoanevenhigherlever.44.JohnKelly[E]Manypeoplefeelthathomepricesarealreadybeyondwhattheycanafford45.AndrewMellor[F]Thenewruleswillaffectpeoplewhosehomeextensionsincludenewwindowsordoors.[G]Ther