2022考研英语二真题及答案解析

1SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou’reawriter,you'llfindthetime;andthatifyoucan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tapriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingis1job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday. 3,likemostwritersthesedays,you’reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it’snot4tofindthetimetowrite.Butit’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it’sa8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You'llhavetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14.There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa15learningcurve,anditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular.There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting—andthat’sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it’stheone17supporter—somethingyoucan’tdowithout.Timeisfinite,theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyouareawriter,thatmeans—20—writing.1.[A]difficult[B]normal[C]steady[D]pleasant2.[A]combined[B]compared[C]confused[D]confronted3.[A]If[B]Through[C]Once[D]Unless4.[A]enough[B]strange[C]wrong[D]easy5.[A]Accept[B]Explain[C]Remember[D]Suppose6.[A]well-known[B]well-advised[C]well-informed[D]well-chosen7.[A]donate[B]generate[C]supplement[D]calculate8.[A]cause[B]purpose[C]question[D]condition9.[A]highlight[B]sacrifice[C]continue[D]explore10.[A]relations[B]interests[C]memories[D]skills11.[A]until[B]because[C]while[D]before212.[A]putupwith[B]makeupfor[C]hangonto[D]cutdownon13.[A]intelligent[B]occasional[C]intensive[D]emotional14.[A]habit[B]test[C]decision[D]plan15.[A]tough[B]gentle[C]rapid[D]funny16.[A]inplaceof[B]inchargeof[C]inresponseto[D]inadditionto17.[A]indispensable[B]innovative[C]invisible[D]instant18.[A]duller[B]harder[C]quieter[D]quicker19.[A]peacefully[B]generously[C]productively[D]gratefully20.[A]atmost[B]inturn[C]onaverage[D]aboveallSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TEXT1Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremore3concernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”21.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.[A]ataconsiderablylowcost[B]atthedemandofregularshoppers[C]asareplacementfororganiceggs[D]onspeciallydesignedfarms22.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin.[A]reducingthedamageofworms[B]acceleratingthedisposalofuses[C]creatingasustainablesystem.[D]attractingcustomerstohisproducts23.Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagraph4tosuggest.[A]thedoubtstoovernaturalfeeds[B]thesetbacksintheeggsindustry[C]thepotentialofregenerativeproducts[D]thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets24.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.[A]arereluctanttochangetheirdiet[B]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs[C]arecuriousaboutnewfood[D]areamazedatagriculturaladvances25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts’.[A]marketsprospects[B]standarddefinition[C]marketprospect[D]moralimplicationTEXT2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintotheretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren’ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,4includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.About72%of“unretire”respondentssaidthattheywouldreturntoworkonceretiredtokeepmentallyfitwhile59%saiditwouldbetiedtomakingendsmeet.CanCongresssavetheeconomy?Fedchairsays“USdebtis‘onunsustainablepath’”.Autoindustryisstillaboys’clubatthetopdespiteGMCEOMaryBarrassuccess.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussellseniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.That’salsoup30.2%since2010.OlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growingsegmentoftheU.Sworkforce,andboomersareexpectedtolivelongerthanpreviousgenerations.Thepercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985,accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowedwhichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretires'"areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Seniorsarelivinglonger,butplanningfortheextendedyearsiskey.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireeshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring.”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire."26.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.[A]overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforwork[B]theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungerone[C]oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirement[D]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.[A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem[B]boredomcanberelievedafterretirement[C]thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked[D]“unretirement”contributestotheeconomy28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.[A]laborshortage[B]populationgrowth[C]longerlifeexpectancy[D]risinglivingcosts529.Manyretireesareincreasingtheirsavingsby.[A]investingmoreinstocks[B]takingupoddjobs[C]gettingwell-paidwork[D]spendingless30.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.[A]unprepared[B]unafraid[C]disappointed[D]enthusiasticTEXT3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,”darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo"roachmotel”whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbasketspricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding"digitaldeception.”Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns6[A]improveuserexperiences[B]leakuserinformationforprofit[C]undermineusers’decision-making[D]remindusersofhiddencosts32.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow[A]theirmajorflaws[B]theircomplexdesigns[C]theirseveredamage[D]theirstrongpresence33.Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould[A]listentocustomerfeedback[B]talkwithrelevantteams[C]turntoindependentagencies[D]relyonprofessionaltraining34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto[A]guideusersthroughopt-outprocesses[B]protectconsumersfrombeingtricked[C]grantcompaniesdataprivacyrights[D]restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis[A]newlegalrequirements[B]businesses'self-discipline[C]strictregulatorystandards[D]consumerssafetyawarenessAlthoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students’attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsProfessors7donotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”Schwitzgebelsays.PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo.”Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants’eatinghabitsandstudents'videoexposure.Meanwhile,Schwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare[A]hardtodetermine[B]narrowlyinterpreted[C]difficulttoignore[D]poorlysummarized37.Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeateating?[A]Itiscommonamongstudents.[B]Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.[C]Itisimportanttostudents’health[D]Itisahottopicinethicsclasses.38.EricSchwitzgebel’spreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents[B]arelesssociablethanotherprofessors[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues[D]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter39.NinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis[A]permanent[B]predictable[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatable40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents’changeinbehavior[A]canbringpsychologicalbenefits[B]canbeanalyzedstatistically[C]isaresultofmultiplefactors[D]isasignofself-development8PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtestandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MakeyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Makeitahabit[B]Don’tgoitalone[C]Startlow,goslow[D]Talkwithyourdoctor[E]Listentoyourbody[F]Gothroughthemotions[G]RoundoutyourroutineHowtogetactiveagain?Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedays,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit’simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.“Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,”saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Thefollowingsimplestrategieswillhelpyoureturntoexercisesafelyafterabreak.41.Don’ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto½mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.“Thisisn’tsomethingyoucandoovernight,”sayKeriL.Denay,MD,leadauthorofarecentAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicineadvisorythatencouragesAmericantonotoverlookthebenefitsofactivityduringthepandemic.Butyou’llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.42.Ifyou’rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.43.Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit’stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.44.Evenifyoucan’tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutacluborracket,9swinglikeyou’rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou’reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.Theactionwillremindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyouandprimeyourmusclesforwhenyoucangetoutthereagain.45.Exercisingwithothers“cankeepyouaccountableandmakeitmorefun,soyou’remorelikelytodoitagain,”Jackovitzsays.Youcandoactivitiessuchasgolfandtennisortakeawalkwithothersandstillbesociallydistant.Butwhenyoucan’tconnectinperson,considerusingtechnology.Chatonthephonewithafriendwhileyouwalkaroundyourneighborhood.FaceTimewitharelativeasyoustrengthtrainorstretchathome.Youcanalsojoinalivestreamoron-demandexerciseclass.SectionIIITranslation46.Directions：TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.(15points)Althoughwetryourbest,sometimesourpaintingsrarelyturnoutasoriginallyplanned.Changesinthelight,thelimitationsofyourpaintingmaterialsandthelackofexperienceandtechniquemeanthatwhatyoustartouttryingtoachievemaynotcometolifethewaythatyouexpected.Althoughthiscanbefrustratinganddisappointing,itturnsoutthatthiscanactuallybegoodforyou.Unexpectedresultshavetwobenefits:youprettyquicklylearntodealwithdisappointmentandrealizethatwhenonedoorcloses,anotheropens.YoualsoquicklylearntoadaptandcomeupwithcreativesolutionstotheproblemsthepaintingpresentsandthinkingoutsidetheboxwillbecomeyourSecondnature.Infact,creativeproblem-solvingskillsareincrediblyusefulindailylife,withwhichyou'remorelikelytobeabletofindasolutionwhenproblemarises.SectionIVWritingPartASupposeyouareplanningacampusfoodfestivalfortheinternationalstudents.Please1)tellthemaboutthefestivaland2)invitethemtoparticipate.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownname.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartBWriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题参考答案完形填空1.[B]normal2.[D]confronted3.[A]If4.[D]easy5.[C]Remember6.[A]well-known7.[C]supplement8.[D]condition9.[B]sacrifice10.[B]interests12.[D]cutdownon13.[B]occasional14.[A]habit15.[A]tough16.[D]inadditionto17.[A]indispensable18.[D]quicker19.[C]productively20.[D]aboveall阅读理解Text121.[D]onspeciallydesignedfarms22.[C]creatingasustainablesystem.23.[C]thepotentialofregenerativeproducts24.[B]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs25.[A]marketsprospectsText226.[D]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement27.[A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem28.[C]longerlifeexpectancy29.[D]spendingless30.