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专题突破卷07阅读理解之说明文
最新高考真题
1.(2024年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解)IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,
researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoften
intheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumber
andvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.
“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofa
mobileapplication,saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyinthe
StanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomes
fromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspecies
arerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?^^
Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtested
howwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.
“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,like
thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,“
saidDaru.
Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.
Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethe
peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir
encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveor
eye-catchingfeatures.
Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?
“Quitealot,“Daruexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampled
areasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityof
observationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheir
uploadedimage.9,
32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?
A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.
C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.
33.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?
A.Threatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.
C.Observationaldata.D.Mobileapplications.
34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?
A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.
C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.
35.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?
A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.
C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.
2.(2024年新高考II卷C篇阅读理解)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,most
produceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.While
farmer5smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.
BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudience
suchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweekly
supplyoffreshgreens.
Specifically,ifsafarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely
monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemis
automated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,
thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanew
pre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.
Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(MF放)from
transportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there5snoneedfbrpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollute
traditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.
BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.
Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-use
plastic.t4Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMF
employee.
8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?
A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.
C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer^markets.
9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?
A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditionoftheplants.
C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.
10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?
A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.
B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.
C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.
DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.
11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?
A.BMF'smajorstrengths.B.BMF'sgeneralmanagement.
C.BMF'sglobalinfluence.D.BMF'stechnicalstandards.
3.(2024年新高考II卷D篇阅读理解)GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weall
needtotakeactiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith
ArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressing
thechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).
Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)that
powersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades9professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady
intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,
makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost
assmartasAL
AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,
movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI“toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,
willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIandits
futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwe
keepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.
CampbeirspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAl-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey
areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoinf,inhistory
andmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuture
withAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatness
ratherthanourdownfall.
AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.
12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands^^inparagraph2probablymean?
A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.
C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.
13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?
A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.
C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.
14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?
A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.
B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.
C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.
D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.
15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?
A.TorecommendabookonALB.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.
C.ToclarifythedefinitionofALD.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.
2024年高考模拟真题
(2024•新疆乌鲁木齐•三模)Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora(极光)?Theycanhappen,
thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby
amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.
CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationof
aurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallight
show.
AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthis
attention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,"saysDyer.Atfirst
glance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.The
fruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere*s
noagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe
atmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles(粒子)around,likeinproton(质子)rain.
Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,says
ToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.Afterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththe
imagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.
Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagnetic
field.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothget
poweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddish
color.
Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthat
what'sgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzones
forradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.
Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.
1.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?
A.Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.
B.Ablogaboutskyphenomena.
C.Areviewofauroraresearch.
D.Abrochureofauroratours.
2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?
A.Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.
B.TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.
C.TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.
D.Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.
3.Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?
A.Thepathittravelsalong.B.Theenergyparticlescarry.
C.Thewavelengthofrays.D.Thesourceofsolarwind.
4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?
A.Photographydrivesscientificresearch.
B.ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.
C.Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.
D・Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.
(2024•湖北襄阳•三模)Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsects
tobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself-medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsand
otherconditions.
BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BemardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudying
theisland'sorangutans(猩猩)andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseen
medicinalway.
Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bemardandhercolleagueswatched10
orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant(whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet)intoafoamylather(泡沫)
andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupper
armsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusinga
topicalpainkiller.
LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-to
treatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bemard9sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts(提出物)fromthe
planttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,an
immunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation(炎症)anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedthe
productionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberin
ScientificReports.
Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscould
helpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.
Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillars
infectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimals
maylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.
Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatit
alsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Because
thistypeof-self-medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bernardsays,itwasprobablylearned
locally.
5.WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?
A.Itcanserveasapainkiller.B.Itisorangutansnormaldiet.
C.Itisaplantwithafoamylather.D.Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.
6.HowdidMorrogh-Bernard^teamprovetheplanfshealingproperties?
A.Bystudyingtheplant'schemistry.B.Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.
C.Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant.D.Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.
7.Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?
A.Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.
B.Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.
C.Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.
D.Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.
8.Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?
A.Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention.B.Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.
C.Humansandanimalshavealotincommon.D.Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.
(2024•江西上饶•二模)Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazing
numbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate(不识字的).Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeen
complainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday'scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReading
Manifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractions
toreadinashallowandscattered(碎片化的)manner-orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangers
higher-levelreading.
Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidethe
experience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld'scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfof
UCLA,weare“skimming,scanning,scrolling”.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneis
ashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:he
absorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmore
misinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced(微妙的)ideas.
InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsof
digitalreading:"Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slow
reading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.9,Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentof
studentsagreedthat"IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.
AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyan
elite(精英的)“readingclass^^consumeslongtexts-despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbook
salesremainingrobust.
Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.Thafshorrible,because"higher-level
reading^^hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenment,andaninternationalriseinsympathyfor
peoplewhoaren'tlikeus.
9.Whatistheadvantageofthedigitalreading?
A.Itmakesmorepeoplestarttoreadwidely.
B.Itmakesmorepeoplebegintothinkdeeper.
C.IthelpstheyoungtomakeuseoftheInternet.
D.Ithelpspeopletakeadvantageoftheirsparetime.
10.WhatisMaryanneWolFsattitudetowardsdigitalreading?
A.Supportive.B.Opposed.C.Objective.D.Unconcerned.
11.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheteensnowaccordingtoparagraph3?
A.Teensshouldchangethecriticalandconsciousreading.
B.Nearlyhalfoftheteensneverreadatall.
C.Theydon'tbelievewhattheexpertsindicate.
D.Thetrendofreadingbooksisincreasinglydeclining.
12.Whichstatementisfitfortheunderlinedwordinparagraph4?
A.Moreandmorebooksarepurchased.
B.It'sunnecessaryfbrpeopletobuybooks.
C.Moreandmorepeopleliketovisitthebookstores.
D.Thesalesofbookskeepstillforareallylongtime.
(2024•新疆乌鲁木齐•三模)Orienteering(定向越野)involvesrunning,joggingorwalking,andusinga
mapandcompasstomovebetweenplaces.Ifsagreatwaytohavefunoutdoorswithfriendsandfamily.Theaim
istomovebetweenpoints,calledcontrols,inacertainorderinthequickesttime.Eventsareusuallyheldinparks,
fieldsorforestsbuttheycanalsohappenintownsandcitiesandevenschoolplaygrounds.Peoplecantakepart
eitherasindividualsorasateam.
Beginners5eventswillhaveeasiercontrolstofindandcoverlessdistance-perhapsamileortwo.For
experiencedorienteers,thelengthofthecoursecouldbemuchlongerandtakeinhillsandroughground.
Orienteersaregivena'"controldescriptionsheet"tohelpthemfindeachpoint.Thissheethasdetailsof
featurestolookfor,likepathsandrivers,andacodethatmustmatchthecodeateachcontrol.Youwilleither
markyoursheetateachcontrolorcheckinwithanelectroniccard.
Whenyoustartorienteering,youwilllearnmap-readingskills.Ahelpfultipistokeepyourthumbonthe
spotthatshowsyourlocationonthemap.Keepittherightwayround:thefeaturesinfrontofyouontheground
shouldbeinfrontofyouonthemap.
Orienteeringmapscanhavefiveorsixcolors.Blackareasshowhumanfeatures,likebuildings;brown
showsthecontour(轮廓)lines(heightoftheland);andblueshowswater,suchaslakesandrivers.Whiteand
greentogethershowwoodlands;yellowareasrepresentgrassandopenareas.Onorienteeringmaps,acourse
consistsofatriangle,circles,adoublecircleandsometimesconnectinglines.Thetriangleisthestart,thedouble
circleisthefinish,andallthecirclesinbetweenarecheckpoints.
Asyourunbetweenpointsbywhatyouhopeisthequickestroute,youcantakeinthesceneryaroundyou
andhaveagreattimechoosingyourpathandtryingtofinishinafasttime.
13.Whatcanwelearnaboutorienteeringatthebeginningofthetext?
A.Itsrouteisrandom.B.Itsresultisdistance-based.
C.Itgroupsorienteersbyage.D.Itintegratesvariousskills.
14.Whichaspectoforienteeringdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?
A.Tricksofsavingtime.B.Theuseofcontroldescriptionsheet.
C.Methodsofcheckingin.D.Theimportanceofcodes.
15.Whydoorienteerskeeptheirthumbontheirlocationonthemap?
A.Totrackprogress.B.Tomarkthefinishpoint.
C.Tomaintaindirection.D.Tohighlightcheckpoints.
16.Whatdothecolorsonanorienteeringmaprepresent?
A.Geographicalfeatures.B.Difficultylevels.
C.Routesforcompetition.D.Stagesoftheorienteeringrace.
(2024•陕西宝鸡•三模)EuropeanwildcatscouldbereintroducedtoEnglandmorethan200yearsafter
theybecameextinctinthecountry.TheprojecthasbeenannouncedbyUKwildlifecharityWildwoodTrust.
EuropeanwildcatsareoneoftheUK'srarestmammals.Theonlywildpopulation,numberingfewerthan
300individuals,livesintheScottishHighlandsbuttheyareonthevergeofextinction,partlybecausetheyhave
bredwithlocalferalcats(wild-livingdomesticcats).
SupportershopetosavethespeciesintheUKbyreintroducingthemtoEnglandandWales,wherethey
diedoutaround200yearsagobecauseofhuntingandlossofhabitat.Tobringbackthespecies,WildwoodTrust
isplanningtobuild10newbreedingfacilitiesontwositesinKentandDevon.Kittensbredincaptivitybutaway
fromhumanswillthenbereleasedintothewild.TheUniversityofExeterisresearchingplaceswheretheanimals
couldbereintroduced.
Europeanwildcatsarearoundthesamesizeasalargedomesticcat,butatuptoeightkilogramstheyare
slightlyadultheavier.Theyhaveatabby-likepatternwiththickblackstripesontheirbodiesandabushytailand
liketoliveinforestsbutnearopengrassland.They'realsofamouslyshyandkeeptheirdistancefromhumans.
LauraGardner,directorofconservationatWildwoodTrust,toldTheTimesnewspaperthatpeopleshouldnotbe
worriedbythethoughtofwildcatsreturningtothewild."We'renottalkingaboutwolves,9,shesaid.
WildwoodTrustsaysthatitsprojectcanbenefitboththewildcatsandthehabitatswheretheylive.Theyare
oneofthefewnativepredatorsleftintheUK,soahealthypopulationofwildcatscouldhelptocontrolthe
numbersofanimalstheypreyon,suchasrabbitsandrodents.Bycompetingforthesamefoodasfoxes,theywill
alsohelptoreducefoxnumbersandrestoreabalancetonature.
17.Whatistheaimoftheproject?
A.Tosavewildcatsfromdyingout.B.Toensurewildcats5goodhabitats.
C.Toraisemoneytoprotectwildcats.D.Tobuildsomenewbreedingfacilities.
18.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningLauraGardnerinparagraph4?
A.Wildcatsareveryshyanimals.B.Wildcatsarenotasfierceaswolves.
C.Europeanwildcatsareuniqueanimals.D.Wildcatscannotposeathreatforhumans.
19.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
A.Wildcatswillthreatenthenumberofotheranimals.
B.Wildcatsanditshabitatswillbewellprotected.
C.Wildcatscancontributetoecologicalbalance.
D.WildcatsareoneofthefewpredatorsleftintheUK.
20.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?
A.WildwoodTrustAnnouncingaPlan.
B.RareWildcatsMakingaComeback.
C.ReintroducingWildcatsBenefitingUs.
D.WildcatsDisappearingFromtheWorld.
(2024•陕西宝鸡•三模)Ashadowyfiguresitsaloneinaroom,hisfacedimlylitbyacomputerscreen.
Withagrin,hetypesinaseriesofcomputercommands,andintheblinkofaneye,someone'sbankaccountis
drainedtozero.
Intoday9sdigitalage,cyberattackslikethishappenthousandsoftimesperday.Hackerscanstealmoney,
information,orcompletelytakecontrolofamachinefromanywhereintheworld.However,notallhackersare
villains.
Somehackers,calledwhitehatorethicalhackers,areindividualswhomakethemostoftheirhackingskills
toidentifysecurityvulnerabilities(漏洞)inhardware,softwareandnetworks.Theirjobiscrucialinpreventing
cyberattacksandsafeguardingsensitiveinformation.Theterm“whitehat“originatedfromoldcowboymovies,
whereheroesworewhitehatsandvillainsworeblackones.Liketheheroesincowboymovies,whitehatsseekto
stopthebadguysandsavetheday.
Whitehathackersonlyseekvulnerabilitieslegally,oftenworkingonopen-sourcesoftwareorwith
authorizedaccesstosystems.Oncetheseweakspotsareidentified,companiesorindividualscantakestepsto
preventseriousbreachesandlosses.Whitehathackersuseavarietyofdifferenttechniquestokeeptheinternet
safe.Penetrationtesting,forexample,allowsthemtomimiccyberattacksanduncoversystemweaknesses.
Securityscanningtoolsallowwhitehatstoidentifyholesinanetwork'ssecuritysystems.Simulating
denial-of-serviceattacks(DoSattacks)helpscompaniesprepareforattacksagainsttheirwebsites.
Manyoftheworld'stopwhitehathackersbegantheirjourneysonthewrongsideofthelaw.Aprime
exampleisKevinMitnick.Thisnotorioushackeronceheldthetitleof"mostwantedhacker“intheU.S.dueto
hiscybercriminalactivitiesin1995.However,afterbeingarrestedandspendingfiveyearsinjail,hislifetooka
remarkableturn.Mitnickdecidedtousehishackingskillsforethicalpurposes,eventuallyestablishinghisown
cybersecurityconsultingcompany.
Ifyouaspiretobeawhitehathacker,startbybuildingastrongfoundationincomputerandnetwork
fundamentals.Goodluck,computercowboy!
21.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"villains“inParagraph2mean?
A.evil-doers.B.heroes.C.attackers.D.victims.
22.Whatcanwelearnaboutwhitehathackers?
A.Theywearwhitehatsincowboymovies.
B.Theydoeverythingtosafeguardpeople'sinformation.
C.Theylegallyusetheirprofessionalskillstohelppeople.
D.Theyfindvulnerabilitiesforpersonalgainwithoutdoingharm.
23.Peopleskilledincomputerandnetworkcan'tbetopwhitehathackersunless.
A.theyobeythelaw
B.theyidentifysecurityweakpoints
C.theytakemeasurestostopseriouslosses
D.theybuildtheirowncybersecurityconsultingcompanies
24.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?
A.Toteachushowtostaysecureonline.
B.Totellushowtobetopwhite
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