专题09 阅读理解长难句及C篇考点揭秘（原卷版） -【高频考点解密】2024年高考英语二轮复习高频考点追踪与预测（上海专用）

专题09阅读理解长难句及C篇考点揭秘01专题网络·思维脑图02考情分析·解密高考03高频考点·以考定法04核心素养·微专题05创新好题·分层练高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英语阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读水平。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)带有较多成分的简单句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多个从句的复合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒装句、强调句考点一：简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分【考例】Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets（atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon）filledtheweekend，butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmersmarketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall.考点二：.两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔。【考例】DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight，myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrownsGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty，anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton，where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.考点三：从句套从句，环环相扣。【考例】Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint，thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.考点四：某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象。【考例】Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.找谓语，定主语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment---althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【简析】句意：提主干，去枝叶（从句等）一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【简析】句意：寻关联，辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【简析】句意：看搭配，防隔离有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【简析】句意：关键词，抓线索有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【简析】句意：长难句分析除障碍---结构分析法高考阅读理解和完形填空文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式，其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短。一、长难句的常见形式1．复合句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：Iwantaticket.)或主系表结构(如：Themanisateacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneofthelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”．分析此句的主语为I，谓语是urge,sothat引导结果状语从句。在结果状语从句中when引导定语从句。2．分隔结构高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。“Theresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions—butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobelearnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.”saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabethMcGraw.提醒分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。3．成分省略或倒装在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.分析此句正常语序为：Bytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.二、长难句突破策略通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握句子的基本框架的基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.分析主语是Akeyskill，谓语是is，表语是persistence,acharacteristic是同位语，解释说明persistence。that引导同位语从句，解释名词characteristic。方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.分析句中的but是并列连词，连接两个并列单句。方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.分析该句主语是Akeyfinding,that引导表语从句，从句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰名词persistence。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”分析but引导两个并列的主从复合句，but前的主从复合句中是before引导的时间状语从句，该从句中show后是that引导的宾语从句；but后的主从复合句中，主语是thechange，谓语是willbe,that引导的同位语从句，解释说明名词signals的内容。【长难句】1.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________2.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________3.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________4.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________5.DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________6.Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻译：__________________________________________________________________________7.Sciencecan'texplainthepowerofpets,butmanystudieshaveshownthatthecompanyofpetscanhelplowerbloodpressureandraisechancesofrecoveringfromaheartattack,reducelonelinessandspreadall-roundgoodcheer.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻译：__________________________________________________________________________8.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻译：__________________________________________________________________________9.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻译：__________________________________________________________________________10.Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.句子结构分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻译：__________________________________________________________________________【阅读C篇】1.【上海市杨浦高级中学2022-2023学年高三下学期3月月考英语试题】Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?It’saquestionthatthelateecologistDonellaMeadowswouldaskherstudentsatDartmouthCollegebackinthe1970s.Shesetouttocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,networkscientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicalsandthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpowerandstatus.Butthefoodsystemisnotanequalone.TherehavebeencallsforaWorldFoodandNutritionOrganization,sothatlegallybindingpoliciescanbeappliedtoallitsmembers.AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Ateamofresearchershasdonejustthat,throughtheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram.Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseintacklingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandembraceasystemsapproach,astheeditorsofNatureFoodadvocateintheirlauncheditorial.Meadowsknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.43.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.howtoconductresearchefficiently B.howtobuildaworldfoodorganizationC.anapproachtosolvingreal-worldproblem D.anapproachtoapplyingscientificfindings44.Accordingtoparagraph3,thestudyconductedbynetworkscientistsrevealedthat________.A.artificialintelligenceismoreusefulthantraditionalmethodsB.achievingsystemsthinkingrequiresidentifyingmorecomponentsC.weareunabletogainthoroughunderstandingofournutritioussystemD.somebiochemicalsarerelatedwiththeoccurrenceofcommondiseases45.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowabouttheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram?A.Itistheonlywayofsolvingimbalanceinourfoodsystem.B.Itaimstourgethegovernmentstocarryoutitsfoodpolicies.C.ItseekstosolvetheoreticalissuesaboutfoodandnutritionD.Ithascultivatedmanyinterdisciplinarytalentssinceitslaunch.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Resultscan’tbeproduced. B.Visionbringsaboutchange.C.Actionmattersmorethansaying. D.Systemsthinkingistoodifficulttorealize.重点长难句：1."Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety."2."Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases."3."AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach."2.【上海市闵行区七宝中学2022学年高三上学期期中英语试卷】AsFransdeWaal,aprimatologist(灵长动物学家),recognizes,abetterwaytothinkaboutothercreatureswouldbetoaskourselveshowdifferentspecieshavedevelopeddifferentkindsofmindstosolvedifferentadaptiveproblems.Surelytheimportantquestionisnotwhetheranimalscandothesamethingshumanscan,buthowthoseanimalssolvethecognitive(认知的)problemstheyface,likehowtoimitatetheseafloor.Childrenandsomeanimalsaresointerestingnotbecausetheyaresmartlikeus,butbecausetheyaresmartinwayswehaven’tevenconsidered.Sometimesstudyingchildren’swaysofknowingcancastlightonadult-humancognition.Children’spretendplaymayhelpusunderstandouradulttasteforfiction.DeWaal’sresearchprovidesanotherinterestingexample.Wehumanbeingstendtothinkthatoursocialrelationshipsarerootedinourperceptions,beliefs,anddesires,andourunderstandingoftheperceptions,beliefs,anddesiresofothers—whatpsychologistscallour“theoryofmind.”Inthe80sand90s,developmentalpsychologistsshowedthatpre-schoolersandeveninfantsunderstandmindsapartfromtheirown.Butitwashardtoshowthatotheranimalsdidthesame.“Theoryofmind”becameacandidateforthespecial,uniquelyhumantrick.YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimps(黑猩猩)possessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships.Itturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee.Butexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext.Theevolutionaryanthropologist(人类学家)BrainHareandhiscolleaguesgaveajuniorchimpachoicebetweenpiecesoffoodthatadominantchimphadseenhiddenandotherpiecesithadnotseenhidden.Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen.Anyonewhohasgonetoanacademicconferencewillrecognizethatwemaybeinthesamesituation.Wemaysaythatwesignupbecausewe’reeagertofindoutwhatotherhumanbeingsthink,butwe’rejustasinterestedinwho’sontop.Manyofthepoliticaljudgmentswemaketheredon’thavemuchtodowithourtheoryofmind.Wemayshowourrespecttoafamousprofessorevenifwehavenorespectforhisideas.Untilrecently,however,therewasn’tmuchresearchintohowhumansdevelopandemploythiskindofpoliticalknowledge.Itmaybethatweunderstandthesocialworldintermsofdominance,likechimps,butwe’rejustnotusuallyaspoliticallymotivatedastheyare.Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics.43.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingshowsthatananimalissmart?A.Itcanbehavelikeahumankid.B.Itcanimitatewhathumanbeingsdo.C.Itcanfindasolutiontoitsownproblem.D.Itcanfigureoutthoseadaptiveproblems.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesour“theoryofmind”?A.Wetalkwithinfantsinawaythattheycanfullyunderstand.B.Wemakeguessesatwhatothersthinkwhileinteractingwiththem.C.Wehideouremotionswhenwetryestablishingcontactwithastranger.D.Wetrytounderstandhowkids’pretendplayaffectsourtasteforfiction.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Neitherhumannoranimalsdisplaytheirpreferencefordominance.B.Animalslivinginacompetitivepoliticalcontextaresmarter.C.Bothhumansandsomeanimalshavepoliticalintelligence.D.Humansaremoreinterestedinwho’sontopthananimals.46.Bytheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph,thewritermeansthat________.A.weknowlittleabouthowchimpsarepoliticallymotivatedB.ourpoliticalknowledgedoesn’talwaysdeterminehowwebehaveC.ourtheoryofmindmightenableustounderstandourtheoryofpoliticsD.moreresearchshouldbeconductedtounderstandanimals’socialworld重点长难句：1."Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen."2."Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics."3."YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimpspossessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships,butitturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee,andexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext."3.【上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学紫竹校区2022学年高三上学期开学考试】Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoftoughtrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticulargoodnessindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone.”WroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbage