00831自考英语语法简答题

00831自考英语语法简答题00831自考英语语法简答题00831自考英语语法简答题00831自考英语语法简答题编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:Chapter1．Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.请给出语法单位等级结构图。HierarchyofgrammaticalunitsAtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesAmorphemeIngrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit(ofatext),awordisthesmallest,thelowestrankunittowhichagrammaticalfunctioncanbeassigned.However,asentencecanteamupwithothersentencestoformalargerlinguisticunit-text,andawordisnotthesmallestmeaningfulelementinthewritingsystem.Itcanbreakintosmallerelementswhicharecalledmorphemes.Sowehavetheaboveextendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits.2．Definemorpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,morphandallomorph.请给词素，自由词素，粘附词素，形素和词素变体下定义。1）Whatisamorpheme?

Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctivegrammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermed"morph"whichrealizesthemorpheme.词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。2）Whatarefreemorphemeandboundmorpheme?

Afreemorphemeisamorphemethathasameaningofitsownandcanbeusedindependently.Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative.Aboundmorphemeisamorphemethatdoesn'thaveameaningofitsownandcan'tbeusedindependently.Boundmorphemesonlypossessadditionalorgrammaticalmeanings.Generallyspeaking,freemorphemesoftencarrythemeaningandboundmorphemesoftenshowgrammaticalfeatures.3）Whatmorphandallomorph?

Amorphistherealizationofanorthographicforminwritingoraphoneticforminspeakingofamorpheme.Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.3．Distinguishroot,stem,andbaseasmorphologicalterms.(从形态上区分词根、词干、词基三个概念)Whatisaroot,astemorabase?Theymayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent.Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4．Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix

前缀和后缀在语义和功能上有何区别？Theobvioussemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffixisthatthevastmajorityofprefixesdonotchangetheoriginalwordclass,andtheytendtobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.However,suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes,theydon'ttendtobesemanticallychanged.5．Nameatleastfivemethodsofword-formationandciteexamplesforeach.（举例说明至少五种构词法）词缀法、复合法、转换法、拼缀法、逆生法、缩略法、首字母缩略法1）Affixation-awordisformedbyattachingalessermorpheme,anaffixtoamajorelement,i.e.abase(whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit).dislike,inexperienced,freedom…2）CompositionCawordisformedbycompoundingmorethanonebaseandthiswordfunctionsbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Compoundnouns-manservant,girl-friend,cut-throat,snowfall,deadline,aftermath,dropout;Compoundverbs,compoundadjectives,compoundprepositions,compoundconjunction,andcompoundpronouns,rhymedcompoundCneo-classiccompounds….3）ConversionCis"thederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.4）BlendingCablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwoormoreotherwords.motel,smog,newscast,medicare5）BackformationCmanynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerandbackformationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.babysittercamebeforebabysit,chainsmokecameafterchainsmoker6）ShorteningCshorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalword,usuallypolysyllabic,isshortenedtoasmallerword.adforadvertisement,phonefortelephone….7）AcronymCAnacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.Alphabetisms(UFO,UN,pronouncedassequencesofletters),andacronyms(NATO,BASIC，laser,pronouncedasaword).6．Citeexamplesforthesimpleverbphrase,thecomplexverbphrase,thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.举例说明简单动词词组，复杂动词词组，限定性动词词组和非限定性动词词组。Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliariesistermed"thesimpleverbphrase",whichisjustamainverbor"modifier+mainverb";withauxiliaries,"thecomplexverbphrase".Enjoysin"Johnenjoysbeingflattered."And"fullyappreciate"in"Ifullyappreciateyourgenerosity."areofsimpleverbphrase.Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.Inthissentence"canmake"isacomplexverbphrase.Theheadwordorthefirstelementofafiniteverbphraseisafiniteverb,whichbearsthetensemarkerandinsomecaseskeepsinconcordwiththesubject,asin:Suelikesblackcoffee.Anon-finiteverbphraseisaphrasewhosefirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreeoftheconstraintsthatafiniteverbissubjectto,andhasthreenon-finiteforms.Ididn'texpectyoutobehere.Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.7．Whatarethesevenclausepatterns

什么是七种基本的句型？Accordingtotheirstructure,clausesfallsintosevenmajorpatterns:SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVAandSVOA.S=subject,V=verb,C=complement,O=object,A=adverbial8．Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.什么是限定分句什么是非限定分句

Thefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.Thenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.9．Definethesimplesentence,thecompoundsentenceandthecomplexsentence.给简单句，并列句和复合句下定义。Aone-clausesentenceistermedasimplesentence;asimplesentencecontainsoneclause.Inasentencewithmorethanoneclause,iftheclausesarerelatedtooneanotherbycoordination,thissentenceiscalledacompoundsentence;bysubordinationacomplexsentence.10．Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext

我们为什么要超出句子而去学习语篇？Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.ChapterTwo1．Whatarethefourmajortypesofsentencesandwhatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith

英语句子分为哪四种主要类型其语段功能是什么ThefourtypesofsentencesinEnglisharedeclaratives,interrogatives,imperativesandexclamatives.Declarativesareconcernedwithgivinginformationandassociatedwithstatements.Interrogativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringinformationandassociatedwithquestions.Imperativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringactionsandassociatedwithcommands.Exclamativesareprimarilyconcernedwithexpressingthespeaker'simpressionofsomethingandassociatedwithexclamations.2．Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestions.解释在哪种情况下我们在肯定句中用非肯定词和在问句中用肯定词Inaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshouldclauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused.Non-assertivewordscanalsobeusedafterwordswithnegativeimport.Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:IstheresomenewsformeIssomebodywaitingforme

3．Howdowedeterminethescopeofnegation

如何确定否定范围Therearefiveaspectsthatdeterminethescopeofnegation:1）Fromthenegativewordtotheendofthesentence:Idon'tknowhimatall.2）Differentintonationonanend-placeadverbial:Hedidn'tworkallthe(∨)week.=It'snottruethatheworkedalltheweek.3）Disjunctsorconjunctsareexcludedinthescope:Sureenough,nobodyisgoingtohelphim.4）Aparticularstress:Idon'tliketogoshoppingwithMaryonweekends.5）Allandeveryindifferentstresses:Allhisbooksdidnotsellwell.Whenalloreveryisstressed,itispartialnegation.4．WhataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithWhatistheirsharedsemanticfeature哪些动词后经常出现否定转移它们共同的语义特征是什么Transferrednegationoftenoccurswithsuchverbsthatexpressopinionasthink,believe,suppose,imagine,expect.Ithinkthathewon'tcometomorrow.(strongernegativeforce）Idon'tthinkhe'llcometomorrow.(farmorecommon）Idon'timagineTonywilllearnfromthislesson,willhe?

5．Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaYES-NOquestionperform一般疑问句除了对陈述句的真实性发问外，还有什么其他作用？Theymayberegardedasthespeaker'sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumption.Theyarelikeimperatives.Won'tyoucomein?Theycanalsobelikeexclamations.Suchas:Isn'titlovely?6．WhatistheprimaryfunctionofaWH-question

特殊问句最主要的功能是什么？Spokenwithafinalfallingtone,WH-questionsaresometimescalled"informationquestions"becausetheyrequiresomespecificinformationinthereply.Theydonotquerythetruthofthestatement,whichistypicallyperformedbyYES-NOquestions:rather,theyaskfordetailsaboutapartofit.Or:TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformationconcerningwhat,when,why,whose,who,whichandhow.7．Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions

选择疑问句的两大类型是什么？Alternativequestionsfallintotwosubclasses:oneisformedonthebasisofYES-NOquestions;theotheronthebasisofWH-questions:Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Whatwouldyoulike,coffeeortea?8．Explainthedifferencebetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.阐述结尾升调或降调的附加疑问句的区别。Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressesthespeaker'sneutralexpectationofthehearer'sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Yetwithafallingtone,thespeakerasksforthehearer'sconfirmationofthestatementratherthanhisverificationofthetruth.Functionally,theformerisverymuchlikeaYES-NOquestion,whilethelattercanberegardedassimilartoanexclamation.***Irregularquestiontagsa．Afteranimperative,willyou,won'tyou

Bothareacceptable.

b．Whenthesubjectofthestatementiswordslikeeverybody,anybody,someone,noone,inthiscase,eitherheortheyisacceptable.c．Haveinastatementsometimesisanauxiliary,sometimesisafullverb.Sointhetagquestionwhethertousedon'torhaven'tdependsonthecontextualizedmeaningofhave.d．Withmodalauxiliariesinthesentence,Youcouldhaveheardthenewslastnight,couldn'tyou

didn'tyou?e．Statementsthatcontainnegativewordsorwordswhicharenegativeinmeaningareusuallyfollowedbypositivetags.9．Howdowereinforceacommand

如何对祈使句进行强调？ThesubjectYOUisretainedforemphaticeffect.Itmaysuggestthespeaker'simpatience,insistence,orirritationwhenhewishestogetthingsdone.Oritmaybringtolightacontrast.TheexplicitYOUalwayscarriesstresstothateffect.Analternativewayofreinforcingacommandwiththesecondpersonsubjectistoaddaninitialdo.10．Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations

感叹句的两大类型是什么？Theyaretwomajortypesofexclamations:WHAT-andHOW-exclamations.Theformerisfollowedbyanounphrase,thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverbChapterThree1．Whatisanounphrase

什么是名词词组？Nounphrasescanbeclassifiedpartlybyitsexternalfunctionsandpartlybyitsinternalstructure.Theheadwordofanounphraseistypicallyanounorpronoun,whichmaybepremodifiedand/orpostmodifiedbyavarietyofitemsonvariouslevelsrangingfromwordtophrase.（premodification+）headword(+postmodification)2．Whatisapropernoun

什么是专有名词？Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc.Apropernounbeginswithacapitalletter,hasnopluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle,withonlyafewexceptions.Forexample,China,Europe,theUnitedStates,theAlps.3．Whatisacommonnoun

什么是普通名词？Commonnounscanbeclassifiedintocountablenounsandmassnouns,ofwhichcountablenounsmaytakesingularandpluralforms.Countablenounsrefertothenounsthatcantakepluralforms.4．Whatisamassnoun

什么是物质名词？Accordingtothetextbook,theterm"MASS"ispreferredtotheterm"uncountable"toavoidtheambiguousmeaningofthelatterword.Massnounsrefertothenounsthatcannottakepluralformsascountablenounsdo.5．Whatisacollectivenoun

什么是集合名词？Itmeansgroupsofpeople,animalsorthings.Itbelongstoasmallgroupofcommonnouns.Theyaregenerallycountablenounsbutevenwhentheytakethesingularform,theymustkeepinconcordwith/becompatiblewithapluralverb.People,committee,party,team,furniture6．Whatisaunitnoun

什么是单位名词？Unitnoun,alsoreferredtoas"partitives",areaveryspecialclassofwordsusedtospecifythequantitiesofthemodifiednoun.Theyareespeciallyusefulwhenwewanttoindicatethepluralnotionofamassnoun.Theycanalsomodifycountablenounsbyreferringtotheirnumber,measure,shape,etc.7．Whatisnumber

什么是数？Numberisoneoftheimportantcriteriaindistinguishingclassesofnouns.Intermsofnumber,somenounsarevariableandsomeareusuallynot.Atable/tables,alaugh/laughs,butbuttercanneverbebuttersinitspluralform.Somewordscanbeusedasnounsindifferenceclasses,asinthefollowingpairs:Therearesixroomsinthehouse.Thereismuchroomfordiscussion.Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.Doyoulikeboiledchicken.(meatofahenorcock)Theyouthofourcountryhaveideas.Twentyyouthsattendedthemeetingyesterday.Fromtheabovesentenceswecanseethatmanynounscanbevariableintheirclasses,andthushaveslightlydifferentmeanings.8．Whataresingularinvariables

什么是单数名词？Singularinvariablesmainlyrefertopropernounsandmassnouns.Theformerones,becauseoftheiruniquereference,arenormallyinvariablesingularsevenwhensomeofthesenounsappearinthePluralform.Butsomegeographicalpropernounswithapluralformareusuallytreatedasplurals.Thelatter,massnoun,whetherabstractorconcreteisgenerallysingular,includingcertainnounsendinginCs.TheUnitedNations,TheNetherlands,thePhilippinescanbeeithersingular,orplurals.TheAlps,theMaldives,NiagaraFalls,alwaysplurals.TheJoneses,Acoustics,plastics,appendicitis,measles,mumps,rickets,billiards,butnotwaters,snows,whentheyappearinthepluralform,theyexpressintensity,greatquantity,andhavealiteraryflavor.Exceptions:Generallymeaslesoccursinchildren.Measlesaresometimescausedbyatapeworm(绦虫).Dartsarenotallowedhere.Dartsarethrownateachturn.Marblesvaryinkindandquality.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.Theacousticsofthishallarefaultless.Hismathematicsareweak.Thechildrenareplayingonthesands(astretchofsand).ThisiswherethewatersoftheAmazonflowoutintothesea.(waterofthestatedriver)9．Whatarepluralinvariables

什么是复数名词？Pluralinvariablessuggestthatsomenounsnormallyrepresentasinvariablepluralforms.Thenounsincludethenamesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts（spectacles,glasses,jeans,compasses）,somecollectivenouns(cattle,people,police,vermin),geographicalnamesofmountainranges(theAlps,theRockies,theHimalayas),waterfalls(NiagaraFalls),groupsofislands(theMaldives,theBalkans,theBermudas)andothernounsendinginCs(arms,archives,contents).Note：Namesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts,(whentheyareattributiveormodifier,-smustberemovedatrouserleg,aspectaclecase)（特别注意：当由同样两部分构成的工具或衣服作修饰语时，末尾的-s要去掉。）裤腿（atrouserleg）,眼镜盒（aspectaclecase）.Somecollectivenouns，suchasfoliage,machinery,merchandise，areusedinconcordwithsingularverb),Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.片片绿叶，宁静恬适。Newmachinerywasintroducedinthefactory.该工厂引进了新机器。Collectivenounssuchasaudience,class,committee,couple,crew,family,government,public,etc.canbesingularorplural,dependingontheircontext.Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.(corpse/body)他的遗体安放在这个墓地。Theremainsofthemealwas/werethrownaway.(theleftoversofthemeal)剩饭都扔掉了。10．Whatareirregularplurals

什么是不规则名词复数？Bydefinition,irregularpluralsareunpredictablefromtheformofcorrespondingsingulars,whichmeansthatgeneralizationisusuallynotapplicableandthatthepluralshavetobelistedandlearnedasindividuallexicalunits.Thegeneraltypesofirregularpluralinclude:nounswithirregularspellingorpronunciationofboth,nounswithzeropluralsandnounsthattakeforeignplurals.Irregularplurals:1）irregularspelling/pronunciation2）zeroplurals3）foreignplurals4）pluralcompounds11．Whatareforeignplurals

什么是外来词复数？Wordsthatareborrowedfromotherlanguagesoftenhaveforeignplurals.Manysuchwordshavebecomenaturalizedandsotaketheregularpluralform(-s,-es).WordsthatstillkeepforeignpluralformsincludenounsendinginCa,-eau,-ex,-ix,-is,-on,-um,-us.Naturalized:Bonus-bonuses,metropolisCmetropolisesbureau-bureaux(French),indexCindices,indexes,(Latin)crisisCcrises(Greek)curriculumCcurricula,stimulusCstimulibacteriumCbacteriamemorandumCmemoranda,memorandumsphenomenonCphenomena12．Whatarepluralcompounds

什么是复合词的复数？Pluralcompoundsmainlyconsistofthreewaysofforms:pluralizethelastelement,thefirstelement,andboththefirstandthelastelement.ChapterFor1．Whataredeterminers

什么是限定词？Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.Intermsoffunction,theybreakintotwomajortypes:identifiersandquantifiers.Intermsoftheirrelativepositionswhentheyco-occur,theybreakintothreetypes:predeterminers,centraldeterminersandpostdeterminers.2．Whatarethedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectives

限定词和形容词有何区别？Thedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectivesareinanumberofsignificantways.1)determinersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinpremodification;2)thechoiceofdeterminersisoftendeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadjectives;3)adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristics,butdeterminersdeterminestheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;4)adjectivescanpostmodifytheheadword,butnotdeterminers(exceptenough).5)adjectiveshavecomparativeforms,inflectionalorperiphrastic,butnotdeterminers(exceptfew,little,manyandmuch).Co-occurrenceofdeterminersmeansdeterminersmayco-occurinthepremodificationofanounphrase;thatis,twoormoredeterminersmaymodifyoneandthesameheadword.Insuchcase,eachdeterminertakesarelativelyfixedpositioninthesequence.Articles:Asadeterminer,itpremodifiesaheadnoun.IntheEnglishlanguage,therearetwoarticles:thedefinitearticle"the"andtheindefinitearticle"a(n)".Thetwotermsindicatesomeofthesemanticimplicationsofarticleusage.Zeroarticle:itmeansnounsthatusepluralformsandgowithoutanarticle.3．Whatkindsofdeterminersareandarenotmutuallyexclusive

何种限定词相互排斥何种限定词相互不排斥Predeterminersorcentraldeterminersaremutuallyexclusive.Thatis,inoneandthesamenounphrase,therecouldbeonlyonepredetermineroronecentraldeterminer.Postdeterminersarenotmutuallyexclusivethatis,inoneandthesamenounphrase,therecouldbetwoormorepostdeterminers.4．Givetwoexamplestoillustratetheorderofdeterminers.举两个例子说明限定词的顺序。Theorderofdeterminersisfixedwhentheyco-occur:Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminerForexample:alltheotherstudents(Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer)allthethreeotherstudents(Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer+postdeterminer)5．Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference什么是类指和特指

Genericreference:Itdenotesclassmembershipanditcanalsorefertoaclassasawhole.Itisrealizedbyasingularcountablenounthatgoeswithanindefinitearticle"a(n)",orasingularcountablenounwithadefinitearticle"the"orapluralcountablenounthatgoeswithoutanarticle.Specificreference:Itcanbemadeeitherinadefinitewayorinanindefiniteway.Definitespecificreferenceidentifiesthereferentinquestionandisrealizedbyanounwithadefinitearticle"the".Indefinitespecificreference,however,pointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass,anditisrealizedbyasingularcountablenounwithanindefinitearticle"a(n)".类指：Apandaisarareanimal.Thepandaisarareanimal.Pandasarerareanimals.零冠词IwishIhadadogofmyown.特指：Thereisadoginfrontofthehouse.不确定特指。Adogchargedatmelastnight.不确定特指Thedoggavebirthtoalitterofpuppies.确定特指6．Canthedefinitearticlebeusedforgenericreferenceandtheindefinitearticleforspecificreference

Iftheycan,giveoneexampleforeachuse.定冠词可用于类指吗不定冠词可用于特指吗请举例。Thedefinitearticlecanbeusedforgenericreference.Forexample,Thepandaisarareanimal.Thepandaherestilldenotesthewholespecies.Theindefinitearticlecanalsobeusedforspecificreference.Forexample,AdogchargedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.Hereadogpointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass."a"showsindefinitespecificreference.7．Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa.什么情况下用属格，不用of-词组；在什么情况下用of-词组，不用属格？1）Thegenitiveiscommonlypreferredwithnounsreferringtopeople.Mary'sT-shirt.Cf.theT-shirtofMaryStones,thepassportofJohnSmithTheof-phraseistypicallypreferredwithnounsreferringtoinanimate,lifelessobjects.thecolorofthecar.2）Theof-phraseisrequiredwithanounphrasewhoseheadwordisaclassifyingadjective.thewelfareofthepoor.Thegenitiveisexclusivelyusediftherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc,ratherthanpossessions.theteacher'sbook3）Generally,of-phraseisnotusedwithfirstnames(wecan'tsaytheT-shirtofMary),butwouldbeacceptablewithfullnames.4）Thegenitiveisalsousedwithnounsdenotingtime.threeyears'time.Formsofgenitive:Thegenitiveisgenerallyformedinwritingbyadding'stosingularnounsandtothepluralnounsthatdonotendin-s.Pluralnounsthatendin-stakeapostropheasgenitivemarker.Groupgenitive复合名词或名词短语的所有格:thegroupgenitiveisatermthatreferstothegenitiveformedbyadding"'s"tothelastelementofapostmodifiedorcoordinatednounphrase.Localgenitive地点属格:Thegenitiveissometimesusedalonewithoutafollowingnoun.Nounsusedinthelocalgenitiveareinvariablynounsreferringtopersonsanddenotingresidence,publicbuildings,placeswherebusinessisconducted.Doublegenitive双重属格:Itisalsoreferredtoasthe"postgenitive".Thedoublegenitiveissocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase.8．Whataresomeoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto双重属格有哪些限制Someoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjecttoare:1）Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitiveconstructionalmostalwaysreferstopersons,nevertoobjects.2）Thefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticle)andthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite.3）Exceptionstotherulearethecaseswherethefirstnounispremodifiedbyademonstrativeorpostmodifiedbyarelativeclause.9．某些限定词用法举例：Many（后位限定词）otherstudentsareabsentfromclass.Hismany（后位）colleaguesspeakhighlyofhim.Many（前位）acolleaguespeakshighlyofhim.Ihaveneverseensuch（前位）agirl.Threesuch（后位）booksWhat（前位限定词）adayitis!ChapterFive1．Auxiliaryverbs什么叫助动词？

Theydonotcomplywiththedefinitionofverb,becausetheyarenotusedalone,exceptinellipticalsentences.Buttheysharesomeoftheverbcharacteristics,sotheyareclassifiedasasubdivisionofverbs.2．Simpleverbphrase什么是简单动词词组

Averbphrasethatconsistsofaheadwordonlyisreferredtoasasimpleverbphrase.3．Complexverbphrase:什么是复杂动词词组？

Averbphrasethathaspremodificationisreferredtoasacomplexverbphrase.4．Classificationofverbs动词是如何分类的？

Verbscanbeclassifiedintolexicalverbsandauxiliaries.Lexicalverbscanbefurtherdividedintotransitive,intransitiveandcopulaverbs（系动词）.Andauxiliariesalsocanbefurtherdividedintoprimaryandmodalverbs.5．Tense时

EnglishverbshavetwotensesCthepresenttenseandthepasttense,whicharetermedthesimplepresent(tense)andthesimplepast(tense)iftheverbisnotpremodifiedbyanyauxiliary6．Thesimplepresent一般现在时？

Itisprimarilyusedtoexpressthepresenttimeandtypicallyimpliesthesenseofpermanence.Otherusesofthesimplepresentincludereferencetothepastandtothefutureinappropriatecontexts.一般现在时1）eternaltruth,generaltimelessstatement,scientificstatements表示客观存在，如客观真理、格言等。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Pridegoesbeforeafall.2）thepresentexistenceorstateofaffairsandthetimespanissomewhatlimited.表示现状Heisanhonestman.Yourshoessmellawful.3）regularrecurrence表示现在习惯动作Icycletowork.4）thepresentationofaneventthathappenssimultaneouslywithspeech,suchasdeclarationswherethespeechandtheactionarethesamething,sportscommentariesordemonstrationsofhowtodosth.表示瞬间动作或发生的事情用一般现在时，又可分为3类：宣布说话与动作发生，比赛解说，做演示时的说明。InthenameofGod,Ipronounceyoumanandwife.5）Thepasteventsorstatesdenotedbythesimplepresentarebroughtuptothepresenttimeasiftheywereactuallyhappeningatthemomentofspeech,foraneffectofdescriptivevividness.Newspaperheadlines,photographiccaptions,stagedirectionsandutteranceswithverbsofcommunication.一般现在时在特定的环境下可表示过去时间。一般现在时的这种特殊用法常见于小说叙述中。除此之外，还可用于新闻标题、图片解说等。6）一般现在时表示将来时间主要有两种情况。一是在从句里，二是在主句里，表示不可更改的将来事情。We'llhavetostayathomeifitrainstomorrow.TomorrowisSaturday.Thetrainleavesat20:00.7．Thesimplepasttense一般过去时？

Itisprimarilyassociatedwithreferenceto