介绍苏格兰的 苏格兰历史A Brief Introduction of Scotland

Scotland钟文清、马彦云、王睿中2021/6/27112345GeographicallocationHistoryCulture

andcustomsIndependenceNaturalconditionsandTourismIndex2021/6/272GeographicallocationScotlandis

part

ofthe

UnitedKingdom

andcoversthenorthernthirdoftheislandof

GreatBritain.Itsharesaborderwith

England

tothesouth,andisotherwisesurroundedbythe

AtlanticOcean,withthe

NorthSea

totheeastandthe

NorthChannel

and

IrishSea

tothesouth-west.

属于英国领土，位于欧洲西部、不列颠岛北部，南接英格兰，东濒北海，东北与西北分别与挪威、丹麦、冰岛隔海相望，西临大西洋。2021/6/273HistoryThe5thcentury,thenorthernIrishGaelic(Celticone)toimmigratetoScotland,inArgyllandthebitwhereAdaCountyareatoestablishtheKingdomofDarfur.SincetheneastwardexpansionintoArthurErsenLinandErneValley,northtoexpandintotheElginarea.843Ada,darliMacalpinconcurrentlyPickettKingoftheKingdomoftheKing,theestablishmentofAlba(Alba)kingdom,KingKennethI,No.(KingKennethIMacAlpin).Sincethen,theKingdomofScotlandafterDunkeld,CanmoredynastyBarriolDynasty,Englandoccupation,BruceStuartdynasty,andruleduntil1707withtheKingdomofEnglandceasedtoexistafterthemergeroftheUnitedKingdom.2021/6/274History1

史前时代与罗马帝国2

苏格兰王国2.1

建立2.2

英格兰影响2.3

第一次独立战争2.4

第二次独立战争2.5

斯图亚特王朝2.6

玛丽一世2.7

与英格兰王国的合并3

大英帝国时期4

二十世纪5

二十一世纪1PrehistoryandtheRomanEmpire2KingdomofScotland2.1Establish2.2EnglandInfluence2.3FirstWarofIndependence2.4secondwarofindependence2.5Stuart2.6MaryI2.7mergedwiththeKingdomofEngland3oftheBritishEmpire4ofthetwentiethcentury5twenty-firstcentury2021/6/275Cultureandcustoms盖尔语加拿大苏格兰盖尔语，也被称作布雷顿角岛盖尔语，（当地人将之简称为盖尔语（Gaelic或者TheGaelic）。作为苏格兰盖尔语的一种方言，加拿大苏格兰盖尔语已经在远离大陆的新斯科舍省的布雷顿角岛上存在了超越200年。除了新斯科舍，在加拿大的新不伦瑞克，爱德华王子岛上也有少量社区使用。同时在安大略多伦多的盖尔移民社区也有少量人口讲这种语言。19世纪中期，加拿大盖尔语达到巅峰。这种语言连同它的近亲——爱尔兰盖尔语——一起成为加拿大的第三大语言，仅排在英语和法语之后。之后苏格兰盖尔语迅速衰落，近年来已经近乎绝迹。ScottishGaelic,sometimesalsoreferredtoasGaelic(Gàidhlig[ˈkaːlikʲ](listen)),isaCelticlanguagenativetoScotland.AmemberoftheGoidelicbranchoftheCelticlanguages,ScottishGaelic,likeModernIrishandManx,developedoutofMiddleIrish,andthusisultimatelydescendedfromOldIrish.2021/6/276Cultureandcustoms苏格兰风笛ScottishBagpipe

ThebagpipeisthenationalinstrumentofScotlandandisbestrepresentedinthemusicoftheScottishHighlands.Highlandpipersontheotherhand,appeartohavebeenmorestronglyinfluencedbytheirCelticbackgroundandoccupiedahighandhonoured

position.风笛是苏格兰的民族乐器，并最能代表苏格兰高地风俗。另一方面，风笛似乎受到凯尔特人背景的强烈影响，并有举足轻重的地位。2021/6/277Cultureandcustoms威士忌Whiskyisinitsmostbasicsense,aspiritthatisdistilledfromgrain.Itisagedforlongperiodsoftimeinwoodenbarrels.Thisbarrel-agingsmoothestheroughpalateoftherawspiritandaddsaromatic,allofwhichsetwhiskiesapartfromwhitegrainspirits,whicharedistilledclosertoneutralityintasteandthengenerallynotagedinwood.ThebasisofScotchwhiskyistheheather-flavoredalesmadefrombarleymaltthatthePictsandtheirprehistoricancestorsbrewed.Archeologistshavefoundevidenceofsuchbrewingdatingbacktoatleast2000B.C.Thisale(whichisstillproducedtodaybyatleastoneScottishmicrobrewer)waslowinalcoholandnotverystable.

ThelocalPictsfoundthattheycouldcreateastablealcoholicbeveragebydistillingtheirheatherale.Simplestillscametobefoundinmostruralhomesteads,andhomemadewhiskybecameanintegralpartofGaelicculture.2021/6/278Cultureandcustoms威士忌从最基本的意义上说，是谷物在木桶中长时间发酵而得的精神与灵魂。这种桶，老化、平滑的原始精神粗糙了口感，并增加了芳香。苏格兰威士忌的基础是从皮克特和他们的史前祖先酿造的大麦麦芽制成的石南味的啤酒。考古学家已经发现了这种啤酒这样酝酿的历史要追溯到公元前2000年左右。（这种方式沿用至今）这种酒酒精浓度低、并且不太稳定。当地的皮克特人发现他们可以通过发酵他们自己种植的一种谷物来创造一种稳定的酒精饮料。大多数农村宅基地的人都发现了这种材料，而自制的威士忌成为盖尔文化的一个组成部分。2021/6/279NaturalconditionsandTourism Edinburgh

isthe

capitalcity

of

Scotland,locatedin

Lothian

onthesouthernshoreofthe

FirthofForth.12021/6/2710Edinburgh

2021/6/2711Edinburgh

2021/6/2712Edinburgh

2021/6/2713Edinburgh

2021/6/2714NaturalconditionsandTourism GlasgowisthelargestcityinScotland,andthethirdlargestintheUnitedKingdom.ItissituatedontheRiverClydeinthecountry'sWestCentralLowlands.InhabitantsofthecityarereferredtoasGlaswegians.22021/6/2715Glasgow2021/6/2716Glasgow2021/6/2717Glasgow2021/6/2718NaturalconditionsandTourism ScottishHighlandsTheScottishGaelicnameofA'Ghàidhealtachdliterallymeans"theplaceoftheGaels"andtraditionally.32021/6/2719ScottishHighlands2021/6/2720ScottishHighlands2021/6/2721ScottishHighlands2021/6/2722IndependenceScottishIndependenceReferendum2021/6/2723Independence

referendumInMarch21,2013,

theBritish

governmentofScotland

chiefminister

Salmondannounced,Scotlandwill

holdareferendumonindependence

inSeptember18,2014,

todecidewhetherScotland'sindependencefromBritain.2013年3月21日，英国苏格兰政府首席部长萨蒙德宣布，苏格兰将于2014年9月18日举行独立公投，以决定苏格兰是否脱离英国独立.2021/6/2724Independence

referendumTheBBCwebsiteannouncedthefinalresultofthereferendumat06:24on19September2014,wherebythe“No”voteprevailedwith55%(2,001,926)ofthevotes.

Atthesametime,

theBritish

governmentofScotland

chiefminister

Salmondannou