商务英语阅读（第3册）（第二版） 课件Unit 9 Business Competition；Unit 10 Business Etiquette

商务英语阅读3Unit9BusinessCompetitionLearningObjectivesUnderstandtheinfluenceofbusinesscompetitiononthepricesofthecommoditiesandservicesprovidedbythecompanies.Knowtheinfluencesofmonopoliesonbusinesscompetitionsandprices.Knowthestepscompaniescantake,facedwithsustainabilityscarcity.Understandthefluctuationofpricesinsustainability-relatedresourcesduetotheirdemandandsupply.CONTENTS01.TextA02.

TextB03.ChineseValuesAreAirlineMergersLeadingtoHigherAirFares?TextAWarmingup1.Haveyouevergonetravellingbyair?Ifso,doyouthinktheairfareishigh,loworsatisfactory?Why?2.Whatdoyouknowaboutmerger?Canyougiveanyexamples?Discusstheexamplesofmergeryouknowwithyourpartnerindetail.3.Doyouthinkairlinemergersleadtohigherairfares?Why?WordsandExpressionsmergern.thejoiningtogetheroftwoseparatecompaniesororganizationssothattheybecomeone合并（CET6）Therehasbeenalotoftalkaboutamergerwithanotherleadingbank.WordsandExpressionsprice-fixingn.thesettingofpricesbyagreementamongproducersanddistributors协定物价Withovertprice-fixingcartelsclearlyillegal,therailroadsturnedtomergersasthewaytoeliminatecompetitionbetweenthem.WordsandExpressionsairfaren.Theairfaretoaplaceistheamountitcoststoflythere.飞机票价Mostairfarepricedropslastlessthan48hours,sopeopleneedtobereadytojumpwhenafarefalls.WordsandExpressionsinflation-adjusted扣除物价上涨因素Ininflation-adjustedtermsthisisfarlowerthanratesofthecountry’skeytradingpartners.WordsandExpressionscolludev.Ifonepersoncolludeswithanother,theycooperatewiththemsecretlyorillegally.(秘密或非法地)串通（TEM8）SeverallocalofficialsareinjailonchargesofcolludingwiththeMafia.WordsandExpressionsconsolidationn.theactofcombiningintoanintegralwhole巩固;变坚固（CET4;CET6）Theprincipleofconsolidationisanimportantteachingprinciple.WordsandExpressionshub-and-spoke

denotingamethodoforganizingintercontinentalairtrafficinwhichonemajorairportisusedasafeederforlocalairports(Sometimesshortenedtohub).轴辐路网空中交通组织法Inordertooptimizeextendedhub-and-spokeregionaltransportationnetwork,interactivefuzzyprogrammingmodelwasintroduced.WordsandExpressionstransatlanticadj.TransatlanticflightsorsignalsgoacrosstheAtlanticOcean,usuallybetweentheUnitedStatesandBritain.横跨大西洋的Manytransatlanticflightslandthere.WordsandExpressionsconcentrationn.theamountofasubstancecontainedinaliquid〔液体中某物质的〕浓度（CET4;TEM4）Agasinsolutiondiffusesfromaregionofgreatertooneoflessconcentration.WordsandExpressionsmonopolyn.Ifacompany,person,orstatehasamonopolyonsomethingsuchasanindustry,theyhavecompletecontroloverit,sothatitisimpossibleforotherstobecomeinvolvedinit.垄断（CET6;TEM4）Russianmovestoendastatemonopolyonlandownership.WordsandExpressionsswitchv.tochangefromdoingorusingonethingtodoingorusinganother转换，转变，改变（CET4;TEM4）Youhavetoswitchyourmindset.WordsandExpressionstacitadj.Ifyourefertosomeone’stacitagreementorapproval,youmeantheyareagreeingtosomethingorapprovingitwithoutactuallysayingso,oftenbecausetheyareunwillingtoadmittodoingso.默许的（CET6;TEM8）Thequestionwasatacitadmissionthatamistakehadindeedbeenmade.WordsandExpressionsontheflipside反过来说；另一方面Ontheflipside,CEOsoftenfindthattheirsuggestionstakeonafargreatermagnitudethanwhattheyintended.WordsandExpressionsretaliationn.actionagainstsomeonewhohasdonesomethingbadtoyou报复，反击（CET6）Thisactionwasundoubtedlyinretaliationforlastweek’sbombattack.WordsandExpressionssubstantiallyadv.Ifsomethingchangessubstantiallyorissubstantiallydifferent,itchangesalotorisverydifferent.很大程度地Thepercentageofgirlsinengineeringhasincreasedsubstantially.WordsandExpressionslurev.Toluresomeonemeanstotrickthemintoaparticularplaceortotrickthemintodoingsomethingthattheyshouldnotdo.引诱（CET6;TEM8）Theydidnotrealizethattheywerebeingluredintoatrap.WordsandExpressionsentrantn.Anentrantisapersonorcompanywhohasrecentlybecomeamemberofaninstitutionormarket.新成员（TEM4）Thecompanymadeanameforitselfasanearlyentrantinthedigitalvideo-recordermarket.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-6Backgroundinformationofairlinemergersandhigherairfares.Para.7-13Consolidationandcompetitionintheairlineindrustry.Para.14-16Theproductsorservicesofferedbyairlinersdetermineandpassengers’loyalty.Para.17-22Tacitcollusionandsoftcompetitionintheairlineindustry.Para.23-27Pricecompetitionofairlinersinthefutrue.NotesonTextA1.Distinguishbetweenthetwoterms,mergersandacquisitions.Mergersandacquisitions(M&A)aretransactionsinwhichtheownershipofcompanies,otherbusinessorganizations,ortheiroperatingunitsaretransferredorcombined.Fromalegalpointofview,amergerisalegalconsolidationoftwoentitiesintooneentity,whereasanacquisitionoccurswhenoneentitytakesownershipofanotherentity’sstock,equityinterestsorassets.NotesonTextA1.Distinguishbetweenthetwoterms,mergersandacquisitions.Fromacommercialandeconomicpointofview,bothtypesoftransactionsgenerallyresultintheconsolidationofassetsandliabilitiesunderoneentity,andthedistinctionbetweena“merger”andan“acquisition”islessclear.企业并购（MergersandAcquisitions,M&A）包括兼并和收购两种方式。NotesonTextA2.monopolyIfacompany,person,orstatehasamonopolyonsomethingsuchasanindustry,theyhavecompletecontroloverit,sothatitisimpossibleforotherstobecomeinvolvedinit.垄断Discussion1.Haveyouevergonetravellingbyair?Ifso,doyouthinktheairfareishigh,loworsatisfactory?Why?2.Whatdoyouknowaboutmerger?Canyougiveanyexamples?Discusstheexamplesofmergeryouknowwithyourpartnerindetail.3.Doyouthinkairlinemergersleadtohigherairfares?Why?ExercisesI.ReadingComprehension:1-5BCCCBII.VocabularyA.1-5ABCBB6-10ADCADB.1.beingblamedfor2.madeup3.determining4.inresponseto5.Ontheflipside6.hub-and-spoke7.inflation-adjusted8.correlatewith9.transatlantic10.passengercapacity.III.Cloze:1-5JBAFO6-10HKGEDExercisesIV.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.最新的交通部数据显示，第四季度扣除通胀因素后的机票价格比一年前上升2%，尽管同期飞机燃油价格下降了25%。2.跨越大西洋的航线被三大合资企业主宰，其旅客运送能力合计超过75%。3.参与航空公司忠诚度项目的乘客通常愿意为了乘坐自己偏爱的航班而支付额外费用。4.另一方面，航空公司会惩罚其竞争对手，如果该对手不能恪守这一含蓄的约定，而一味地与之激烈竞争。5.美国司法部增强其对于航空业的关注是正确的，毕竟阻止市场权力的滥用是它的职责之一。ExercisesV.DiscussionTheauthorcitesthisexampletoshowthatalthoughtheairlineindustryexperiencedseverallargemergersoverthepast25yearsorso,thatis,thetotalnumberofcarriersbecomesfewer,thatdoesnotnecessarilycorrelatewiththeextentofcompetition.TheGreenEconomyHasaResource-ScarcityProblemTextBWordsandExpressionsscarcityn.Ifthereisascarcityofsomething,thereisnotenoughofitforthepeoplewhoneeditorwantit.缺乏；不足；稀少（CET6;TEM4）Theirpricedependedalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.WordsandExpressionsoutstripv.tobefaster,betterormoresuccessfulthansomebodyyouarecompetingagainst超过，超越（竞争对手）Theirlatestcomputeroutstripsallitsrivals.WordsandExpressionsdynamicsn.[pl.]thewayinwhichpeopleorthingsbehaveandreacttoeachotherinaparticularsituation（人或事物）相互作用的方式，动态（TEM8）Theinterchangeofideasaidsanunderstandingoffamilydynamics.WordsandExpressionsscenarion.adescriptionofhowthingsmighthappeninthefuture设想；方案；预测（CET6;TEM8）Theworst-casescenariowouldbeforthefactorytobecloseddown.WordsandExpressionsexacerbatev.tomakesomethingworse,especiallyadiseaseorproblem使恶化；使加剧；使加重（TEM8）Thesymptomsmaybeexacerbatedbycertaindrugs.WordsandExpressionsimpendingadj.[onlybeforenoun](usuallyofanunpleasantevent)goingtohappenverysoon（通常指不愉快的事）即将发生的；迫在眉睫的（TEM8）Shehadasenseofimpendingdoom.WordsandExpressionsrecycledpolyethyleneterephthalate(rPET):再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯，即，将使用过后的PET产品回收后的再制品ThechairsaremadeofRecycledPolyethyleneTerephthalate(rPET),orrecycledplasticCokebottlesandamixofpigmentandglassfiber.WordsandExpressionstoutv.totrytopersuadepeoplethatsb/sthisimportantorvaluablebypraisingthem/it标榜；吹捧；吹嘘（TEM8）He’sbeingtoutedasthenextleaderoftheparty.WordsandExpressionsmitigatev.tomakesomethinglessharmful,serious,etc.减轻；缓和（TEM8）Soilerosionwasmitigatedbytheplantingoftrees.WordsandExpressionsresilientadj.abletofeelbetterquicklyaftersomethingunpleasantsuchasshock,injury,etc.可迅速恢复的；有适应力的He’llgetoverit.Youngpeopleareamazinglyresilient.WordsandExpressionscoalitionn.Acoalitionisagroupconsistingofpeoplefromdifferentpoliticalorsocialgroupswhoareco-operatingtoachieveaparticularaim.(政党、社团等的)同盟，联盟（CET6;TEM4）Hiscoalitionmayholdaclearmajoritybutthiscouldquicklyfallaway.WordsandExpressionscrassadj.verystupidandshowingnosympathyorunderstanding愚蠢而无同情心的Poprecordscanbecrassandcynical.WordsandExpressionsreconcilev.tofindanacceptablewayofdealingwithtwoormoreideas,needs,etc.thatseemtobeopposedtoeachother使和谐一致；调和；使配合（CET4;TEM4）Itwashardtoreconcilehiscareerambitionswiththeneedsofhischildren.WordsandExpressionsencompassv.toincludealargenumberorrangeofthings包含，包括，涉及（大量事物）（CET6;TEM8）Thejobencompassesawiderangeofresponsibilities.WordsandExpressionsstakeholdern.apersonorcompanythatisinvolvedinaparticularorganization,project,system,etc.,especiallybecausetheyhaveinvestedmoneyinit（某组织、工程、体系等的）参与人，参与方；有权益关系者Theresponsibilityofuniversityistosafeguardandsatisfytheinterestsofeverystakeholder.WordsandExpressionscircularityn.环（圈）状；度）；圆形性；环形性；圆（形）Thereisadangerouscircularityaboutthisargument.WordsandExpressionstransparencyn.thequalityofsomething,suchasanexcuseoralie,thatallowssbtoseethetrutheasily显而易见；一目了然（TEM4）Theywereshockedbythetransparencyofhislies.WordsandExpressionsaccountabilityn.responsibilitytosomeoneorforsomeactivity责任；有义务，有责任（CET4;CET6）Thisiswithinhissphereofaccountability.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-11Backgroundinformationofresource-scarcityproblem.Para.12-21Stepscompaniescantakenowtofacewithsustainabilityscarcity.Para.22-30Stepstakentoaddressandleveragesustainabilityscarcities.NotesonTextB1.Whatissustainability?Ingeneral,sustainabilityisunderstoodasaformofintergenerationalethicsinwhichtheenvironmentalandeconomicactionstakenbypresentpersonsdonotdiminishtheopportunitiesoffuturepersonstoenjoysimilarlevelsofwealth,utility,orwelfare.可持续性被理解为代际伦理的一种形式，在这种伦理中，当代人所采取的环境和经济行动不会减少未来人享受类似财富、效用或福利的机会。NotesonTextB2. Whatcausesscarcityofresources?Ascarcityofresourcescanbecausedbyanumberofnaturalormanmadeprocessesdependingonthetypeofresourceinquestionandwhatusesithas.Thescarcityofcertainnaturalresourcesinselectpartsoftheglobeareusuallyattributedtogeologicalorbiologicalprocessesinnaturethatprecludetheirproduction,oroverusebylocalpopulationsastimepasses.Limitationsintheavailabilityofeconomicgoodscanalsobetracedtoascarcityofresourcesproducedbysocialandpoliticalconditionssuchasalackofadequatelabor,education,oradvancedtechnologyamongthepopulation.NotesonTextB2. Whatcausesscarcityofresources?资源稀缺可能是由许多自然或人为过程造成的，这取决于所涉及的资源类型及其用途。全球某些地区某些自然资源的稀缺通常归因于自然界的地质或生物过程，这些过程阻碍了这些资源的生产，或者随着时间的推移被当地人口过度使用。经济商品供应的限制也可以追溯到社会和政治条件所产生的资源稀缺，例如人口中缺乏足够的劳动力、教育或先进技术。DiscussionWhatarecarboncredits(alsoknownascarbonoffsets)?ExercisesI.Discussion:Theanswertothisquestionisopen.

II.Readingcomprehension:1-5DBDBCChineseValuesChineseValues1.我们千万不能在一片喝彩声、赞扬声中丧失革命精神和斗志，逐渐陷入安于现状、不思进取、贪图享乐的状态，而是要牢记船到中流浪更急、人到半山路更陡，把不忘初心、牢记使命作为加强党的建设的永恒课题，作为全体党员、干部的终身课题。Wecanneverallowourselvestoloseourrevolutionaryspiritandtoindulgeincomplacencyandpleasure-seekingamidstflatteryandpraise.Rather,wemustrememberthatmidstreamiswherethecurrentisthestrongestandtheroadhalfwayupthehillissteeper.Soitisnecessarytotake“stayingtruetotheParty’soriginalaspirationandfoundingmission”asoureternalthemeinstrengtheningtheParty,andalifelongtaskforallPartymembersandofficials.

——习近平在主持中共十九届中央政治局第十五次集体学习时的讲话

ChineseValues2.文明因多样而交流，因交流而互鉴，因互鉴而发展。我们要加强世界上不同国家、不同民族、不同文化的交流互鉴，夯实共建亚洲命运共同体、人类命运共同体的人文基础。Diversityspursinteractionamongcivilizations，whichinturnpromotesmutuallearningandfurtherdevelopment.Weneedtopromoteexchangesandmutuallearningamongcountries，nationsandculturesaroundtheworld，andstrengthenpopularsupportforacommunityofsharedfutureforbothAsiaandhumanityasawhole.——习近平在亚洲文明对话大会开幕式上的主旨演讲THANKYOU!商务英语阅读3Unit10BusinessEtiquetteLearningObjectivesUnderstandtheimportanceofbusinessetiquettes.Learnthedo’sanddon’tsinbusinesssettings.Understandthereisagapinsocialetiquettesbetweentheoldergenerationandtheyoungergeneration.CONTENTS01.TextA02.

TextB03.ChineseValuesImportanceofBusinessEtiquetteTextAWarmingup1.Whyisetiquetteofvitalimportanceinbusinesscommunication?2.Pleasecitesomeexamplesofgoodmannersandbadmannersonformalbusinessoccasionsfromyourownknowledgeorexperience.3.PleasecommentonthefollowingquotationfromVirginiaCaryHudson—“Etiquetteiswhatyouaredoingandsayingwhenpeoplearelookingandlistening.Whatyouarethinkingisyourbusiness.”WordsandExpressionsdecorumn.Decorumisbehaviorthatpeopleconsidertobecorrect,polite,andrespectable.礼仪；礼貌（TEM8）Iwastreatedwithdecorumandrespectthroughouttheinvestigation.WordsandExpressionsalignv.toorganizeorchangesomethingsothatithastherightrelationshiptosomethingelse.使一致（CET6;TEM8）Thispolicyiscloselyalignedwiththegoalsoftheorganization.WordsandExpressionsindulgev.Ifyouindulgeinsomethingorifyouindulgeyourself,youallowyourselftohaveordosomethingthatyouknowyouwillenjoy.使沉溺;沉溺（CET6;TEM4）Onlyrarelywillsheindulgeinaglassofwine.WordsandExpressionsshunv.Ifyoushunsomeoneorsomething,youdeliberatelyavoidthemorkeepawayfromthem.有意回避（CET6;TEM8）Fromthattimeforwardeverybodyshunnedhim.WordsandExpressionscongenialadj.Acongenialperson,place,orenvironmentispleasant.令人愉快的（TEM8）Heisbackinmorecongenialcompany.WordsandExpressionsrapportn.friendlyagreementandunderstandingbetweenpeople融洽，和睦关系（TEM8）Hehadandexcellentrapportwithhispatients.WordsandExpressionsconstructiveadj.Aconstructivediscussion,comment,orapproachisusefulandhelpfulratherthannegativeandunhelpful.建设性的（TEM4）Aftertheirmeeting,bothmendescribedthetalksasfrank,friendlyandconstructive.WordsandExpressionsdemeanorn.Yourdemeanoristhewayyoubehave,whichgivespeopleanimpressionofyourcharacterandfeelings.行为;态度（TEM8）Ireallylikehercalmandcheerfuldemeanor.WordsandExpressionscuen.anactionoreventthatisasignalforsomethingelsetohappen提示，暗示（CET4;TEM4）Oursuccesswasthecueforothercompaniestopressaheadwithnewinvestment.WordsandExpressionstopbrass

Inthearmyorinotherorganizations,thetopbrassarethepeopleinthehighestpositions.要员ThetopbrassarecominginfromWashingtontoseehowwedothingshere.WordsandExpressionsfacilitatev.Tofacilitateanactionorprocess,especiallyonethatyouwouldliketohappen,meanstomakeiteasierormorelikelytohappen.促进（CET4;TEM4）Thenewairportwillfacilitatethedevelopmentoftourism.WordsandExpressionsinclinationn.Aninclinationisafeelingthatmakesyouwanttoactinaparticularway.意向（TEM4）Hehadneitherthetimenortheinclinationtothinkofotherthings.WordsandExpressionsindispensableadj.Someoneorsomethingthatisindispensableissoimportantorusefulthatitisimpossibletomanagewithoutthe.必需的，不可或缺的（CET4;TEM4）Thisbookisindispensabletoanyoneinterestedinspaceexploration.WordsandExpressionsentailv.toinvolvesomethingasanecessarypartorresult使必要；需要（CET6;TEM8）Anewcomputersystementailsalotofre-training.WordsandExpressionsmeticulouslyadv.inawaythatpayscarefulattentiontoeverydetail细致地；一丝不苟地Theattackwasmeticulouslyplannedandexecuted.WordsandExpressionsconstruev.Ifsomethingisconstruedinaparticularway,itsnatureormeaningisinterpretedinthatway.诠释（CET6）Whatmayseemhelpfulbehaviortoyoucanbeconstruedasinterferencebyothers.WordsandExpressionsemoticonn.Anemoticonisasymbolusedine-mailtoshowhowsomeoneisfeeling.:-)isanemoticonshowinghappiness.表情符号(用于电子邮件中表示感情)Anemoticonisatextualportrayalofawriter’smoodorfacialexpression.WordsandExpressionsrestraintn.Restraintsarerulesorconditionsthatlimitorrestrictsomeoneorsomething.限制（CET4;TEM4）Thepresidentiscallingforspendingrestraintsinsomeareas.WordsandExpressionssloppyadj.Ifyoudescribesomeone’sworkoractivitiesassloppy,youmeantheyhavebeendoneinacarelessandlazyway.慵懒的;马虎的Hehaslittlepatienceforsloppyworkfromcolleagues.WordsandExpressionsunkemptadj.Ifyoudescribesomethingorsomeoneasunkempt,youmeanthattheyaredirty,andnottakencareoforkeptneat.不整洁的（TEM8）Hishairwasunkemptandfilthy.WordsandExpressionsslovenlyadj.Slovenlypeoplearecareless,messy,orinefficient.马马虎虎的;不修边幅的;无效率的Youwouldn’texpectanyonesoneatinherpersonalappearancetobeslovenlyinherhousekeeping.WordsandExpressionsperceptionn.Yourperceptionofsomethingisthewaythatyouthinkaboutitortheimpressionyouhaveofit.理解;看法（CET4;TEM8）Heisinterestedinhowourperceptionsofdeathaffectthewaywelive.WordsandExpressionsviolationn.anactionthatbreaksalaw,agreement,principleetc.〔对法律、协议、原则等的〕违背，违反Anyviolationoftheagreementwastermstocommencefireagain.WordsandExpressionssolidarityn.Ifagroupofpeopleshowsolidarity,theyshowsupportforeachotherorforanothergroup,especiallyinpoliticalorinternationalaffairs.团结一致;相互支持（CET6;TEM4）Supporterswanttomarchtomorrowtoshowsolidaritywiththeirleaders.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1Topracticebusinessetiquettetosucceedisextremelyimportant.Para.2Failuretoindulgeinandpracticegoodbusinessetiquettewillputstumblingblocksinthepathtosuccess.Para.3Significanceofbusinessetiquettewithinthebusinesscommunity.Para.4Businessetiquetteincludesthespokenwordandalsotheoveralldemeanorandnon-verbalcues.Para.5-9Thespecificembodimentofbusinessetiquettesinbusinesscommunicationoccasions.NotesonTextAVirginiaCaryHudson(May28,1894–April8,1954)wasaNewYorkTimesbestsellingauthorfromKentucky.VirginiasucceededinpublishingtheessayswiththeMacmillanCompanyasOYeJigsandJuleps!ThebookreachedtheNewYorkTimesBestsellerListfor66weeksandsoldoveramillioncopies.弗吉尼亚·卡里·哈德森是《纽约时报》的畅销作家，她成功地与麦克米伦公司合作出版了她写的一些文章，书名为《OYeJigsandJuleps！》，这本书连续66周高居《纽约时报》畅销书排行，销量超过100万册。DiscussionAccordingtoyourownknowledgeandexperience,whataretheotherfactorsthatseemofvitalimportanceinbusinesscommunicationapartfrombusinessetiquettes?ExercisesI.ReadingComprehension:1-5CBDDDII.VocabularyA.1-5ABCBB6-10CDADAB.1.congenialto2.isindispensableto3.aspurtof4.alignedwith5.indulgein6.bepunctualfor7.keep…aside8.violationof9.besuperiorto10.beconstruedasIII.Cloze:1-5 DGJCK6-10MFHBNExercisesIV.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.商务礼仪很容易被发现，不论是当它出现还是缺失的时候。2.商务礼仪像是连接人们之间的粘合剂，能够让其在充满压力的工作和市场环境中感到快乐。3.倘若不能沉溺或践行好的商务礼仪，将会不可避免地在通往成功的道路上放置绊脚石。4.它有助于我们从同事中获得线索，以产生此种与他人需求和期望相匹配的行为。5.当我们通过虚拟通讯渠道与他人交流时，商务礼仪还包括保持专业水准和恰当的行为。ExercisesV.DiscussionHerearesomepointstostimulatediscussion.1.Socialmedia,emailandon-linechatsetc..2.Forinstance,startingeatinganddrinkingbeforeotherormakingloudslurpingandchewingnoisesarecommonlyconsideredbadmannersinbusinesslunchesordinners.WhyBusinessEtiquetteMattersTextBWordsandExpressionsnavigatev.tofindtherightwaytodealwithadifficultorcomplicatedsituation找到正确方法（对付困难复杂的情况）（TEM4）Wenexthadtonavigateacomplexnetworkofcommittees.WordsandExpressionsposhadj.(BrE,sometimesdisapproving)typicaloforusedbypeoplewhobelongtoahighsocialclass上流社会的；上等人的Theypayfortheirchildrentogotoaposhschool.WordsandExpressionsviolatev.(formal)togoagainstorrefusetoobeyalaw,anagreement,etc.违反，违犯，违背（法律、协议等）（CET4;TEM4）Theywenttoprisonbecausetheyviolatedthelaw.WordsandExpressionsbuddingadj.beginningtodeveloporbecomesuccessful开始发展的；崭露头角的Theforumisnowopentoallbuddingentrepreneurs.WordsandExpressionsplethoran.[sing.](formal)anamountthatisgreaterthanisneededorcanbeused过多；过量；过剩Aplethoraofnewoperatorswillbeallowedtoenterthemarket.WordsandExpressionsparamountadj.moreimportantthananythingelse至为重要的；首要的（CET6;TEM8）Thismatterisofparamountimportance.WordsandExpressionsperceivev.tounderstandorthinkofsomebody/somethinginaparticularway将……理解为；将……视为；认为（CET4;TEM4）Thisdiscoverywasperceivedasamajorbreakthrough.WordsandExpressionsconcentratev.togiveallyourattentiontosomethingandnotthinkaboutanythingelse集中（注意力）；聚精会神（CET4;TEM4）Ican’tconcentratewithallthatnoisegoingon.WordsandExpressionsacquaintv.(formal)tomakesomebody/yourselffamiliarwithorawareofsomething使熟悉；使了解（CET4;TEM4）Employeesshouldbefullyacquaintedwithemergencyprocedures.WordsandExpressionscardinaladj.[onlybeforenoun](formal)mostimportant;havingotherthingsbasedonit最重要的；基本的（CET6;TEM4）Asasalesman,yourcardinalruleistodoeverythingyoucantosatisfyacustomer.WordsandExpressionsgnawv.tokeepbitingsomethingorchewingithard,sothatitgraduallydisappears咬；啃；啮（TEM4）Ratshadgnawedthroughthecable.WordsandExpressionschivalrousadj.(ofmen)polite,kindandbehavingwithhonour,especiallytowardswomen（尤指对女人）彬彬有礼的，殷勤的，体贴的Inpublichewasalwayschivalrousandwouldhelpheronwithhercoat.WordsandExpressionsdemeaningadj.puttingsomebodyinapositionthatdoesnotgivethemtherespectthattheyshouldhavedecorum降低身份的；失去尊严的Hefounditdemeaningtoworkforhisformeremployee.WordsandExpressionsubiquitousadj.seemingtobeeverywhereorinseveralplacesatthesametime;verycommon似乎无所不在的；十分普遍的（TEM8）Sheisoneofthewealthiest,mostubiquitousmediapersonalitiesaround.WordsandExpressionsdauntingadj.frighteninginawaythatmakesyoufeellessconfident望而生畏；令人生畏；使人气馁的；令人怯步的Startinganewjobcanbeadauntingprospect.WordsandExpressionsliterallyadv.inaliteralway按字面；字面上（CET4;TEM8）Theword“volk”translatesliterallyas“folk”.WordsandExpressionshindrancen.apersonorthingthatmakesitmoredifficultfortodosomethingorforsomethingtohappen造成妨碍的人（或事物）（TEM4）Thehighpriceisamajorhindrancetopotentialbuyers.WordsandExpressionsforgev.toputalotofeffortintomakingsomethingsuccessfulorstrongsothatitwilllast艰苦干成；努力加强（CET4;TEM4）HespokehighlyofChina’scontributiontotheworldeconomicrecovery,callingonthetwosidestoforgeacooperativerelation.WordsandExpressionscubiclen.Acubicleisanareainanofficethatisseparatedfromtherestoftheroombythinwalls.(办公室内的)格子间I’mnotthekindofpersontositinacubiclebehindadesk.我不是那种能在格子间办公桌后坐得住的人。WordsandExpressionssnubn.anactionoracommentthatisdeliberatelyrudeinordertoshowsomebodythatyoudonotlikeorrespectthem冷落；怠慢的言辞（或行为）（TEM8）HerrefusaltoattendthedinnerisbeingseenasadeliberatesnubtothePresident.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-5Backgroundinformationofbusinessetiquettes.Para.6-12Importanceofmentor-menteerelationshipforyoungprofessionals.Para.13-1