（高考英语作文炼句）第16篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.那些支持学校把学生的能力作为录取依据的人们认为：如果学校录取过程成为一个"能力择优”的过程,这样可以引入一些竞争因素,从而激励一些学生更加努力.他们还指出一个事实：如果尖子生与落后生混合在一起,授课就很难步调一致.最有才华的学生会觉得课程太容易,而垫底的学生却很吃力.Thosewhosupportschoolsadmittingstudents

onthebasisof

(1.以……为依据)theirabilitybelievemakingtheschoolselectionprocessa

meritocracy(2.能力择优)introduces

anelementof

(3.一些)competitionwhichmotivatessomestudentstotryharder.Theyalsopointtothefactthatifthetopstudentsaremixedwiththeweakeststudents,itmakesteachingatthecorrectpaceverydifficult.Themostgiftedstudentswillfindclassestooeasywhilethebottomstudentswill

struggle(4.吃力).

1-onthebasisof

词典释义：basis2.N-SING单数名词(行事的)理由,根据

Ifyousaythatyou

areacting

on

the

basisof

something,youaregivingthatasthereasonforyouraction.【搭配模式】：onN•McGregormustremainconfined,onthe

basis

ofthemedicalreportswehavereceived...根据我们收到的病历报告,麦格雷戈的行动仍然必须受到限制.•Onthe

basisthatrecognisingtheproblemishalfwaytoa

solution,Mulcahy'scommentsyesterdayshouldbewellreceived.鉴于认识到问题的存在就相当于把它解决了一半,马尔卡希昨天的那番话应该会受到欢迎.外刊例句：ButitisanimportantfailinggiventhattheFedsets

monetarypolicy,andtheIMFgivescountriesadvice,

onthebasisof

theirforecasts.

()但鉴于美联储设立了货币规则,而国际货币基金组织根据自己的预测给众多国家建议,这肯定算是次严重失败.

替换表达：accordingto/basedon

学生错误表达：(1)

consider/

take/regard...asabasis点评：搭配不当,不存在consider/take/regard

somethingasabasis的表达.(2)

take...as

admissionbasis点评：搭配不当,admission不可以与basis搭配,这里应该改为admitstudentsonthebasis

of…

2-meritocracy范例中给出的句子中,makingtheschoolselectionprocessameritocracy作introduces的主语,其中make为动词,theschoolselectionprocess是宾语,a

meritocracy为宾补.

词典释义：meritocracy

UK

[ˌmer.ɪ'tɒk.rə.si]

US

[-'tɑ：.krə-]

noun

countable

or

uncountable

■asocialsystemorsocietyinwhichpeoplehavepower

becauseoftheirabilities,notbecauseoftheirmoneyorsocialposition

精英领导体制;精英管理的社会•Theprimeministerclaimshewantstocreateaclassless

meritocracy

inBritain.首相称他想在英国建立一个无阶级的精英治国社会.

外刊例句：A

meritocracy

soundspositivelyutopian.Afterall,whatcouldbefairerthanasocietyin

whichstatusisdefinedbyachievementratherthanhand-me-downs?Butthe

realityismorecomplex.

()精英社会听起来像是个积极的乌托邦式幻想.毕竟,还有什么社会形式比由成就而不是血统来决定社会地位的社会形式更公平了呢?然而,现实社会要复杂得多.

3-anelementof

词典释义：anelementofsth

ADVANCED

■asmallamountof

anemotionorquality

少量;有点,有些•Therewascertainlyan

element

oftruthin

whatshesaid.她说的话当然也有些是真的.•Don'tyouthinkthere'san

element

of

jealousyinallofthis?

你不觉得所有这一切都是妒嫉在隐隐作祟?•Wewalkedquietlyuptothedoortopreservethe

element

ofsurprise.我们轻手轻脚地走近门口,想制造一个惊喜.

外刊例句：Mostelectionshave

an

elementof

uncertaintyaboutthem.NotRussia's.Thisweekend,barringa

miracle,DmitryMedvedev,VladimirPutin'shandpickedsuccessor,willwinthe

Russianpresidencybyalandslide.

()大多数选举都会有不确定因素,但俄罗斯的选举却截然不同.普京束手束脚的继承人梅德韦杰夫在本周将杜绝一切奇迹发生,以压倒性的优势胜选.

替换表达：asmallamountof

4-strugglestruggle和我们中文所说的"奋斗、拼搏”不同,它在英文中含有比较负面的意味,通常指在艰苦困难中的"挣扎”.

词典释义：struggle['strʌg.l]

verb

EFFORT

努力

ESSENTIAL

intransitive

■toexperiencedifficultyandmakeaverygreateffortin

ordertodosomething

奋斗,努力,拼搏•[+

to

infinitive]Thedoghadbeen

struggling

to

getfreeofthewirenoose.那只狗一直拼命想挣脱金属套索.•I'vebeen

struggling

to

understandthis

articleallafternoon.我琢磨了整整一个下午,想弄懂这篇文章的意思.•Fish

struggle

for

survivalwhenthewater

leveldropsinthelake.湖水水位下降时,鱼会拼命挣扎求生.strugglealong/through/out,

etc.

■tomovesomewherewithgreateffort

沿…艰难行进／奋力通过／艰难地从…中挣扎出来等•He

struggled

alongtheroughroadholdinghisson.他抱着儿子在崎岖不平的路上艰难行进.•Bythistimehe'dmanagedto

struggle

outofbed.此时他已经挣扎着下了床.intransitive

informal

■tobeindangeroffailingorbeingdefeated

有失败的危险,苦苦挣扎•Afterthefirsthalf,Unitedwerereally

struggling

at1-3down.上半场过后,联队1比3落后,形势危急.

外刊例句：Oneinfourlow-incomehouseholds

struggles

toeatregularlyorhealthilybecauseofalackof

money,accordingtothefirstsubstantialsurveyintothescaleoffood

insecurityintheUK.

()据英国首次大规模居民食品保障调查显示,四分之一的低收入家庭因为缺乏钱财,难以就餐准时或吃得健康.

替换表达：finditdifficulttocatchup

学生错误表达：(1)

feel

difficult点评：中式表达,没有feel

difficult的说法,一般是finditdifficulttodosomething(2)

thinkithard

点评：搭配不当,thinkit

hard的常见搭配是thinkithardtodosomething,thinkithard不能单独使用.

Q：anelementof一些,和some一些有什么区别呢?如何分辨其中的区别?A：anelementof后面一般接抽象内容,比如competition/truth等,some后面一般接具体内容,比如somestudents/schools等.

Q：指出事实,是不是应该使用pointout?词典中

pointto的意思是指向,朝向,向某人指出.A：pointtothefactthat…是一个常见说法,例如朗文词典例句：Otherexperts

pointtothe

factthat

evenspecialistsarelosingjobs.

Thosewhosupportschoolsadmittingstudentsonthebasis

oftheirabilitybelievemakingtheschoolselectionprocessameritocracy

introducesanelementofcompetitionwhichmotivatessomestudentstotry

harder.

[分析]本句是一个主谓宾结构,其主干为Those…believe(that)…,其中,主语部分为Thosewhosupport

schoolsadmittingstudentsonthebasisoftheirability,这里who引导的定语从句修饰Those,在这个定语从句中,who为关系代词,作主语,指代those,谓语为support,宾语为schoolsadmittingstudentson

thebasisoftheirability,这是一个含有逻辑主语的现在分词短语.believe之后是一个省略了that的名词性从句,作believe的宾语.在这个宾语从句中,makingtheschoolselectionprocessameritocracy是主语,其中,theschoolselectionprocess是making的宾语,ameritocracy是宾语的补足语,introduces是宾语从句中的谓语,anelementofcompetitionwhichmotivatessomestudentstotry

harder是宾语从句中的宾语,其中又包含了一个which引导的定语从句,修饰competition.

2.在学生完全成熟之前就把他们分隔到不同学校是很不公平的.孩子们通常都没意识到努力学习的重要性,而且很多人处于一个困难的家庭环境中,在这种环境里面,努力学习是不被鼓励的.有些孩子在还没明白过来的情况下就发现自己已经不可避免地踏上了通往平庸的道路.Segregatingstudentsintodifferentschools

(1.将学生分隔到不同学校)beforetheyarefullymatureisveryunfair.Childrenareoftenunawareoftheimportanceofstudyinghardandmanyhave

adifficulthomeenvironment

(2.困难的家庭环境)wherestudyisnotencouraged.Somechildrencouldfindthemselves

irreversibly

(3.不可避免地)ontheroadtomediocrity

(4.处于通往平庸的道路)beforetheyevenknowit.

1-segregate

studentsintodifferentschools

词典释义：segregate1.VERB

动词

使隔离;使分开;使分离

To

segregate

twogroupsofpeopleor

thingsmeanstokeepthemphysicallyapartfromeachother.

【语法信息】：Vn

【语法信息】：Vnprep•Police

segregatedthetworival

campsofprotesters...警察把两个敌对阵营的抗议人群隔离开来.

•They

segregate

youfromthe

restofthecommunity.他们把你与社团的其他成员隔离开.

外刊例句：Anynewgrammar

schoolswillsimplyprovideanothermechanismalongsideprivateschoolingto

further

segregate

students

dependingonhowmuchmoneytheirparentshave.()新的文法学校将仅仅是提供了另外一种与私人学校无异的机制,进一步按学生父母的财富来区分学生.

替换表达：separatesomebodyinto

学生错误表达：(1)

distribute

studentsintodifferentschools点评：用词不当.Distribute一般指金钱和物资等的分配、分发,例如：Thousandsofsoldiersareworkingtodistribute

foodandblanketstotherefugees.

数以千计的士兵正在给难民们分发食物和毯子.不可以用在指将学生分到不同的学校.(2)

divide

studentsintodifferentschools点评：表达不准确.dividestudentsintodifferentschools含义是"将学生分隔为不同的学校”,这里应该改为segregatestudentsintodifferentschools(将学生分隔到不同的学校).

2-adifficult

homeenvironment

homeenvironment是一个常用表达,含义是"家庭环境”.

▪

thehome/domestic/familyenvironment

Alotofchildren

sufferbecauseofproblemsintheirhomeenvironment.

外刊例句：Whethertheyhave

ADHDornot,thebottomlineisthatyoursonanddaughter-in-lawneedto

findstrategiestocopewiththeirownstressandtheirson'scondition,by

creatingastable

homeenvironment

andenforcingsetrules.

()无论你的孙子有没有多动症,最重要的是,你的儿子和媳妇得找到方法去应对自己的压力和他们儿子的病情,比如创造一个稳定的家庭环境和履行好制定的规则.

替换表达：comefromadeprivedbackground/haveadifficultfamilyenvironment

3-

irreversibly

词典释义：irreversibleUK

[ˌɪr.ɪ'vɜ：.sɪ.bl]

US

[-'vɝ：-]

adjective

■notpossibletochange;impossibletoreturntoa

previouscondition

不可改变的,不可逆转的•Smokinghascaused

irreversible

damage

tohislungs.吸烟已经对他的肺部造成了永久的损害.

外刊例句：TheEUis

irreversiblycommittedtoprivatisation,welfarecuts,lowwagesandthe

erosionoftradeunionrights.()欧盟正不可避免地坚定进行私有化、福利削减、降低工资以及侵蚀工会的权利.

替换表达：unavoidably

4-ontheroadto

mediocrity

词典释义：beontheroadtosth

informal

■tobelikelytoachievesomething

即将取得…;在…的过程中

•The

doctorssayshe'sonthe

road

torecovery.医生说她正在恢复.

mediocrityUK

[ˌmi：.di'ɒk.rə.ti]

US

[-'ɑ：.krə.tˌi]

noun

countable

or

uncountable

■the

qualityofbeingnotverygood;apersonwhoisnotverygoodatsomething

平庸;平庸之材•A

goaljustbeforehalf-timerescuedthematchfrom

mediocrity.在半场快要结束时的一个进球使这场比赛没有流于平庸.•These

peoplearejust

mediocrities

(=peoplewhodonothavemuchskillor

abilityatanything).这些人只是平庸之辈.

外刊例句：Despiterecent

riots,Tunisiansarestill

ontheroad

to

democracy.()突尼斯人尽管最近经历了叛乱,但他们正走在通往民主的道路上.

学生错误表达：(1)

thewayto

becommon/ordinary点评：用词不准确,common/ordinary是指人"普通,平常”,是中性词,与"平庸”(带有贬义)有所区别.(2)

theroad

tonormal/common点评：搭配错误,theroadto后面应该接名词,不能接形容词.

Q：我认为第一点,将学生分隔到不同学校Segregatingstudentsintodifferentschools,用"divide”是不是更好一点.A：不能用divide,dividestudentsintodifferentschools含义是"将学生分隔为不同的学校”,这里应该改为segregatestudentsintodifferentschools(将学生分隔到不同的学校).

3.网络课程一直被指责肤浅,和正规大学体验相比只是劣质的替代品.批评者指出盯着电脑屏幕根本不能和丰富的校园生活和活跃的课堂辩论相提并论.此外,有人指出这些课程的辍学率非常之高,在很多例子中高于90%.Onlinecourseshavebeen

condemnedas

(1.被指责)shallowand

apoorsubstitutefor

(2.劣质的替代品)a

proper

(3.正规的)universityexperience,withcriticspointingoutthatstaringatacomputerscreencanhardlycomparetovibrantcampuslifeorlivelylecturehalldebates.Ithasalsobeennotedthat

thedrop-outrate(4.辍学率)onthesecoursesisextremelyhigh,morethan90%inmanycases.

1-becondemnedas

词典释义：condemn

●●●○○1.VERB

动词

谴责;指责

Ifyou

condemn

something,yousaythatitisverybadandunacceptable.

【语法信息】：Vn

【语法信息】：Vnforn

【语法信息】：Vnasn

【语法信息】：AlsoVpron-refl•Political

leadersunitedyesterdayto

condemn

thelatestwaveof

violence...政界领袖昨日联合起来对最近激增的暴力事件予以谴责.

•Graham

wasrightto

condemn

hisplayersforlackofability,attitudeandapplication.格雷厄姆指责队员们技艺不佳、态度不端正而且不够努力,他说得没错.•...a

documentthat

condemnssexismasamoralandsocialevil.把性别歧视视作道德和社会弊端予以谴责的文件

外刊例句：Sheopenedher

articleinaspiritofuncertainty："Idonotknowwhetherpilgrimages

totheshrinesoffamousmenoughtnotto

becondemnedas

sentimentaljourneys,"sheopined.()我伴着不确定的心情开始了她的文章写作.她想："我不知道,向名人的圣地出发的朝圣之旅应不应该被谴责为感伤旅行.”

替换表达：becriticizedas

学生错误表达：(1)

consider点评：consider含义是"认为……”,没有"谴责”的含义.(2)

bedeemed

to点评：bedeemedto含义是"被视为……”,同样没有"谴责”的意味.(3)

bealways

scoldedas点评：scold一般用于指家长责骂小孩,例如：Hismotherscoldedhimforbreakingher

favouritevase.母亲因为他打碎了她最心爱的花瓶而责骂他.Scold用在这里不合适.

2-apoor

substitutefor

词典释义：substitute2.N-COUNT

可数名词

代替者;代替物;代用品

A

substitute

issomethingthatyouhave

oruseinsteadofsomethingelse.

【搭配模式】：oftNforn•She

isseekinga

substitute

fortheverymanwhosedeparturemadehercry.那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭,她正想找一个人填补内心的空缺.•...tests

onhumanstofindablood

substitute

madefromanimalblood.为从动物血液中提取人血的替代品而在人体上进行的试验

外刊例句：Todismisshisviewasafunctionofdeficient

patriotismis

apoorsubstitutefor

rigorousrebuttal.()把他的观点谴责为缺乏爱国主义的产物,这不过是激烈反驳的糟糕替代品.

替换表达：abadalternativefor

学生错误表达：(1)

inferior点评：inferior含义是"比……差的”,没有表达出"替代品”这一层含义.

3-proper

词典释义：properUK

['prɒp.ər]

US

['prɑ：.pɚ]

adjective

REAL

真正的

ESSENTIAL

[beforenoun]

■real,

satisfactory,suitableorcorrect

适合的;适当的;恰当的;正确的•This

isSara'sfirst

proper

job-sheusuallydoestemporaryworkjustfor

themoney.这是莎拉的第一份正式工作——她通常只是为了赚钱而打零工.•If

you'regoingtowalkthosesortofdistancesyouneed

proper

walking

boots.如果你要走那么远的路,就需要一双合脚的健步鞋.•I

wouldhavedonethejobmyselfbutIdidn'thavethe

proper

equipment.这工作我倒是想自己来,只是没有合适的工具.•I've

hadsandwichesbutIhaven'teatena

proper

meal.我吃了三明治,但还没有好好吃一顿饭.•She

likeseverythingtobeinits

proper

place.她喜欢所有东西都各有其所,放置妥当.

外刊例句：Conservativein

outlookanddesperatetosafeguardtheirowntraditionsindifficult

circumstances,theFrenchuniversitiesareimpatienttowinnowouttheweak

studentsasquicklyaspossible,thesoonertogetonwiththebusinessof

being

proper

universities.

()法国各大学在学校形象方面十分守旧,一心要在这困难环境下维持学校传统,因此它们总是快刀砍乱麻般筛除那些羸弱的学生,从而尽可能快速地回到关于如何恰当发展的事务中.

学生错误表达：(1)

regular点评：regular是指"普通的,寻常的”,例如：Herregularsecretarywasoffsickforaweek.她平时的秘书生病了,休假一周.regular没有"正规的”这一层含义.(2)

official点评：official侧重于强调"官方的”,这与proper(正规的、恰当的)有所不同.

4-thedrop-out

rate

词典释义：dropoutUK

['drɒp.aʊt]

US

['drɑ：p-]

noun

countable

■a

personwholeavesschool,collegeoruniversitybeforefinishingacourse,or

apersonwholivesinanunusualway

辍学者,退学者;(与众不同的)怪人•a

highschool/college

dropout高中／大学辍学者•He

wasaloneranda

dropout.他是个独来独往的怪人.

rate[reɪt]

noun

countable

MEASURE

测量

ESSENTIAL

■the

speedatwhichsomethinghappensorchanges,ortheamountornumberoftimes

ithappensorchangesinaparticularperiod

率,比率;速率;速度;进度•Although

she'srecoveringfromherillness,her

rate

of

progressis

quiteslow.尽管病情正在好转,但她康复的速度仍很慢.•I

toldmyassistantstowork

at

their

own

rate.我告诉我的助手们按照他们自己的进度工作.•The

taxiwasgoing

at

atremendous

rate.计程车飞速奔驰.•the

growth/inflation/mortality/unemployment,etc.

rate增长率／通货膨胀率／死亡率／失业率等•The

drughasahigh

success/failure

rate.这种药物治疗疾病的成功率／失败率很高.

外刊例句：However,thereis

awidediscrepancybetweenuniversities.AttheUniversityoftheWestof

Scotland,

thedrop-outrate

was

23%,whileatLondonMetropolitanitwas16.6%.()然而,大学间存在着巨大差异.西苏格兰地区的大学的辍学率是23%,而伦敦市区的是16.6%.

学生错误表达：(1)

rate

droppedoutofschool/thedropping-outrate点评：表达不准确."辍学率”的固定说法应该是thedrop-outrate

Q：drop-out

和dropout都有辍学的意思,二者有什么区别呢?A：两个意思是一样的,"辍学”可以写成dropout,也可以写成drop-out

Q：被指责肤浅译文用的

beencondemnedasshallowandapoorsubsitute

foraproperuniversityexperience,用的是condemnsthassth?shallow这里是形容词呀,为甚么可以直接as+adj.A：这样用是没问题的,condemnsomethingassomething,其中第二个something可以是名词形式,也可以是形容词形式.例如《经济学人》例句：Condemned

asbackward

whenitcameout

40yearsago,"TheLeopard”infactforesawrampantcorruptioninItalyand

theriseoftheMafia.

Q：请问这句话中onlinecourses是复数,为什么用apoorsubstitute?谢谢!A：主语和宾语并不一定要严格按照"复数-复数”的形式,"复数-单数”也可以,例如朗文例句：Thegovernment’seducationalreforms

areadisaster

waitingtohappen.

Q：是不是没有

havebeenblamedfor这样的用法呢,看了很多例句好像都是主动语态的,希望老师解答,谢谢.A：somethinghasbeenblamedforsomething这个用法没问题.例句剑桥词典例句：Humanerror

hasbeenblamedfor

theaircrash.

Onlinecourses

havebeencondemnedasshallowandapoorsubstituteforaproperuniversity

experience,withcriticspointingoutthatstaringatacomputerscreencan

hardlycomparetovibrantcampuslifeorlivelylecturehalldebates.

[分析]本句是一个被动句,主语是Onlinecourses,谓语是havebeencondemned,其后asshallowandapoorsubstituteforaproper

universityexperience是主语补足语,对Onlinecourses的特点进行说明,一是shallow,二是apoorsubstituteforaproperuniversity

experience.逗号之后是一个独立主格结构,构成形式是"介词+名词+现在分词”,作伴随状语,这里that引导一个名词性从句,作pointingout的宾语,在该宾语从句中,staringatacomputerscreen是主语,canhardlycompare是谓语,tovibrantcampuslifeorlivelylecturehall

debates是状语,表明作比的对象.

4.全球顶级大学收的学费远超大多数人的承受能力,这意味着主要是富人家的孩子得到最好的教育.这会严重伤害社会流动性.Theworld'stopuniversitieschargefees

wellbeyondthemeansof

(1.超出……的承受能力)mostpeople,meaningthatitismainlythechildrenofthewealthythatgetthebesteducation.This

strikesablowagainst

(2.严重伤害)socialmobility(3.社会流动性).

1-beyondthemeansof

词典释义：3.PHRASE

短语

超出财力;入不敷出/在财力之内;量入为出

Ifsomeoneisliving

beyond

their

means,theyarespendingmore

moneythantheycanafford.Ifsomeoneisliving

within

theirmeans,theyarenotspendingmore

moneythantheycanafford.

【搭配模式】：vPHR•The

moregiftsshereceived,themoreshecraved,untilhewaslivingbeyondhis

means...得到的礼物越多,她的胃口就越大,直到他捉襟见肘为止.•It

isfarbettertopayoffolddebtssteadilybylivingwithinyour

means.量入为出地一步步偿还旧债,这个方法要好得多.

外刊例句：Yetthegrowing

demandforsustainabilitycertifications,whichrequirealevelofinvestment

beyondthemeansof

poor

communities,frequentlyputshigh-endmarketsoutofreach.()然而,对于可持续性的证书需求日益增长,而这些证书所需的投资规模远超出贫困社区的可承受财力范围,这就导致了高端市场变得触不可及.

替换表达：outofone’spricerange

2-strikeablowagainst

词典释义：strikeablowagainst/atsth

■todosomethingwhichharmssomethingseverely

严重伤害,沉重打击•Her

resignationhass