二战后英国文学史

张丹蓓12134761张子淳12134762赵玉婷12134763甄涛12134764WorldWarΙΙLiteratureBackground|fiction|drama|Poetry|CONTENTS1234|11BackgroundBackgroundABriefIntroductionoftheWorldWarTwo:from1939to1945inEuropefromatleast1937to1945inAsia.largestarmedconflict:involvingmorecountriespowerfulnewweapons(twoatomicbombs)

BackgroundHistoricalsignificancetheEconomicRecoveryProgram:

theMarshallPlan马歇尔计划theSovietUnionoccupiedtheportionofEuropetheUnitedStatesVStheSovietUnionBackground

Latemodernism:1946–2000

DramaafterWorldWar

TwoPoetryafterWorldWarTwo

Late20th-centurygenreliterature

Sciencefiction

21stcenturyliteratureBackgroundNobelPrizeinLiteratureT.S.Eliot

(1948）t·s·艾略特BertrandRussell

(1950),

伯特兰·罗素WinstonChurchill

(1953)温斯顿·丘吉尔WilliamGolding

(1983)威廉·戈尔丁

V.S.Naipaul

(2001)v·s·奈保尔HaroldPinter

(2005)哈罗德·品特

DorisLessing

(2007)多丽丝·莱辛EnglishLiterature

aftertheSecondWorldWar二战后英国重要的戏剧流派|22MajorGenresTheateroftheAbsurd

荒诞派戏剧AngryYoungMen

愤怒的青年TheateroftheAbsurd

TheateroftheAbsurdcameaboutasareaction

toWorldWarII.

Ittookthebasisofexistentialphilosophyandcombineditwithdramaticelementstocreateastyleoftheatrewhichpresentedaworldwhichcannotbelogicallyexplained,lifeisinoneword,ABSURD!Needlesstosay,thisgenreoftheatretookquitesometimetocatchonbecauseitusedtechniques

thatseemedtobe

illogicaltothetheatreworld.

Theplotsoftenstrayedfromthemoretraditionalepisodicstructure,andseemtomoveinacircle,endingthesamewayitbegan.

Thescenerywasoftenunrecognizable,andtomakemattersworse,thedialogueneverseemedtomakeanysense.EugeneLonesco

尤金·尤奈斯SamuelBeckett撒缪尔·贝克特MajorAbsurdistPlaywrights

HaroldPinter

哈罗德·品特NobelPrize-winnerSamuel

Becketthaswidelyinfluencedthecourseof20thcenturyliterature.Theimpactofhisplays(WaitingforGodot,Endgame),novels&numerousshortstories&poemshaveaddedthewordBeckettiantotheliterarydictionary.Hisworkdepictstheunrelent-ingplightofcontemporaryexist-ence:livingattheedgeofanabyss,inanindifferentuniverse,tryingsimplyto"goon"withdailylifeinthefaceofrecognitionoffutility.HisabilitytoshapethismodernexperienceintoarthasledthewayforHaroldPinter,EdwardAlbee,&manyotherwrites.WaitingforGodot

《等待戈多》“Whyarewehere,thatisthequestion…WearewaitingforGodottocome”Onaemptyroad,twotrampsarewaitingforthemysteriousGodot.Theyquarrel,makeup,considersuicide,trytosleepbutstillGodotdoesn’tarrive.Withitssublimebalanceofcomedy&poignancy,vaudeville

&anxiety,WaitingforGodotisoneofthemostimportantplaysofthe20thcentury.

stagephotosAngryYoungMen

愤怒的青年

Theterm“AngryYoungMen”appliedtoagroupofEnglishwritersofthe1950swhoseheroessharecertainrebelliousandcriticalattitudestowardsociety.Thisphrase,originallytakenfromthetitleofLeslieAllenPaul'sautobiography,AngryYoungMan(1951),becamecurrentwiththecreationofJohnOsborne'splayLookBackinAnger(1956).Thewordangryisprobablyin-appropriate;dissatisfiedisperhapsmoreaccurate.Thegroupnotonlyexpresseddiscontentwiththestaid,hypocriticalinsti-tutionsofEnglishsociety—theso-calledEstablishment—butbetrayeddisillusionmentwithitselfandwithitsownachieve-ments.Includedamongtheangryyoungmenweretheplay-wrightsJohnOsborneandArnoldWesker&thenovelistsKingsleyAmis,JohnBraine,JohnWain,&AlanSillitoe.Inthe1960sthesewritersturnedtomoreindividualizedthemesandwerenolongerconsideredagroup.

JohnBraineArnoldWeskerMore“AngryYoungMen”

KingsleyAmisJohnOsborne--theman

whoturnedanger

intoart

Britishplaywright&filmProducerwhoseLookBackinAnger(1956)usheredinanew

movementinBritishdramaandmadehimknownasthefirstof

the“AngryYoungMen”JohnOsbornechangedthefaceofBritishTheatre.Hisplay"LookBackinAnger"wastheturningpointinpostwarBritishtheatre.LookBackinAnger:thestory

Thethree-actplaytakesplaceinaone-bedroomflatintheMidlands.JimmyPorter,lowermiddle-class,university-educated,liveswithhiswifeAlison,thedaughterofaretiredColonelintheBritishArmyinIndia.HisfriendCliffLewis,whohelpsJimmyrunasweetstall,liveswiththem.Jimmy,intellectuallyrestless&dissatisfied,readsthepapers,arguesandtauntshisfriendsovertheiracceptanceoftheworldaroundthem.Heragestothepointofviolence,reservingmuchofhisangerforAlison'sfriendsandfamily.ThesituationisexacerbatedbythearrivalofHelena,anactressfriendofAlison'sfromschool.Appalledatwhatshefinds,HelenacallsAlison'sfathertotakeherawayfromtheflat.HearrivestotakeAlisonawaywhenJimmyisvisitingafriend’smother.Assoonasshehasgone,HelenamovesinwithJimmy.Alisonreturnstovisit,havinglostJimmy'sbaby.HelenacannolongerstandlivingwithJimmyandleaves.FinallyAlisonreturnstoJimmyandhisangrylife.《愤怒的回顾》部分剧照和电影海报LiteratureafterWorldWarⅡ—Novels|33NovelsinEnglishafterWorldWarⅡThetwomostinnovatorynoveliststobegintheircareerssoonafterWorldWarIIwerealsoreligiousbelievers—WilliamGoldingandMurielSpark.Innovelsofpoeticcompactness,theyfrequentlyreturntothenotionoforiginalsin—theideathat,inGolding’swords,“manproducesevilasabeeproduceshoney.”Concentratingonsmallcommunities,SparkandGoldingtransfigurethemintomicrocosms.Allegoryandsymbolsetwideresonancesquivering,sothatshortbooksmakelargestatements.WilliamGoldingMurielSparkOthernovelistsandnovelsGeorgeOrwell：

NineteenEighty-Four

NineteenEighty-Fourisananti-UtopiannovelinthetraditionofAldousHuxley’s

BraveNewWorld:“Orwell’spurposewastoshockhisreadersintoanawarenessofthedisastrousresultsofabsolutepower.”

DorisLessing：TheGrassisSinging

Itisastoryabouttheunequalrelationshipbetweenawhitefarmer’swifeandherblackservant,whichendsinatragedyofviolenceEvelynWaugh:TheSwordofHonour(MenatArms,OfficersandGentlemen,andUnconditionalSurrender)

InthesethreenovelsWaughattemptedtoanalyzethecharacterofWorldWarⅡanditseffectonthosewhowereinvolvedinit.AndthesenovelslooselyparallelWaugh'sexperiencesintheSecondWorldWar.NovelsinAmericanafterWorldWarⅡTEXTHERETheliteraryhistorianMalcolmCowleydescribedtheyearsbetweenthetwoworldwarsasa“secondflowering”ofAmericanwriting.CertainlyAmericanliteratureattainedanewmaturityandarichdiversityinthe1920sand’30s,andsignificantworksbyseveralmajorfiguresfromthosedecadeswerepublishedafter1945.HarperLee：

ToKillaMockingbird

Theplotandcharactersarelooselybasedontheauthor'sobservationsofherfamilyandneighbors,aswellasonaneventthatoccurrednearherhometownin1936,whenshewas10

yearsold.VladimirNabokov：

Lolita

Thenovelisnotableforitscontroversialsubject:theprotagonistandunreliablenarrator,a37-to-38-year-oldliteratureprofessorcalledHumbert,whoisobsessedwiththe12-year-oldDoloresHaze,withwhomhebecomessexuallyinvolvedafterhebecomesherstepfather.

JosephHeller:Catch-22

ThenovelissetduringWorldWarII,from1942to1944.ItmainlyfollowsthelifeofCaptainJohnYossarian,aU.S.ArmyAirForcesB-25bombardier.OthernovelistsandnovelsRalphEllison：InvisibleMan

ItaddressesmanyofthesocialandintellectualissuesfacingAfrican-Americansearlyinthetwentiethcentury,includingblacknationalism,therelationshipbetweenblackidentityandMarxism,andthereformistracialpoliciesofBookerT.Washington,aswellasissuesofindividualityandpersonalidentity.

Poetry|44PoetryThe

Movement（运动派）：PhilipLarkinTheModernism(现代英国诗歌):NewEnlightenment(新启示派)：DylanThomasPoetryDylanThomas

DylanThomas(1914–1953)HewasborninSwanseaatownofWales.HisfatherwasaEnglishteacherandhismotherwasafarmer'sdaughter.Hewritepoetrywhilestillatschoolandworkedasjournalist.MovefromWalestoLondonfortenyears,hisfirstbookwasEighteenPoemsin1934.Duringworldwar2wasexemptedfrommilitaryservice.HeworkedforBBC.HemadethreelecturetourstoUSAfrom1950to1953.InNovember1953,hediedsuddenlyinNewYork.PoetryRepresentativeworksDeathsandEntrances(死亡与出场）PortraitoftheArtistasaYoungDogUnderMilkWoodWritingfeatureSimplelanguagepicturesqueimagery、OriginalPoetryDonotgogentleintothatgoodnightThepoembyDylanThomas，whichpredictedInterstellar(星际穿越)before50years.PoetryPhillipLarkin

PhillipLarkin(1922–1985)PhilipArthurLarkin,wasanEnglishpoet,novelistandlibrarian.Hisfirstbookofpoetry,TheNorthShip,waspublis