2024美国关键矿产话语体系演化与我国应对策略简报英文版-地大战略院

EvolutionTrendsinTheDiscourseSystemofU.S.CriticalMineralsandChina’sStrategiesinResponse

ChunyanHE,BingWANG,RuiminZHANG,WeiweiLIU,JianpingGE*

GlobalEnergyandResourceDiscourseResearchCentre,InstituteofNaturalResourcesStrategicDevelopment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciencesBeijing

I.DiscourseCharacteristicsandEvolutionofU.S.CriticalMineralsStrategy:AnAnalysisfromthePerspectiveofGovernmentAgencies

From2018to2024,thediscoursefocusofU.S.governmentagenciesregardingcriticalmineralsshiftedfromsupplychainsecuritytocleanenergytransition,withemotionsevolvingfromanxietytooptimism.Majorevents,especiallythepresidentialelections,promulgationofpoliciesandtheSino-U.S.tradedispute,haveintensifiedchangesinbothdiscourseandemotionalcharacteristics,andthushighlighttheprofoundinfluenceofpolicyshiftsandinternationalrelationsongovernmentdiscourse.

1.StrategicInsightsintoDiscourseCharacteristics

From2018to2024,U.S.governmentagenciesprimarilyconcentratedtheirdiscussionsoncriticalmineralsonseveralkeyareas:supplychainsecurity,cleanenergytransition,governmentpolicydirection,infrastructuredevelopment,thestrategicimportanceofrareearths,andinternationaleconomiccooperation(esp.intheIndo-Pacificregion).

Thefocusofvariousgovernmentagenciesonthetheme“criticalminerals”hasundergonenotableshiftsoverdistincttimeperiods,asdepictedinFigure1.Drawingfromtheevolvingdiscoursetrendsobservedamongdifferentgovernmentagencies,thesubsequentstrategicinsightscanbededuced.

Figure1:EvolutionPathofDiscourseCharacteristicsAcrossDifferentGovernmentAgencies

lSecurityandDefenseAgencies

TheEnhancementofStrategicPositioningforCriticalMinerals:Securityanddefenseagencieshaveprogressivelyelevatedthesignificanceofcriticalmineralsfromaneconomicconcerntoanationalsecurityissue.ThisshiftsignalsthattheU.S.intentiontofurtherdiminishrelianceonparticularnationsbyemployingpolicyinstrumentsandfosteringinternationalcollaboration,simultaneouslybolsteringdomesticmineralextractionandstockpilingefforts.

TheGeopoliticalInfluenceonMineralIssues:Securityagenciesareintenselyattentivetotheimpactofcriticalmineralsupplychainsonnationalmilitaryprowessandstrategiccompetition.ThisindicatesthatcriticalmineralsarepoisedtoemergeasapivotalarenaofstrategicrivalrybetweentheUnitedStatesandothernations,notablyChina.

lEconomicandIndustrialAgencies

TheDeepIntegrationofCriticalMineralsintoNewEnergyStrategies:Economicandindustrialagencieshaveredirectedtheirattentiontowardscleanenergyandthe

developmentofagreeneconomy.Thisshiftunderscoresthecriticalmineralsupplychain'semergenceasacrucialpillarfortheU.S.inadvancingitsenergytransitionandachievingtechnologicalinnovation.

ThePromotionofDomesticSelf-SufficiencyandTechnologicalProgressthroughPolicyDesign:TheU.S.isplacingastrongfocusondomesticmineraldevelopmentandtechnologicalinnovation,indicatingthatthenationintendstoincreasinglyleveragepolicyinstrumentstosteercapitalandtechnologicalresources.Thisapproachaimstoprogressivelydiminishrelianceonimportedmineralsandtofosterthelocalizationandenhancementofsupplychains.

lResourceandEnvironmentalAgencies

TheInternationalizationofEcologicalResponsibility:Resourceandenvironmentalagenciesareincreasinglyconcentratingontheenvironmentalrepercussionsofresourceexploitation,highlightingtheimportanceofsustainabilityandtheadoptionofgreentechnologies.ThissuggeststhattheU.S.mayestablishstricterenvironmentalregulationstostriveforastrongerpowerofdiscourseontheinternationalgovernanceofminerals.

TheBalanceBetweenResourceDevelopmentandEnvironmentalProtection:Thepoliciesoftheseagenciesunderscorethesignificanceofscientificdataandtechnologicalbacking,reflectingtheU.S.endeavorstoachieveadynamicequilibriumbetweenmineralexploitationandenvironmentalconservation.

lLegislativeandOversightAgencies

TheShiftfromEmergencyResponsetoInstitutionalization:Legislativeagencieshavedrivenashiftincriticalmineralpolicyfromcrisisresponsetolong-termpolicyframeworks,indicatingthattheU.S.willrelyonlawsandregulationstoestablishastableandtransparentcriticalmineralgovernancesystem.

TheEnhancementofInternationalRule-MakingInfluence:Bystrengtheningtransparencyandaccountability,legislativeagenciesprovidelegalsupportfortheU.S.ininternationalgovernance,therebybolsteringitsleadershipinglobalmineralissues.

Insummary,theannualshiftsinfocushighlightthediversificationofissues,which

demonstratesthatU.S.criticalmineralpoliciesareevolvingtowardsaholisticgovernance.Furthermore,theyrevealacoordinatedstrategytoshapeglobalregulations.ThesynergisticeffortsofvariousgovernmentagenciessignifythattheU.S.isstrengtheningitsdomesticsupplychainindependencewhilesimultaneouslyshapinginternationalrulestopromotethestandardizationofglobalcriticalmineralgovernance.

Figure2andFigure3illustratetheemotionalevolutionofU.S.governmentagencies'discourseoncriticalminerals,withwhichthefollowinginsightscanberevealed.

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Figure2:EvolutionPathofEmotionalCharacteristicsAcrossDifferentGovernment

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Figure3:EvolutionPathofEmotionalCharacteristicsAcrossDifferentGovernment

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lSecurityandDefenseAgencies

SecurityConcernsDrivePolicyAcceleration:Thediscoursewithinthedefenseagencieshasgraduallyrevealednoticeabletensionandanxiety,drivingfasterpolicyexecution,particularlyinthediversificationofsupplychainsandtheestablishmentofstrategicmineralreserves.

EmotionalResonanceReinforcesStrategicDecision-Making:Thestrategicsignificanceofcriticalmineralshasbeenamplifiedbyanegativeemotion,indicatingarobustinternalconsensusonmineral-relatedmattersandemphasizingthenecessityofprioritizingcriticalmineralsasanationalsecurityconcerntogarnerdomesticandalliedbacking.

“FearofSupplyChainDisruption”AcceleratesTechnologicalReplacementandSelf-Reliance:Thediscoursesurrounding“supplychaindisruption”hasfueledfastertechnologicalresearchanddomesticproductiongoals,withincreasingdemandsformineralautonomyinfieldssuchasnewenergyandmilitarytechnologies.

lEconomicandIndustrialAgencies

PositiveSentimentsFosterPolicyAssurance:Thedisplayofoptimismandassurancebyeconomicagenciesplaysacrucialroleinstabilizingmarketexpectations,sending

clearsignalstobothdomesticandinternationalinvestors.Thisinturndrawsadditionalcapitalintotheminingindustry,invigoratingtheindustrialsupplychains.

PositiveEmotionsCommunicateDevelopmentalAspirations:Theutilizationofaffirmativeexpressionshasunderscoredtheeconomicadvantagesthatcriticalmineralsofferforeconomicgrowthandenergytransition,therebyinvigoratingdomesticspiritandfosteringaninvitingpolicyclimateconducivetointernationalcollaboration.

lResourceandEnvironmentalAgencies

ObjectiveRationalityEnhancesPolicyLegitimacy:Theobjectiveandneutralexpressionreducespolicycontroversy,improvingtransparencyandscientificity,andenhancethecredibilityofpoliciesandthetechnicalcredibilityininternationaldialogue.

CautiousToneReflectsPolicyComplexity:Thecautioustonesuggestsheightenedawarenessofinternationalresponsibilityinresourcedevelopmentandthehighsensitivitytothebalancebetweenmineraldevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection,leavingspaceforfuturetechnologicalbreakthroughsandinternationaldialogue.

lLegislativeandOversightAgencies

TechnicalLanguageEnhancesTrust:Thecalmandtechnicaltonewithinlegislativeagenciesreducesthecontroversyofcriticalmineralpolicies,providingaguaranteeforthefairnessandenforcementofpublicpolicies.

NeutralLanguageSupportsInternationalDialogue:Thecautiousandneutralemotionalcharacteristicsoflegislativediscourseenhancesitscredibilityandfairnessininternationalrule-makingandcooperation,fosteringgreatersupportfromtheglobalcommunity.

Insummary,thechangingdynamicsofemotionalcharacteristicsreflectthefunctionalpositioningofvariousagencies,rangingfromtheurgencyofdefenseagenciestotheoptimismandconfidenceofeconomicagencies,andtotheneutralityandrationalityofresourceandlegislativeagencies,collectivelyconstructingacomprehensivepolicyoutlookoncriticalmineralissues.Fromanotherperspective,italsoreflectsthesignificantroleofemotionaltransmissioninenhancingpolicyenforcement,withtheanxietyofsecurityagenciesdrivingpolicyurgency,theconfidenceofeconomicagenciesstrengtheningmarketattractiveness,andthecomposureofneutralagenciesensuringpolicylegitimacy,formingamulti-levelsupportsystemforpolicy

implementationandpublicrecognition.

2.InsightsfromMajorEventsandKeyNodesintheEvolutionofDiscourseandEmotion

lBeforeandAfterthePresidentialElection

Priortothepresidentialelection,globalcompetitivenessbecameafocalpointofpoliticalrivalry,signalingthatcriticalmineralspolicyhadbecomeanimportantdomesticpoliticalissue.Theemphasisonnationalsecurityandinternationalcompetitivenessservedasacompellingargumentforelectoralcampaigns.Thepurposeofanxiousemotionsistostrengthenpublicsupportandencouragevoterstopaymoreattentiontothegovernment'sdefensivecapabilitiesandglobalcompetitiveness.

Aftertheelection,policiestrendsbecomemorepragmaticandcoordinated,withemotionsgraduallybecomingmorepositive.Thisindicatesthatpoliciesreturnfrompoliticalpropagandatotechnicalityandsustainabilityaftertheelection,focusingonlong-terminterests,reflectingtheU.S.'emphasisoninternationalcooperationandenvironmentalgovernanceatthestrategiclevel.

lBeforeandafterthepromulgationofpolicies

Thefocusofpolicieshasshiftedfromtraditionalthreatstomodernneeds,indicatingthattheU.S.isgraduallyadjustingitscriticalmineralspolicytomeetthedemandsoftechnologicalinnovationandenergytransition,enhancingcompetitivenessinthenewenergyfield.

Afterthepromulgationofpolicies,supplychainself-sufficiencyhasbecomeapriority,reflectingtheU.S.iscommittedtoreducinggeopoliticalrisksbystrengtheninglocalcapabilities,whilepromotingthedeepintegrationoftheindustrialchainwithnewenergytechnologies.

Theanxiouscharacteristicsinemotionsaretheacceleratorfortheaccelerationofpolicydiscussionsandintroductions,andthusthisanxiousemotiongraduallyturnsintopositivityandmaintainsacertainlevelofconfidenceafterthepromulgationofpolicies.

lBeforeandAftertheSino-U.S.TradeDispute

FollowingtheoutbreakoftheSino-U.S.tradedispute,theshiftindiscoursefocussuggestedthattheU.S.wasacceleratingtheconstructionofacriticalmineralsstrategy

centeredarounddomesticproductiontoaddressgeopoliticaluncertainties.Later,theheightenedvigilanceofthediscoursesetthetoneforfuturestrategiccompetition,signifyingthatcriticalmineralshavebecomeakeyareaintheSino-U.S.rivalry,withfuturepolicieslikelytoadjustmoresensitivelytotheevolvingdynamicsofSino-U.S.relationsandtheglobalcompetitivelandscape.

II.DiscourseCharacteristicsandEvolutionofU.S.CriticalMineralsStrategy:AnAnalysisfromthePerspectiveofNewsMedia(2018-2024)

From2018to2024,thestrategicdiscourseoncriticalmineralsintheU.S.,asportrayedinmediacoverage,centeredon"Chinathreattheory"andsupplychainsecurity.Overtime,thediscourseshiftedfromcautiontowardsChinatoanemphasisonsupplychainresilienceandthegreenenergytransition,withemotionstransitioningfromconcerntoanticipationofinternationalcooperationandsustainabledevelopment.Majoreventssuchaspresidentialelectionsandtradedisputessignificantlyinfluencedmediadiscourseandemotionalreactions,highlightingtheprofoundimpactofpoliciesandinternationalrelationsonpublicdiscussions.

1.StrategicInsightsintoSynchronicDiscourseCharacteristics

U.S.mediadiscourseoncriticalmineralsmainlycoversfivekeyissues:"Chinathreattheory,"geopolitics,greenenergytransition,economicdecoupling,andsupplychainresilience.Basedonananalysisofthecoverageandkeytermsrelatedtoeachissue,thefollowinginsightscanbedrawn.

l“ChinaThreatTheory”

TheU.S.hasreinforcedthe"Chinathreattheory"toshapethecompetitivelandscapeinglobalresourcegovernance,aimingtobuildapublicopinionandpolicybarrieragainstChina.Thisremindsusthatweneedtostrengthenourpositiveexternalpublicity,clarifyChina'sresponsibilitiesandwillingnesstocooperateintheglobalmineralsupplychain,andavoidbeingdescribedsimplisticallyasa"threat".

lGeopolitics

TheU.S.hasfocusedonChina's"resourcecontrol"strategy,usinggeopoliticalrivalrytoexpanditsinternationalinfluence.Chinaneedstoemphasizemultilateralcooperation

oninternationalplatforms,balancecriticismsof“China’sresourcehegemony”,andstrengtheninternationaltrustthroughmultilateralagreements.

lGreenEnergyTransition

TheU.S.hasemphasizedreducingdependenceonChinatodrivegreentransformation,reflectingtheongoingreshapingoftheglobalsupplychainecosystem.Chinacanestablishapositiveimagebypromotinggreenminingtechnologyinnovationandglobalcooperationtocontributetothecleanenergytransitiontogether.

lEconomicDecoupling

EconomicdecouplinghasbecomeacoreelementofU.S.policytowardsChina,aimingtorejuvenatedomesticindustriesandreducedependence.Chinashouldstrengthenitseconomictieswithothercountries,diversifyexportroutes,andenhanceitsinternationalcompetitivenesstomitigatethepotentialrisksofisolation.

lSupplyChainResilience

TheU.S.haspromotedsupplychainsecurityanddiversification,emphasizingthebalancebetweendomesticcapacitybuildingandinternationalcooperation.Chinaneedstodemonstrateitskeyroleinsupplychainstability,promotewin-wincooperation,especiallybystrengtheningitsdominantpositioninresourceareassuchasrareearths.

2.StrategicInsightsintoDiachronicDiscourseCharacteristics

Figure4illustratestheevolutionofmediadiscourseissuesandemotionalresponses.Basedonthechangesinissuesandemotionsovertime,thefollowinginsightscanbedrawn.

Figure4:EvolutionPathofMediaDiscourseIssuesandEmotionalResponses

l2018

“ChinaThreatTheory”:TheU.S.mediaemphasizedthe"Chinathreattheory"tostrengthendomesticresourcesecurityawareness.Chinashouldenhanceitsinternationalcommunicationefforts,activelyclarifyitsresponsibleroleintheglobalsupplychainandreducethenegativeimpactofperceptionsof“Chinaasamonopoly”.

VigilanceandConcern:TheU.S.mediaexpressvigilanceoverChina'sdominantpositioninmineralresources.Chinaneedstoeliminateinternationalconcernsaboutmonopolizationofitssupplychainsthroughtransparentandcooperativeapproaches,emphasizingChina'scontributiontoglobalresourcestability.

l2019-2020

EconomicDecoupling:Inresponsetoeconomicdecouplingpressures,ChinashouldacceleratetheindependentstudyanddevelopmentofkeymineraltechnologiesdomesticallywhilestrengtheningcooperationwithcountriesalongtheBeltandRoad,buildingadiversifiedsupplychainandmarketstructure.

PrideandOptimism:InthefaceofaconfidentemotionaltonetowardstheU.S.decouplingstrategy,Chinaneedstofocusonenhancingitsowntechnologicalstrength,maintainingcompetitivenessthroughtechnologicalinnovationandefficiencyimprovement,andatthesametime,promotingneutralizedcooperationagendasto

hedgeagainsttherisksofunilateraldecoupling.

l2021

SupplyChainResilience:Supplychaindiversificationisthemaindirectionforfutureglobalmineralgovernance.Thus,Chinaneedstodemonstrateitssignificantroleinthestabilityoftheglobalsupplychainandutilizeitstechnologicalandsupplyadvantagestopromotetheconstructionofamultilateralcooperationframework.

CautiousOptimismandExpectation:TheU.S.hasshownoptimisminsupplychainresilience,indicatingthatpolicyimplementationhasreceivedcertainsocialsupport.ChinaneedstostrengthentargetedcooperationwithregionssuchasEuropeintheminingsector,expandinternationalmarkets,promotediversificationofsupplychains,andatthesametime,promoteinternationaldialoguemechanismsinthefieldofcriticalminerals.

l2022

IntensificationofGeopoliticalCompetition:TheU.S.haselevatedtheissueofcriticalmineralstothecoreofgeopoliticalcompetition,posingachallengetoChina.Chinashouldleverageinternationalcooperationmechanismsandregionalagreements(suchasRCEP,etc.)toreducetheconfrontationalnatureofgeopoliticalcompetitionandstrengthenitsleadershiponcooperativeagendas.

IncreasedCriticismandConfrontation:ThepeakofmediasentimentindicatesincreasedpressureontheU.S.inpolicyimplementationandinternationalcompetition.Chinaneedstoalleviateexternalconcernsaboutitsrisebyactivelyparticipatingininternationalcooperationandpolicyinitiatives,andshouldstrengthencooperationwithotherdevelopingcountriestoexpanditssupportbase.

l2023-2024

GreenEnergyTransition:TheglobalgreenenergytransitionpresentsbothopportunitiesandchallengesforChina’scriticalmineralindustry.Chinashouldactivelyparticipateintherule-makingprocessfortheglobalgreenenergytransition,promotetheexportofrelatedtechnologiesanddevelopmentofstandards,andconsolidateitsleadershipinthefieldofnewenergy.

TrustandConfrontation:Thetransitiontogreenenergynotonlycreatesopportunities

forcooperationbutalsointensifiestheglobalcompetitivepressures.Chinamustintegrateitsmineralresourcesstrategywithenvironmentalprotectionissues,leveragetechnologicalinnovation,andparticipateintheformulationofinternationalstandardstofurtherenhanceitssoftpowerandshapeapositivenationalimageamidstthecomplexandintertwinedcompetitionandcooperationlandscape.

3.InsightsfromMajorEventsandKeyNodesintheEvolutionofDiscourseandEmotionalResponse

lBeforeandAfterthePresidentialElection

Priortotheelection,emotionstendtobetenseandconfrontational,reflectingthepolicybattlesbetweencandidatesandtheirstrategiestoattractvoters;aftertheelection,thefocusofdiscussiongraduallyshiftstotheeffectivenessofpolicyimplementation,highlightingtheimportanceofthegovernment'sstableexecutioncapabilities.Chinacanpayattentiontotheshiftindiscourseduringtheelectionperiodtoformulatestrategiestodealwithvariouspolicydirections.

lBeforeandafterthepromulgationofpolicies

Priortothepromulgationofpolicies,thereisoftenasenseofcautionoranxiety,whileaftertheirpromulgation,themediashowsacertainlevelofanticipationforthepolicies.Chinashouldseizetheopportunityofinternationaldiscussionsbeforepoliciesareannouncedtoactivelyengage,inordertomitigateanypotentialnegativeimpactthepoliciesmighthaveonitsowninterests.

lBeforeandAftertheSino-U.S.TradeDispute

Thetradedisputeshiftedthediscoursefromcalmtoconfrontational,withemotionsbecomingmoretenseandvigilant.Chinaneedstomitigatethepotentialrisksofdependenceonasinglemarketbyenhancingthetechnologicalcapabilitiesanddiversificationstrategiesofitssupplychain,whileactivelypromotinginternationalcooperationtoreducethenegativeimpactofdisputes.

III.DiscourseCharacteristicsandEvolutionofU.S.CriticalMineralsStrategy:AnAnalysisfromthePerspectiveofCorporationsandAssociations

ThelanguageanddiscourseofU.S.miningcorporationsandassociationshaveexperiencednotabletransformationsinrecentyears.Thesecorporationshave

increasinglyconcentratedonsustainabledevelopment,technologicalinnovation,andsupplychainsecurity,whereasminingassociationshavehighlightedtheimportanceofpolicysupportandindustryprotection.Withthechangesintheglobalpoliticalandeconomicsituation,especiallytheinfluenceofgeopoliticalrisksandtheenergytransition,theconversationwithintheminingsectorhasprogressivelyshiftedtowardsenvironmentalprotection,greendevelopment,andmineralrecyclingtechnologies.Miningcorporationsandassociationshavedemonstratedaclearcapacityforadaptabilityandstrategicadjustmentsinresponsetosignificantpolicychangesandinternationaldisputes.Thesecorporationsandindustryassociationsaregreatlyaffectedbypoliciesandlaws,andtheirinfluenceonpolicy-makingremainstobefurtherobserved.

1.StrategicInsightsintoSynchronicDiscourseCharacteristics

lU.S.MiningCorporations

Figure5illustratesthesynchroniccharacteristicsofminingcorporations'discourse,fromwhichthefollowinginsightscanbederived.

Figure5:SynchronicCharacteristicsofMiningCorporations'Discourse

StrategicSignificanceofCoreResources:TheescalatingattentionfromU.S.miningcorporationstowardscriticalresourcessuchasrareearthsandcopperhighlightstheir

growingsignificancewithinglobalsupplychains.Chinaneedstostrengthenitsdiscoursepowerintheinternationalrareearthmarket,advocatefortheexportofhigh-value-addedcommodities,andtakeanactiveroleintheformulationofpertinentregulationstopreserveitsdominantpositioninthemarket.

TechnologicalInnovationandEnvironmentalProtection:U.S.miningcorporationsareimprovingtheefficiencyofresourceutilizationandmitigatingenvironmentalimpactsbyleveragingtechnologicaladvancements,therebyhighlightingtheimportanceofgreenminingdevelopment.Chinashouldexpeditetheresearchanddevelopmentofgreenminingandrecyclingtechnologiesforcriticalminerals,andpromoteenvironmentallyfriendlyminingstandardstobolsterinternationalcompetitivenessandincreaseitsinfluence.

EnergyTransitionandResourceSecurity:Corporationsarefocusingonthedemandformineralresourcesinthecontextofalow-carboneconomy.Chinahastheopportunitytoreinforceitsindispensableroleintheglobalenergytransitionbyguaranteeingastableandeco-friendlysupplyoftheseessentialminerals.

lU.S.MiningAssociations

Figure6depictsthesynchroniccharacteristicsofminingassociations'discourse,fromwhichthefollowinginsightscanbederived.

Figure6:SynchronicCharacteristicsofMiningAssociations'Discourse

PolicySupportandLegislativeOptimization:U.S.miningassociationslobbyforpolicysupportandregulatoryimprovements,emphasizingtheneedforafavorablepolicyenvironmentfortheminingindustry.Chineseminingcorporationsandassociationsoughttoenhancetheirexternalcommunicationchannelsandproactivelyengageontheglobalstagetoensurealevelplayingfield,steeringclearofunduerestrictionsand"political"interventions.

SupplyChainSecurityandEconomicIndependence:Associations'emphasisonsupplychainsecuritysignalsthatChinashouldpromotemultilateralcooperationandregionalsupplychaindevelopment,strengthenstrategicreservesofdomesticresources,andencouragejointdevelopmentintheresourcesectorwithcountriesalongtheBeltandRoadInitiative.

TechnologicalInnovationandGlobalCompetitiveness:Associationsadvocateformineralrecyclingandtechnologicaladvancements,indicatingthatChinashouldguidedomesticminingcorporationstoboosttheirresearchanddevelopmentspending,improvetheirtechnologicalprowess,andcultivateahigh-techandhigh-efficiencyreputationontheglobalstage.

2.StrategicInsightsintoDiachronicDiscourseCharacteristics

From2018to2024,thefocusofU.S.miningcorporationsandassociationshasprogressivelyshiftedfromtraditionalmineralextractiontowardstechnologicalinnovationandenvironmentalresponsibility.Drawingonthesetraits,,thefollowinginsightscanbedrawn:

StrengthenedPositionofCoreResources:Giventheincreasingsignificanceofcriticalminerals,Chinaoughttoreinforceitsdominantpositioninthesupplychainforresourcessuchasrareearths.Simultaneously,itshouldfostertechnologicaladvancementandinternationalcollabor