2022高考英语一轮复习Module4GreatScientists学案必修4

Module4GreatScientists一、背单词与词块(一)背阅读单词——会认就行(背诵时遮住右侧汉语，先自主翻译，后比对词义)1．biochemistryn. 生物化学2．biologyn. 生物学3．botanyn. 植物学4．geneticsn. 遗传学5．zoologyn. 动物学6．stapleadj. 主要的；重要的(二)背重点单词——写对才行1．leadingadj. 主要的2．figuren. 人物3．publishvt. 出版4．breakthroughn. 突破5．convertvt. 改变；转换6．replacevt. 取代；以……代替7．quantityn. 数量8．quality_n. 质量9．diagnosevt. 诊断10．victimn. 受害者11．careern. 生涯；经历12．partlyadv. 部分地；在一定程度上13．physicaladj. 身体的14．escapevi. 逃跑；逃避15．straight_adj. 直的16．clearvi. (烟雾)消散(三)背拓展单词——用准才行1．educatevt.教育→educationn．教育→educatorn．教育工作者2．agriculturen．农业→agriculturaladj.农业的3．originn．起源→original_adj.原来的；最初的→originatevi.起源→originallyadv.原来；起初4．supportvt.支持→supportiveadj.支持的，鼓励的→supporter_n.支持者5．producevt.生产→producern．生产者→productionn．生产；产量→productn．产品6．exportvt.出口→importvt.进口7．briefadj.简短的；简洁的→brieflyadv.简短地8．graduatevi.毕业n．毕业生→graduationn．毕业9．personaladj.个人的→personallyadv.就个人而言→personalityn．个性；性格10．explodevi.爆炸→explosionn.爆炸；爆炸声[语境活用]1．Ididn'tknowwhereMandelawaswhentheexplosionbrokeout,butIknowthetimewhenthebombexploded.(explode)2．Myoriginalintentionistofindoutthedifferencebetweentheoriginsofcountrymusicandjazz.(origin)3．Foralongtime,productsmadeinChinasoldwell,becausemanyproducersinChinaarefairlyhonestandhospitable.(produce)4．Heisknowntobeaneducatedman,whohadobtainedniceeducationfromyoung.(educate)5．SincegraduatingfromShandongUniversityin2020,heisstillpreparingforhisapplicationasagraduatestudentinPeking(四)背高频单词——先“记牢”再“用活”，不背绝对不行1．supportvt.&n．支持；拥护；支撑；供养背词条用法(1)supportsb.insth.在某方面支持某人supporta(one's)family/oneself养家糊口/自力更生(2)etoone'ssupport来支持某人withone'ssupport＝withthesupportofsb.在某人的支持下insupportof＝infavorof支持；拥护背写作佳句①He'slookingforanewjob,onewherehecangetmoremoneytosupporthisfamily.他正在寻找一份新工作，一份能赚到更多钱以养家糊口的工作。②Someexpertshavespokentosupportthebanofdrunkdriving.＝Someexpertshavespokeninsupportofthebanofdrunkdriving.一些专家说支持禁止酒后驾车。2．quantityn．数量；数额；大量背词条用法alarge(good)/smallquantityof大/少量的largequantitiesof大量的；许多的inquantity大量，在数量上背写作佳句①Asanexpert,ZhongNanshanspentalargequantityoftimeservingtodefeatvarietiesofvirus.作为一名专家，钟南山花了大量时间服务于战胜各种病毒。②Largequantitiesofwaterarebeingincreasinglycleanerduetothevolunteers'efforts.由于志愿者的努力，大量的水变得越来越干净。3．escapev．逃跑；逃避；逃脱；避开；(气体、液体等)泄漏；被忘掉n．逃脱；逃避；解脱背词条用法(1)escape(doing)sth.逃脱/逃避(做)某事escapefrom/outof...从……逃跑/逃走escapesb./one'sattention/notice逃过某人的注意/被某人遗忘(2)anarrowescape死里逃生；幸免于难背写作佳句①Heescapedbeingkilledintheexplosionbecausehehadnotgonetowork.他没有在爆炸中丧生，因为他没有去工作。②Totheirrelief,theirstudentsnarrowlyescapedfromtheshakingbuilding.令他们宽慰的是，他们的学生侥幸从摇动的大楼中逃脱出来。(五)背短语词块——表达出彩，需多积词块才行eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单元短语再认再现1．bring_up 培养；养育2．experiment_with 对……进行实验3．bring_in 引进；推行；采用4．as_a_result_of 由于……的结果5．earn_one's_living 谋生6．the/a_key_to_(doing)_sth. (做)某事的关键7．carry_out 实施；履行8．be_known_for 因……而出名/闻名9．be_diagnosed_with 被诊断患有……疾病10．e_to_power 掌权eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)重点短语拓展用活1．earnone'sliving谋生背相关短语makealiving＝earnone'sliving谋生earnone'sownliving自食其力earnextramoney/afortune挣取额外收入/挣大钱背写作佳句①I'mtryingtopersuadehimtogiveuptheattempttoearnhisliving/makealivingbywriting.我尽力劝说他放弃通过写作谋生的想法。②Sincehisparentsdiedearly,hehadtoearnhisownlivingwhenhewasateenager.由于父母早逝，他十几岁时不得不自食其力。2．etopower掌权；上台；执政背相关短语inpower当权；掌权beyondone'spower不能胜任；超过了某人的能力within/inone'spower有能力；力所能及背写作佳句①Whenthegovernmentcametopower,hewasnamedministerofCultureMinistry.政府上台后，他被任命为文化部部长。②Iwilldoeverythingin/withinmypowertohelpyou.我将尽我所能帮助你。③NotthatJohndoesn'twanttohelpyou,butthatit'sbeyondhispower.并不是约翰不想帮你，而是那件事超越了他的能力。二、背佳句与佳作(一)背写作佳句——多“输入”才能巧“输出”eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)教材内句式举一反三1．InStephenHawking'scaseitwasdiscoveredthathewasabrilliantscientist.(Itis/was＋过去分词＋that从句)就史蒂芬·霍金的情况来说，人们发现他是一个卓越的科学家。佳句①It'ssaidthatthousandsofworkscutbyfolkartistswillbeondisplay.据说将展出民间艺术家的数千件作品。佳句②Itwasrecognizedthatyoushouldridesuchalongwaytofulfillthetoughmission.大家都看出来了，你竟然走了这么远去完成这项艰巨的任务。2．Thetubeswereattachedtoalongstickwhichhelpedkeeptherocketmovinginastraightdirection.(keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语)这些管子被绑在一根长木棍上，这根木棍能使火箭直线前进。佳句①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Speakingoftablemanners,keepyourvoicelowandpleasantduringthemeal.说到餐桌礼仪，吃饭时声音要低沉、悦耳。佳句②Itcanpreventusfromgettingshort­sightedanditcankeepusphysicallyhealthy.它既可以防止我们近视，还能保持我们的身体健康。佳句③Next,whatweshoulddoistokeeptheconversationgoingbyaskingquestionstoshowinterest.下一步，我们所需要做的是通过问问题来表现出兴趣，让谈话继续下去。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)同主题佳句熟读成诵1．Heisalwaysweledbecausehedresseswellandbehavesgracefully,consideratelyandpolitely,givingothersagoodimpression.他穿戴得体，举止文雅，礼貌周到，能给别人留下好的印象，所以他总是受欢迎。2．Shewasquiteoptimisticandenergetic,whichbroughtmealotofhappinessandcourage.Ilearnedsomethingpreciousfromher—beliefinlife.她非常乐观且有活力，这给我带来了许多快乐和勇气。我从她身上学到了一些宝贵的东西——要对生活有信心。3．BorninNingbo,ZhejiangProvinceonDecember30th,1930,TuYouyou,afamousfemalechemistandscientist,著名女化学家、科学家屠呦呦，1930年12月30日出生于浙江宁波，年轻时对中医表现出极大的兴趣。(二)背满分作文——好习作就靠“仿效”和“背诵”本辑学点——投诉信(二)[题目要求]假定你是李华，乘飞机从北京到伦敦旅行，到达目的地取行李时发现行李箱破损，部分物品遗失。你与相关人员交涉无果，于是要向该航空公司写一封投诉信。内容主要包括：1．说明个人相关信息(航线/航班：MMYZ577/时间：April28)；2．反映情况；3．希望尽快得到解决。注意：1.词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。[背范文]DearMadam/Sir，I'maChinesepassengerwhotookyourFlightMMYZ577fromBeijingtoLondononApril28.I'mwritingtoplainforthefollowingreasons,expectingyourtimelysolving.MyluggagesuitcasewasbrokenwhenIgotitattheairport.Andsomeofthearticleswerelost,amongwhichwasapairofprecioussportsshoes.What'sworse,Ireportedittosomeofthestaffondutybuttherewasnosatisfyinghandling,withwhichI'vebeensounhappy.Ijustcan'timaginehowapanywithagoodreputationcandosuchathing!Idohopeyou'lltakeitseriouslyandgetitsettledassoonaspossible.Lookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Yoursfaithfully，LiHua[学亮点]1．学高级表达(1)使用高级语块，如：onduty,takeitseriously,assoonaspossible等。(2)熟练使用高级句式，如：定语从句whotookyourFlight...；现在分词短语作状语expectingyourtimelysolving；“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句amongwhichwasapairof...和withwhichI'vebeensounhappy；助动词do表强调Idohopeyou'lltake...等。这些表达增强了文章的表达效果，是加分的亮点所在。同时，这也彰显了考生灵活的语言驾驭能力。2．学精彩结尾结尾使用Lookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.表达了对早日回复的期待，简洁、实用。3．学过渡衔接文章准确使用了and,what'sworse,but等过渡词语和过渡句I'mwritingtoplainforthefollowingreasons，增强了文章的连贯性和条理性。4．防微点失分考生容易忽略主谓一致，把“Andsomeofthearticleswerelost,amongwhichwasapairofprecioussportsshoes.”中的were误用成was，或把“Ireportedittosomeofthestaffonduty...”中的onduty误表达为ontheduty，从而导致失分。学案(一)重点单词的查漏补缺——打牢必备知识[全面练——练清易错微点]Ⅰ.单词拼写1．Carsareoneoftheleading(主要的)causesofairpollutionintheworldtoday.2．Theteamleadershouldappointateamsecretarytotakeandpublish(出版，发布)meetingnotes.3.Hewassoexhaustedfromtheday'slaboursthathewentstraight(直接)tobed.4.WhatratewillIgetifIconvert(转换)mydollarsintoeuros?5．TheAgricultureDepartmenttodayreleasedanewgraphictoreplace(取代，替换)theoldsymbol.6．Whatheisdoingisaimingatquality(质量)ratherthanquantity.Ⅱ.根据语境写出加黑部分的汉语意思1．Glancinground,hecaughtsightofadarkfigureintheshadows.影子2．SomeothersymptomswouldalsohelpdoctorsdiagnoseAIDSpatients.诊断3．Theguidedeclaresthatwe'rejustontheedgeofatrulygreatbreakthrough.突破4.IknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofQinghuaUniversity.毕业生5．(2020·1月浙江高考)Itookadvantageofmybrieffreedomtodashacrossthelawn(草坪)—andhitalargemapletree！短暂的6．(熟词生义)Irememberedseeinghimsomewherebefore,buthisnameescapedmeforthemoment.被遗忘Ⅲ.单句语法填空1．Mostpeopleholdthebeliefthateducation(educate)canchangeone'sfate.2．Originally(origin),peopleknewlittleabouttheoldtemple,butnowitbeesveryfamous.3．Themanagerofthisfactorywhichproducesputersisveryoptimisticabouttheproduction(produce)andsale.4．Afterabriefpause,hebegantoendthemeetingbrieflywithonlyafewwords.(brief)5．Doyouknowthathehasconvertedmorethanonejobaftergraduation_(graduate)?6．ThishasbeenanimportantyearforTom,bothprofessionallyandpersonally(person)．名师点拨“一站清”(1)注意straight的常见词性：形容词(直的，直率的，直接的)；副词(直地；直接地；坦率地；立即)。作副词讲时，有时可以代替straightly。(2)不同的转换：convert“转换，兑换”，其他类似的词汇：switch(转换，改变)；transfer(转让，转移)；transform(改变，使……变形)；shift(转移)。(3)注意graduate还可以用作名词，表示“毕业生”。[重点练——深化高频考点]1．support[明其义]vt.&n．[通其用](1)单句语法填空①PeopleinChinasupported(support)thepolicewholeheartedlyintheirworkduringurgenttimesseveralyearsago.②Withhiswife'ssupport,MrWangcontributedalotofmoneytothepeopleinthestrickenarea.③Therewasawealthofsupporting(support)evidencethatconfirmedheisinnocent.(2)补全句子④She_was_very_supportive_duringmyfather'sillness,soweareallgratefultoher.在我父亲生病期间，她给了很多帮助，因此我们都很感激她。⑤Sinceyouhavenofirmevidencetosupport_the_case,_youaresupposedtogiveupdefending.既然你没有确凿的证据支持这个论点，那么请您放弃辩护。2．quantity[明其义]n．数量；数额；大量[通其用]单句语法填空/补全句子①Ifyoubuythisgoodsinquantity,wewillofferabetterpricetoyou.②Alargequantityofbookshas_been_contributed(contribute)tothechildreninthecountrysidesincethen.③Wehavelarge_quantities_of/a_large_quantity_ofvolunteerswhocanserveforalongtime.我们有大量的志愿者，他们可以工作很长一段时间。[解其困](1)aquantityof或quantitiesof后既可接可数名词也可接不可数名词。(2)“aquantityof＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；而“quantitiesof＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。3．escape[明其义]v．逃跑；逃避；逃脱；避开；(气体、液体等)泄漏；被忘掉n．逃脱；逃避；解脱[通其用](1)写出下列各句中escape的含义①Withoutthinkinghestartedtorunandluckilyescapedthecat'spaw.逃脱②Seeingthepoisonousgasescapingfromthebrokenpipe,hesoundedthealarm.泄漏③Thetwoofficerswereextremelyluckytoescapeseriousinjury.避开④Boblookedbackonlytofindanoldclassmatewhosenameescapedhimforthemoment.被忘掉(2)单句语法填空⑤It'shardto_escape(escape)punishmentifyoumitseriousmistakes.⑥Howtoforbidtheprisonerstoescapefrom_certainplacethatissecretisapuzzle.[解其困]escape作动词讲时，可作及物动词(表示逃避、被忘掉、被惩罚等)和不及物动词(表示逃跑、逃脱，泄漏，后面多跟介词from)。学案(二)词块、句式的活学活用——强化关键能力[词块的验收盘点]Ⅰ.词块点点练——选词填空bediagnosedwith，carryout，etopower，bringin，beknownfor，bringup，earnone'sliving，asaresultof，experimentwith，akeyto1．Itisafactthatmanywomenstilltakecareerbreaksto_bring_upchildren.2．Afterexperimenting_withavarietyofdifferentlinelengths,hefigureoutagoodconsequence.3．Thefirmdecidedtobring_inanewmanagementteamtomakeanewimprovement.4.ItispossiblethatmillionsAfricanwillfacestarvationnextyearas_a_result_of_thedrought.5．Inorderto_earn_his_living_inastrangecity,heonceservedasatrainteacherinHangzhou.6.Itiswellknownthatbeinganobserverisa_key_toinnovation.7.Shedidn'tthinkthathewaswellenoughto_carry_outsucharoughtask.8．Doyouknowthatfellowwho_is_known_forhisoptimisticcan­doattitude?9．Ifyou_are_diagnosed_withaseriousillness,doyourhomeworkandgetthefacts.10．They'llwanttoensureasmoothtransitionnextyear,whenanewPresidentandpremierwille_to_power.名师点拨“一站清”(1)asaresultof(因为，由于)，要把它和asaresult(结果，最终)分清哦。(2)thekeyto“……的关键”，注意此时to是介词哦。(3)carryout“实施，执行”，注意carryon(with/doing...)“继续做某事”及carryabout“随身携带”的用法。Ⅱ.易错对对碰——辨析比较1．bringupVSgrowupVSeup比较①Timemakesyougrowold,andexperiencesmakeyougrow_up.②TheSmithsarepraisedforthewaytheybring_uptheirchildren.③Anotherquestionhase_up_beforewehavesettleddownthepresentone.辨清bringup“抚养，培养”；growup“成长，长大”；eup“出现，发生，被提及”。2．beknownforVSbeknownasVSbeknownto比较①Heisbetterknown_forhisfilmandTVwork.②Asisknown_toall,usingcleanenergyplaysanimportantroleinpollutionreduction.③Friday31July1925henceforthbecameknown_as“RedFriday”．辨清注意beknown与三个介词for,as,to的区别哦！beknownfor“因……而出名”；beknownas“作为……而出名”；beknownto“为……所熟知”。Ⅲ.多义比比看——一词多义(写出下列各句中bringin的含义)①NowadaysnewspaperWebsitescancoexistwiththenewspapersandstillbringinmuchprofit.带来②Sowgoodseeds,andyouwillsurelybringinawonderfulharvest,aharvestfitforaking.收获③Withtimegoingandtechnologydeveloping,weneedtobringinalotmorenewmethods.引进④Ihavethreepart­timejobs,whichbringinaboutD|S24,000ayear.赚钱[句式的验收盘点]keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语[通其用]1．单句语法填空①Itisnecessarythatwekeeptheyounggenerationinformed(inform)ofthecurrentaffairs.②Thequestionkeptmewondering(wonder)fortherestofthenight.③Wemustkeepourmindcautious(caution)whenconductingourmission.2．补全句子④Foranother,spendingtoomuchtimeonentertainmentwillonlykeep_us_away_from_our_studies.另一方面，在娱乐上花费太多时间只会让我们远离学业。[解其困]keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语的常用结构：(1)keep＋n./pron.＋现在分词(与宾语之间为主动关系)(2)keep＋n./pron.＋过去分词(与宾语之间为被动关系)(3)keep＋n./pron.＋形容词/副词/名词/介词短语学案(三)高考语篇的价值发掘——提升学科素养2020全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D篇——对接课标主题：对社会有突出贡献的人物(一)精读真题——拓展语言能力(语篇中黑体词汇为主题词汇，请注意积累并揣摩其用法)[1]Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductive[2]TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther—changingtheactualpositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.eq\o(“We'rethinkingabouthowwecanengineer②plantstoreplacefunctionsof,\s\do4(1))thethingsthatweuseeveryday，”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.[3]Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomemonvegetables.Strano'steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree­and­a­halfhours.Thelight,aboutone­thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself­powered③streetlamps.[4]Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone­offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.[5]Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)—suchasthedistancefromapowerplant④tostreetlampsonaremotehighway—alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.［析微点·厚积语言基础］①构词法——produce派生词词源：productn.产品；产物productiveadj.富有成效的；高效的productionn.生产；制造通句式——句子(1)中how引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语；that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词functionsofthethings。②微积累——熟词生义：engineern．工程师(熟义)v．改变……的基因结构(生义)③微技法——根据词根猜测词义：poweredadj.由……驱动的；电动的self­poweredadj.自供电的sun­poweredadj.太阳能发动的high­poweredadj.高性能的；大功率的④微积累——熟词生义：plantn．植物(熟义)n．发电厂(生义)[理脉络——内化读文规律](二)解析真题——感悟素养立意[考什么·怎么考——真题再做]32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B．Abigfallincrimerates.C．Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D．Benefitsfromgreenplants.解析：选D段落大意题。根据第一段第二句“Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.”及本段中的“greenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime”和“employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants”可知，D选项“Benefitsfromgreenplants.”能概括本段内容。33．WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineers?A．Todetectplants'lackofwater.B．Tochangepositionsofplants.C．Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D．Totestchemicalsinplants.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的“Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwater”可知，A选项正确。34．Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A．Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B．Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C．Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D．Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是最后一句“Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.”可推知，在未来，发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗。35．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B．Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C．Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D．Howareglowingplantsmadepollution­free?解析：选C标题归纳题。根据最后一段内容可知，由于照明通常远离电源，在传输过程中会损失大量能源，但发光植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。文章说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，并介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程以及一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的效果。由此可知，C选项“发光植物有可能取代路灯吗？”最适合作本文的标题。故选C。[为什么考·有何价值——导向解读]一、发展思维品质文中第35题主要考查学生的概括性思维。文章第一段点明了植物的积极作用；第二段是有关植物的功能的研究；第三段说明最新的研究——发光植物；第四段是有关将来要开发的一种用在植物叶子上的技术及研究植物发光是否可以“打开”和“关上”；第五段表述能量在传输中损失很多，或许发光植物可以解决这一问题。对全文内容进行概括总结进而得出C选项(发光的植物能代替灯吗？)最适合作文章标题。二、聚焦核心价值本文是一篇说明文。介绍了运用高科技改造绿色植物从而节能减排的科学探索。阅读的选材不仅能让考生了解人与自然和谐发展的必要性，同时也能让他们了解到科学家们对于改变环境正在做的研究。这不仅可以促使考生深入思考科技创新在人类生活和发展过程中起到的重要作用，还有利于引导考生发展科学探索精神。(三)借力真题——发掘学习能力Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Hetookaveryscientific(science)approachtomanagingtheproject.2．Researchersinthisfieldhavemadesomeimportantnewdiscoveries(discover)．3．Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductive(product)atworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.4．Theirinventionshavecontributedtothedevelopmentofelectrical(electricity)engineering.5．Theaircraftis_powered(power)byajetengine.Ⅱ.补全句子1．Themedicineisnottobe_exposed_to(暴露于)daylight.2．AtypicalPDAcanfunction_as(起……作用)amobilephoneandapersonalorganizer.3．Basedonthis,itisnecessaryforourcountrytoconduct_a_study(进行研究)onthesubject.Ⅲ.分析长难句1．Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.[句式解构]本句是一个主从复合句。主句的主语是These，谓语动词是include。其中第一个that引导的定语从句修饰plants；whenthey'reshortofwater是宾语从句，作show的宾语。第二个that引导的定语从句修饰a_plant。[句意翻译]这些(植物中)包括叶子上印有传感器以显示它们何时缺水的植物，以及能够检测地下水中有害化学物质的植物。2．Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.[句式解构]本句是一个主从复合句。主句的主语是Theengineers，谓语动词是aretryingtodevelop。其中where引导的定语从句修饰anonandoff“switch”；whenexposedtodaylight是省略了主语和be动词的时间状语从句。[句意翻译]工程师们还在尝试开发一种开关，当暴露在日光下时，它的光会减弱。Ⅳ.主题语境写作David是一个谨慎且成功的商人，一直致力于研发新产品，虽然产品没有达到标准，但他并没有失去信心，一直坚持努力，最后取得了巨大的成功。请你就此写一篇小短文。注意：1.词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考范文：David,whowasacautiousandsuccessfulbusinessman,gotapatentforhisnewproduct.Muchtohisdelight,thisproductsoldwell,butlaterhefoundhisproductdidn'tliveuptothecriteria.However,hedidn'tloseheartbutseizedeverychancetoimproveit.Heexpectedthathisproductcouldbearthetestsofthemarket.Eventually,itwaswithhiseffortsthatheachievedgreatsuccessandhisinehadastableincrease.课下主题训练对社会有突出贡献的人物Ⅰ.阅读理解AThey'rerobotsandthey'recapableofsailingthehighseaswithouthumanintervention.OnTuesdaytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)launchedapairofSaildrones(海洋无人机)inPacificNorthwestwatersforthefirsttime.TheirlongsummersailingjourneywillstretchfromVancouverIslandtoCalifornia.TheSaildroneoperatorswillcollectdatatohelpsetfuturefishingseasons.Thegovernmentwantstoseewhetherseagoingrobotscanextendfisherysurveysnowperformedbyexpensivemannedships.NoraCohenfromNOAAsaid,“The23­footlongseagoingrobotscanfollowaremotelyprogrammedcourseforuptoayearatatime.Andtheydon'trequireanyfuel.Weusewindandsolarpowertodrivethesensors.”Headded,“Itmeansthatthey'reabletogotoplaceswherewedon'treallywanttosendpeople,gointoweatherthatwereallydon'twantanyoneevertobein,andsendbackmeasurements.”Theprimarymissionistoinvestigatethespeciesandnumberoffishinexistenceandtheplaceswheretheyare.LarryHufnagle,scientistofNOAAFisheriesinSeattle,saidatraditionalbigNOAAship­basedsurveycostsaroundD|S25,000perday.Byparison,oneSaildronerunsD|S2,500perday.“Itcouldbeasignificantsaving，”Hufnaglesaid.“Butlikeanythingelse,thereisatrade­offbetweenwhatyougetandwhatyoudon'tget.Onthemannedship,wehavelimitedtime.Ittakesalotofpeople.Wespendafairamountofmoney.ButthereisonethingtheSaildronecan'tdobuthumanscan:castanettocatchandpositivelyidentifythefishdetectedbelow.TheSaildronesaregoingtogiveusadditionaldata,notreplacementdata.”NoraCohensaidSailDrone,aventurecapital­backedpanybasedinAlameda,California,expectstolaunchatotalof11ofitsseagoingrobotstosurveydifferentwaterbodiesforNOAAthisyear.TheBeringandArcticseas,coastalCaliforniaand语篇解读：海洋无人机能够在没有人干预的情况下在公海航行，它们的投入使用将给人类带来好处，但也有一定的局限性。1．Whatisthepurposeofcollectingfishdata?A．Toexploretheocean.B．Toassistfishingindustry.C．Tolearnthehabitsoffish.D．Toimprovefishingskills.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“TheSaildroneoperatorswillcollectdatatohelpsetfuturefishingseasons.”可知，无人机操作员将收集数据，帮助设定未来的捕鱼季节，由此推知，收集数据是为了帮助捕鱼业。2．WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph3?A．TheSaildrone'sadvantages.B．TheSaildrone'sappearance.C．TheSaildrone'spowersystem.D．TheSaildrone'sprimarymission.解析：选A段落大意题。第三段提到海洋无人机长23英尺，可以进行远程程序控制，每次航行长达一年，不需要任何燃料，用风能和太阳能驱动传感器等，由此可知，第三段主要讲述的是海洋无人机的优势。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“trade­off”inParagraph5probablymean?A．Debate. B．Reason.C．Reality. D．Balance.解析：选D词义猜测题。由第五段第一句可知，使用海洋无人机能节省很多钱。再由第五段倒数第二句可知，有一件事情海洋无人机做不到，但人类可以。对比理解，即可推断出人类从海洋无人机处能得到的和不能得到的之间是一种平衡。据此可以得出“trade­off”意思与D项接近，表示“权衡，协调”。4．Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．TheSaildronehasapromisingfuture.B．HufnaglethinksnothingoftheSaildrone.C．Mannedshipswillbepletelyreplaced.D．Productionofseagoingrobotsisrestricted.解析：选A推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，预计今年SailDrone公司将使11个远洋航行机器人下水，为NOAA勘测不同的水域。据此可以得出，海洋无人机的前景光明。A项符合题意。B(2021·开封市高三第一次模拟)AndrewGreydoesn'tfitmostpeople'sideaofanastronomer.Heworksinacarrepairshop,notinalaboruniversity,yettheAustralianrepairmandiscoveredastarsystemhidingindatafromNASA'sKeplerspacetelescope.MrGreyisoneofmillionsofcitizenscientistshelpingresearcherstoexpandcollectiveunderstanding.Forcenturies,onlyafewordinarypeoplehadbeencontributingtoscience,butadvancesintechnologyhavebroughtahigherlevelofdemocratization(民主化)toscience.“Thisisacollaborative(合作的)effortthatanyonecouldgetinvolvedin，”saysChrisLintott,anOxfordUniversityastrophysicist(天体物理学家)andco­founderofZooniverse,aplatformthathostsdozensofcitizenscienceprojects.Citizenscientistscancontributetobreakthroughsinalmostanyfield,fromecologytoastrophysics.“Aslongaspatternrecognitionisinvolved,therearenolimitstowhatcanbeeacitizenscienceproject，”Lintottsays.“Anyonecanidentifypatternsinimages,graphs,orevenseeminglyboringdataafterashorttutorial.Machinelearningallowsputerstodosomepatternrecognition.Buthumans,particularlyamateurscientists,don'tstayfocusedonwhatthey'resupposedto.Andthat'sgood,becausepeoplewhodothatnoticetheunusualthingsinadataset.”“Andcitizensciencedoesn'thavetobedirectedbyascientist，”saysSheilaJasanoff,directoroftheProgramonScience,TechnologyandSocietyatHarvardUniversity.“Citizensproducingknowledgeinplaceswhereofficialorganshavefailedthemcanalsobecitizenscientists，”shesays.That'swhathappenedinFlint,Citizen­poweredresearchisasoldasscientificinquiry.Forcenturiesbeforesciencebecameprofessionalized,regularpeoplelookedforpatternsintheworldaroundthem.Despitealotofadvancedequipmentandputermodels,scientistsstillwelehelpfromeverydaypeople.Asaprofessionalscientisthimself,Lintottsays,“Peoplethinkthatwe'reintelligent,butscienceiseasyandweneedyourhelp.”语篇解读：数个世纪以来，只有少数普通人为科学作出了贡献，但科技的进步已经为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，科学是任何人都能参与的，每个人都有可能成为科学家。5．Whatmadecitizenscientistsappear?A．Thehighlevelofscienceprojects.B．Thedevelopmentoftechnology.C．Thesupportofthegovernment.D．ThefoundationofZooniverse.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第二段中的“onlyafewordinarypeople...toscience”可知，科技的进步为科学带来了更高水平的民主化，从而使更多的普通人也能参与科学研究，促成了公民科学家的出现，故选B。6．Whatisanadvantageofhumansinpatternrecognitionparedwithmachines?A．Humanscanidentifypatternsmoreswiftly.B．Humansfocustheirattentionondata.C．Humanscanobserveunmonthings.D．Humanshavestrongeremotions.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Andthat'sgood,becausepeoplewhodothatnoticetheunusualthingsinadataset.”可知，在模式识别方面，人类与机器相比，人类的优势在于能够注意到一些不寻常的东西，故C项正确。7．WhatisLintott'sattitudetowardscitizenscience?A．Favorable. B．Cautious.C．Indifferent. D．Doubtf