德国孢子化石取样-分层沉积物土壤样品

SamplingandAnalysisofSediments1PercussionDrilling–amethodtotakeundisturbedandstratifiedsediment/soilsamplesGerdSchukraftLaboratoryofGeomorphologyandGeoecology2Fieldmethods,samplingprocedureLabmethodsPossibilitiesofinterpretation3Beforesamplingsedimentsyoumustlookfortherepresentativelocationdependentonyourquestion.Thereforenon-destructivemethodsaresuitablefor:GeomagneticsGeoelectricsRefractionseismicsSurveyingtechniques(laserscanning,satelliteimage,…)44GeomagneticsThemeasurementshowsvariationsanddisturbancesinthelocallineofthemagneticflux.Thedisturbancesarecausedbymetalsand/orfiredmaterials.Theexampleshowsageomagneticmapfromasettlementwithhouses,storagepitsandditchesfromtheEarlyBronzeAge.55GeoelectricsTheinjectionofelectriccurrent(until200mAandmax.50V)intothesoilshowstheapproximatestructureofthesubsurface.Themeasurementoftheresistanceofthesubsurfacestructurehappensoftenwithanarrayof100uncoatedmetal-electrodeswithadistanceof1to4m.Thelowerthedistancethebettertheresolutionlimit.TheexampleshowsthestructureofacushianpeatlandintheperuvianAndeswithin-situhardrock,fluvialdepositsandnearly10mpeat-sediments.ThisexampleshowsthepresenceofasubcutanewallofanancientdirectionchangeofariverinGreece.6RefractionseismicsThismethodeenablesasoundloggingofanimpact-stimulus.Withtheobservedtravel-timesofthep-wavesitispossibletomodelthestructureofthesubsurface.Theexampleshowsanarrayof48geophoneswithaspacingof2minavalleyinSantorin/Greece.Themeasuredvelocitiesproducethesubcutaneousthickness.7SurveyingtechniquesInadditiontoterrestrialLaser-survey,LIDAR-survey,satelliteimagesandaerialimagesbelongstothetoolsfortheselectionoftherepresentativelocation.8Afteridentificationofthecorrectlocationthepercussiondrillingcantakeplace,or/anddiggingPercussionDrillingEquipment9ProcedureofPercussionDrilling10ProblemswithPercussionDrillingI11ProblemswithPercussionDrillingII1213ProblemswithPercussionDrillingIIIItdoesnotmakesensetoloadthevibration-hammer.Itdoesnotmakesensetohitmorethan10minuteswithoutprogressofdrilling1414ProcessingAftercoringthereistheposibilitytomeasurenon-destructivethemagneticsusceptibilitywiththecompletesedimentsinthelinertube–oryoucutthelinerintwohalves.15Samplinginthefield(e.g.percussiondrilling,digging,…)LaboratoryforGeomorphologyandGeoecologyNon-destructivemeasurementofvolume-susceptibilitySawing,seperatingintwohalfes,preparingPhotodocumentation,description,colouridentification,….TakingpartialsampleDatinge.g.14C,OSL,…..FurtherprocessinginthelaboratoryNon-destructiveexploration(e.g.geoelectrics,geomagnetics,…)1616Handlingofsedimentsamplesinthelaboratory(aerobic/anaerobic)pH,redoxGrain-sizeanalysiswithdestructionoforganicmatterandlime,ultrasoundSubsequentprocessinge.g.thinsection,

microscopy,X-ray,Fe-compoundsDissolution

e.g.aquaregia,Kaliumperoxodi-sulfat,liquefiedmaterialCNSTC,TOCCECcmoleq/kgMillingoffinesoil(<2mm)Heavymineral-separationPhoto-metryAAS(flame,GF)CNS-IsotopeExtraction(alkane,chlorophyll-derivatives,greenhouse-gases,pesticides)GC17Scientificuse-Landscapedevelopment-Geomorphologicalquestions-Geoecologicalquestions-Geoarcheologicalquestions-Paleo