近零排放和低排放钢材和水泥的定义以及基本的排放测量方法（英）

Definitionsfornear-zeroandlow-emissionssteelandcement,andunderlyingemissions

measurementmethodologies

Summaryofemergingunderstandings

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Definitionsfornear-zeroandlow-emissionssteelandcement,Acknowledgements

andunderlyingemissionsmeasurementmethodologies:Summaryofemergingunderstandings

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Acknowledgements

Definitionsfornear-zeroandlow-emissionssteelandcement,andunderlyingemissionsmeasurementmethodologies:SummaryofemergingunderstandingswaspreparedbytheEnergyTechnologyPolicy(ETP)DivisionoftheDirectorateofSustainability,TechnologyandOutlooks(STO)oftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).TheprojectwasdesignedanddirectedbyTimurGül,IEAChiefEnergyTechnologyOfficer.AraceliFernandezPales,HeadoftheTechnologyandInnovationUnitprovidedguidancethroughoutthedevelopmentofthereport.TheleadauthorwasTiffanyVass.

ThedevelopmentofthispaperbenefittedfromcontributionsprovidedbythefollowingIEAcolleagues:PeterLevi,IsabelGeppert,AntonellaPasetto,andAndrewRuttinger.

PerAndersWidellprovidedessentialsupport.LizzieSayereditedthemanuscript.ThanksalsotoAstridDumondoftheCommunicationsandDigitalOffice.

Thispaperhasbeenpreparedasafollow-uptothe2022IEAreport,AchievingNetZeroHeavyIndustrySectorsinG7Membersandthe2023IEAreportEmissionsMeasurementandDataCollectionforaNetZeroSteelIndustry,andaspartofdiscussionsoverthecourseof2024intheIEA’sWorkingPartyonIndustrialDecarbonisation(WPID)andtheClimateClub.Thepaperbenefitedfrominsightsandviewssharedbygovernmentandnon-governmentalstakeholdersinseveralWPIDandClimateClubmeetingsheldthroughouttheyear.Additionally,governmentssubmittedinputviaaquestionnaireconductedbetweenMayandAugust,andthroughdirectwrittenfeedback.

Industryandothernon-governmentalreviewersprovidedessentialwrittenfeedbacktoimprovethequalityofthepaper.Theyinclude:HelénAxelsson(Jernkontoret),NiaBellandJenCarson(ClimateGroup),DanielBoeroVargas(WorldEconomicForum),AgnesBorgandJesperKansbod(SSAB),ClareBroadbent(WorldSteelAssociation),AlliDevlinandAnnieHeaton(ResponsibleSteel),SamuelFlückiger(thyssenkruppSteel),PeterHemingwayandFionaSkinner(UNIDO),YannickHemmerlé,MauroPisuandJonasTeusch(OECD),FragkoulisKanavaris(Arup),MalgorzataKasprzakandRolandKupers(UNEP),YinghaoLiuandXiangMeng(ChinaBaowu),AndrewMinson(GlobalCementandConcreteAssociation),ChristophMüller(GermanCementProducersAssociation[VDZ]),AdinaReneeAdler(GlobalSteelClimateCouncil),MarkusSteinhäusler(voestalpine),YoshioTakagi(JapanIronandSteelFederation),andHiroyukiTezuka(JFESteelCorporation).

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Theindividualsandorganisationsthatcontributedtothisstudyarenotresponsibleforanyopinionsorjudgementsitcontains.TheworkreflectstheviewsoftheInternationalEnergyAgencySecretariatbutdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthoseofindividualIEAmembercountries,WPIDmembers,ClimateClubmembers,orofanyparticularfunderorcollaborator.AllerrorsandomissionsaresolelytheresponsibilityoftheIEA.

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Tableofcontents

ExecutiveSummary 6

1.Definitions:acriticalenablerofindustrialdecarbonisation 9

2.Principlesfordefinitions 13

Principlesfornear-zeroemissionsdefinitions 13

Principlesforlow-emissionsdefinitions 14

Summaryofprinciples 16

3.Emergingcommongroundonnear-zeroemissionsdefinitions 17

Steelthresholds 18

Cementandconcretethresholds 19

Synthesisandpossiblenextsteps 21

4.Emergingapproachestolow-emissionsdefinitions 22

5.Principlesforinteroperabilityandnetzerocompatibilityofunderlying

measurementmethodologies 26

6.Outstandingquestionsandpotentialnextstepsonunderlyingmeasurement

methodologies 29

Keyoutstandingquestionsonaccountingrules 29

Nextstepstooperationaliseinteroperabilityandnetzerocompatibility 30

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ExecutiveSummary

Definitionscanprovideacommonlanguagetohelpacceleratethenetzerotransitioninindustry

Acommonglobalunderstandingondefinitionsfornear-zeroemissionsandlow-emissionsmaterialsisacrucialenableroftheindustrytransitiontonetzero.Thesedefinitionscanunderpinmultipleenablingpolicymechanismstostimulatedemandandacceleratedeploymentofthetechnologiesneededforsteelandcementdecarbonisation.Clarityondefinitionsisneededtoprovideahigherdegreeofcertainty,whichwouldenabletheprivatesectortomoveforwardwiththerequiredinvestmentsforthetransition.

Globallyinteroperabledefinitionscanbeusedbycountriesinpoliciesinaccordancewiththeirowncircumstances.Acommoninternationalunderstandingondefinitionsisimportantgiventheglobalnatureofindustrialmarkets,inordertoreducereportingburdenontheprivatesectorandsendaclearmarketsignalonthedirectionoftravel.Definitionsareacommonlanguageortool,thatcanthenbeemployedinpoliciesbydifferentcountriesinlinewiththeirownstartingpointsandtargetedpacesoftransition.

Definitionsfornear-zeroemissionsandlow-emissionsmaterialshavedistinctandcomplementaryfunctions.“Near-zeroemissions”isspecificallyreservedfortechnologiesthatarealreadycompatiblewithanenergysystematnetzeroemissions.Distinctiverecognitionofsuchperformancealreadytodayiscritical,particularlygiventhehigherrisksandcoststhatcomewithdevelopmentandearlydeploymentofinnovativetechnologies.Incentivisingthesetechnologiesnowcanhelpkick-startmarketuptake,pavingthewaytoeventualwidespreaddiffusion.Meanwhile,the“low-emissions”designationrecognisessubstantialprogressandemissionsreductionstowardstheultimatenear-zerogoalwhilenotfullyachievingit.Giventhatitwilltaketimeforthefullmarkettotransitiontonear-zeroemissionstechnologies,policiesthatinparallelincentivisescale-upofincreasinglylower-emissiontechnologiesarealsovaluable.

Commonunderstandingisemergingonprinciplesfordefinitionsandnear-zeroemissionsthresholds

Tosendtherequiredmarketsignal,near-zeroemissionsdefinitionsshouldbeambitiousandstable,amongothercharacteristics.Commonprinciplescanprovideaguideandsetofguardrailsfordevelopingandassessingdefinitions.Basedonemergingproposalsandstakeholderdiscussions,thefollowing

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principlesareproposedfornear-zeroemissionsdefinitionsofmaterials:ambitious(compatiblewiththenetzeroendpoint),stable(thesameovertimetosendaconsistentmarketsignal),technologyneutral(notexcludinganytechnologiescompatiblewiththenetzeroendpoint),globallyconsistent(appliesregardlessofwherematerialsareproducedorconsumedtofacilitatecommunicationacrossglobalmarkets),physical(technologiesaredeployedthatenablenear-zeroemissionswithoutoffsetsoremissionsreductionscredits),transparent(emissionsboundaries,accountingmethodsandinputsmaterialsaremadeclear),andaccessible(assimpleaspossiblewithoutcompromisingrigour).

Astrongglobalcommonunderstandingisemergingaroundnear-zeroemissionsthresholdvaluesforsteelandcementamongmajorproposalstodate.In2022,theIEASecretariatderivednear-zeroemissionsdefinitionsbasedonitsnetzeroscenarioanalyses.Forsteel,thethresholdrangesfrom400-50kgCO2equivalent(CO2-eq)pertonneofcrudesteel,dependingonthescrapshare.Forcement,thethresholdrangesfrom125-40kgCO2-eqpertonneofcement,dependingontheclinkerratio.Proposalsandusebyindustryandmulti-stakeholderprocessesareconvergingaroundverysimilarvaluescompatiblewiththenetzeroendpoint,includingfromResponsibleSteel,theLowEmissionSteelStandard,theGlobalSteelClimateCouncil,theChinaIronandSteelAssociation,theIndustrialDeepDecarbonisationInitiative’spledge,andtheFirstMoversCoalition,amongothers.TheGlobalCementandConcreteAssociationhastranslatedthecementthresholdtotheconcretelevel,arrivingatvaluesfornear-zeroemissionsconcreteof21-36kgCO2-eqpermetrecubed,dependingontheconcretestrength.Iftheinternationalcommunitycancontinueconvergingtowardsexistingproposalsandusingtheminatransparentandinteroperablemannerratherthancreatingadditionalnewproposals,itwouldgreatlyhelpbringclaritytoglobalmarkets.

Awiderrangeofapproachestolow-emissionsdefinitionshasemerged,raisingtheimportanceofclearcommunicationandtransparencyaroundtheiruse.Sincethetransitionpathwaywilldifferaccordingtoregionalcircumstances,andimpliesdifferenttechnologymixesanddegreesofemissionsreductionsovertime,theapproachtodefininglow-emissionshasgreatervariationandflexibilitythandefiningnear-zeroemissions.Still,commonprinciplescanguidethedevelopmentofsuchdefinitions,toensuretheysupportthetransitionandresultinsubstantialemissionsreductionsleadingtowardstheultimatenear-zerogoal.Thefollowingprinciplesareproposedforlow-emissionsdefinitionsofmaterials:ambitious,withclearcommunicationontheambitionlevel;signalsneedforprogressiveimprovementovertime;technologyneutral;globalcoherencewhileaccountingforregionalstartingpoints;clearcommunicationonchainofcustody;transparent;andaccessible.Theprinciplesareinparalleltothosefornear-zeroemissionsbuttakeintoaccountthebroaderpotentialandthewiderdiversityofapproachesforlow-emissionsdefinitions.

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Existingemissionsmeasurementmethodologiesandreportingtoolscanbeadaptedtofacilitatethenetzerotransition

Emissionsmeasurementmethodologiesunderpindefinitions,aswellasmultipleothermechanismstoenabletheindustrialtransition.Existingemissionsmeasurementmethodologies(suchasInternationalOrganizationforStandardization[ISO]standards,EUEnvironmentalFootprintMethods)andemissionsreportingandlabellingtools(suchasEnvironmentalProductDeclarations,DigitalProductPassports)alreadyprovidearobustbasisformeasuringsteelandcementemissions,andshouldbeusedwhereverpossibleinpoliciesandforevaluationwithrespecttomeetingdefinitionsthresholds.

Updatesandrevisionsmaybeneededtoensuretheseexistingmethodologiesandreportingtoolsarefit-for-purpose.TheIEASecretariathasproposedtofollowitsNetZeroMeasurementPrinciplestoguiderevisionsofemissionsmeasurementmethodologiestowardsincreasinginteroperabilityandnetzerocompatibility;facilitatelike-for-likecomparisonbetweenproductionfromallfacilities;producecoherentandinteroperableresultsforbothproductionandproducts;haveacomprehensiveemissionsboundaryandscopethatcoversthemainsourcesofemissionsinthesupplychain;applynetzerocompatibleaccountingrulesforemissionscreditsandco-products;andincentivisetheuseofsite-andproduct-specificauditablemeasureddata.Increasingstakeholderengagementintheprocessesofstandardsbodies,includingISOandregionalandnationalstandardsbodies,couldhelpacceleratesuchrevisions.

Definitionsfornear-zeroandlow-emissionssteelandcement,andunderlyingemissionsmeasurementmethodologies:

Summaryofemergingunderstandings

1.Definitions:acriticalenablerofindustrialdecarbonisation

Acommonunderstandingofwhatconstitutesnear-zeroemissionsandlow-emissionsmaterialsiscrucialtofacilitatemarketsandenablingmechanismsforindustrialdecarbonisationandcleanenergytransitions.Definitionsfornear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterialsprovideafoundationformultipletargetedpoliciesthatgovernmentsmaychoosetouse,includinggreenpublicprocurement,certificationandlabellingschemes,minimummarketshareregulations(quotas),productdesignstandards,financeandfundingrequirements,policiestoaddresshighemissionsintensityinproductionprocesses,andtrade-relatedpolicies.Targeteddemandandsupplypoliciesofthiskindcanaddressspecificchallengesoftheindustrialtransition.Theycancomplementandevenstrengthenbroaderpolicies,suchascarbonpricingandmeasurespromotingrecycling,circularityandmaterialefficiency.

Severalproposalsfordefinitionshaveemerged,andacommonunderstandingandclarityareneeded.Inparticular,privatesectorbuyersaredemandingreliabilityandclarityconcerninggoodsonthemarket,whileindustrialproducersneedtosecurebuyersinordertomakethebusinesscaseforscalingupnewlower-emissionsproduction.Thecurrentuncertaintycreatedbythelackofaninternationalagreementondefinitionscanleadtonon-actionintheprivatesector.

Globalalignmentondefinitionshasmultipleadvantages,includingcoherenceandreducedburdenforproducersandbuyersoperatingacrossmultiplejurisdictions,facilitatingtradeofnear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterialsandproducts,providingacommonlanguagefortrackingprogress(e.g.trackingglobaldeploymentofnear-zeroemissionssteelovertimeinthesamewaythatglobaldeploymentofzero-emissionsvehiclesistracked),andsendingaclearsignaltoglobalmarketsondirectionoftravelforreachingnetzero.

Commonglobaldefinitionsareatoolthatcanbeusedbycountriesaccordingtotheirownclimatetargetsandcircumstances,includingthecountry’sstartingpoint(e.g.currentportfoliooftechnologiesandtheresultingemissionsintensity)andthecountry’stargetedpaceoftransition.1Itisimportantnottoconfuseproduct-andplant-leveldefinitionsandthresholds(whichrecogniseperformanceofindividualproductsorplants,andoftenrecogniseperformanceby“firstmovers”

1Agreeingoncommondefinitionsdoesnotbindanycountrytoanyparticularapplicationwithinpolicies,nortoanyparticulartimelinefortransitioning.Whileinternationaldiscussionsonincreasingalignmentinambitionandpaceforindustrialdecarbonisationamongcountriesareneeded,suchdiscussionsareseparatefromdiscussionsonalignmentondefinitions.

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orthoseotherwiseaheadoftheaverage,inparticular)witheconomy-wideandsector-leveltargetsorstandards(whichmaysetobjectivesfortotalsectoralemissions,orrequirementsthatmustbeachievedbyallproductsandplantseitherindividually[e.g.maximumemissionsperformancerequirements]orcollectively[e.g.sectoralaverageemissionsperformancerequirements]).Whiletheycanbeusedtogetherinpolicies,andinsomecasesapolicycouldapplyaproduct-orplant-leveldefinitiontothewholesector,theyarenotthesameinmanyinstancesandshouldnotbeautomaticallytakenassuch.

Twocountriesmaychoosetofollowtwodifferenttimelinesintheirpoliciesforincreasingthemarketshareofnear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterialproduction,asillustratedinthefigurebelow.Despitetheirtransitionsoccurringatdifferentpaces,thepoliciescanusethesamesetofdefinitions–comprisedofthresholdsfornear-zeroemissionsandfordifferentlevelsoflow-emissions(ambitionlevelsAthroughE,withlevelEallowinghigheremissionsandlevelArequiringthelowestemissions).Usingthesamesetofdefinitionsmeansthatproducersandbuyersoperatinginbothcountriescanusethesame“language”tocommunicate.Thisillustrativeexampleofonlytwocountriescanbeextrapolatedtotheglobalsituation,wherecommondefinitionswouldfacilitatecommoncommunicationacrossinternationalmarkets,evenasdifferentcountrieshavetheirowndecarbonisationgoalsandpaces.Inparticular,emergingmarketsanddevelopingeconomiesmay,insomeinstances,requiremoretimeandpotentiallytechnicalassistancetoadoptdefinitionsandrelatedpolicies.

Hypotheticalexampleofpolicytargetsfollowingtwodifferentdecarbonisation

timelinestoscaleupnear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterialsusingcommondefinitions

100%

Shareofmaterials

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

CountyA-fastpaceoftransition

E

D

C

B

A

202520302035204020452050

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Low-emissionsambitionlevel

CountryB-moderatepaceoftransition

E

D

C

B

A

20252030203520402045205020552060

Near-zeroemissionsLow-emissionsLow-emissionsambitionlevel

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Notes:Inthisillustrativeexample,theleftaxisrepresentspossiblepolicytargetsforashareofnear-zeroandlow-

emissionsmaterialsinacountry’spublicprocurementormaterialproductionregulation.Therightaxisshowspossiblelow-emissionstargetsforthresholds(ambitionlevels),assumingasystemthathaslow-emissionsambitionlevelsAthroughE,whereEistheleastambitiousandAisthemostambitious;theaxisrepresentsthehighest-emittingambitionlevelthatis

allowable.

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Definitionsforbothnear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterialsareusefulbecausetheyhelpachievedifferentpolicyobjectives.Near-zeroemissionsdefinitionsareneededtoincentivisethedevelopmentandprogressivedeploymentoftechnologiescompatiblewithanenergysystematnetzeroemissions.Low-emissionsdefinitionsincentivisesubstantialincrementalprogressandemissionsreductionstowardstheultimatenear-zerogoalwhilenotfullyachievingit.Thesetwotypesofdefinitionsarecomplementaryandshouldbeclearlydistinguishedfromeachother.

Tofacilitatecontinuedinternationalalignmentondefinitionsandprovideguidanceforgovernmentsandotherstakeholderstobuildupon,thisdocumentsuggestskeycommonprinciplesforthedefinitionofnear-zeroandlow-emissionsmaterials(Section2),elaboratesemergingapproachestothresholds(Sections3and4),highlightskeyprinciplesfortheemissionsmeasurementmethodologiesthatunderpindefinitions(Section5)andsummarisescurrentsuggestionsandpotentialnextstepsformeasurementmethodologies(Section6).

Thedocumentdrawsonacommonunderstandingthatisemergingamongmajordefinitionsproposalsforsteelandcementmadetodatebyinternationalorganisations,initiativesandindustryassociations.Itshouldbenotedthatvariousgovernmentsareatdifferentstagesindeterminingviewsondefinitionsandsomearecurrentlyundertakingnationalconsultationsandpolicydevelopmentprocessesonthetopic.Thetopicisalsounderdiscussionsinseveralinternationalfora,includingtheClimateClub,theIEA’sWorkingPartyonIndustrialDecarbonisation(WPID),andtheCleanEnergyMinisterial’sIndustrialDeepDecarbonisationInitiative.

Theusefulnessofbothnear-zeroandlow-emissionsdefinitions

Policymakersshouldhaveaclearpictureofwhattheyareaimingtoachieve,andhowthishelpsthetransitiontonetzero.Thechosenpolicyobjectivewillhaveanimpactonthedefinitionschosenandtheirapplicationinthepolicy.Policyobjectiveslinkedtodefinitionscanbebroadlygroupedintothosethataimtoincentivisethefollowing:

1.Scalingupandcreatingmarketsforinnovativetechnologiesthatarecompatiblewiththenetzeroendpoint.Thispolicyobjectiveismostcloselyassociatedwithdefinitionsfor“near-zeroemissions”materials.Technologiessuchasdirectreducediron(DRI)steelproductionwith100%hydrogenfromlow-emissionssourcesoracementplantwithfullcarboncaptureandstoragerequireinnovationandoftenhavehighriskandcostforinitialdeployment.Policiesthataimtosupportearlyscale-upofthesetechnologiesintheneartermarecriticalto

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enablelearning,reducecostsandincreaseacceptance,inordertosupportmorewidespreaddeploymentinthemediumtolongterm.Furthermore,sinceinvestmentsinindustrialplantsarelargeandthelifetimesofplantsarelong,thereisvalueinalreadytodayincentivisingtechnologiescompatiblewithnetzerofornewplantsandmajorretrofits–theoveralltransitionislikelytoconsistofstepchangesinemissionsforindividualplantssuccessively,ratherthanagradualreductioninemissionsatsimilarspeedsacrossallplants.

2.Valuinginterimstepstowardsthenetzeroobjective.Thispolicyobjectiveismostcloselyassociatedwithdefinitionsfor“low-emissions”.Sinceitwilltaketimeforthefullmarkettotransitiontonear-zeroemissionstechnologies,policiesthatinparallelincentivisescale-upofincreasinglylower-emissiontechnologiesarealsovaluable.Targetedsupportpoliciesareparticularlyusefultoincentivisedeploymentoftransformationaltechnologiesthatalreadysubstantiallyreduceemissionsandarecapableoftransitioningovertimetoachievenear-zeroemissions.ExamplesincludenaturalgasDRIsteelproductionwithincreasingblendingofhydrogenovertime,orcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)-equippedcementplantscapturingonlyprocessemissionsinitiallybuttransitioningtozero-emissionsfuelsovertimetoeliminatecombustionemissions.

3.Addressinghighemissionsintensityinproductionprocesses.Thispolicyobjectiveismostcloselyassociatedwithdefinitionsfor“low-emissions”,ifusedtorequireemissionsreductionsfromproductionthatdoesnotfallbelowalow-emissionsthreshold.Takingintoaccountthetimeneededforthetransitionandeconomicimplications,policiesmayrequireindustriestoloweremissionsintensityintheirproductionprocessaccordingtothecircumstancesofeachcountry.Suchpoliciescouldbeusedtoaddressthereductionofemissionsfromunabatedenergy-intensivefacilities.

Arobustandinternationally-recognisedsetofdefinitionsfor“near-zeroemissions”and“low-emissions”materialscanbeusedtogetherincarefullydesignedpoliciestoachieveanyorallofthesepolicyobjectives,accordingtotargetedtimelines.

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2.Principlesfordefinitions

Asanumberofdefinitionproposalshaverecentlybeenorarecurrentlybeingdeveloped,afirstandimportantpointofagreementisontheprinciplesthatshouldunderliesuchdefinitions.Thissectionelaboratesprinciplesfornear-zeroandlow-emissionsdefinitionsthatcanhelpensurethatdefinitionsarerobust,andbestaidthetransitiontonetzero.Theseprinciplescanbeusedasaguideinworkingtowardscommondefinitions.

Principlesfornear-zeroemissionsdefinitions

Acommonunderstandingisemergingthatdefinitionsfornear-zeroemissionssteelandcementproductionshouldadheretoprinciplesinlinewiththoselaidoutinthe2022reportAchievingNetZeroHeavyIndustrySectorsinG7Members,preparedbytheIEASecretariatundertheG7IndustrialDecarbonisationAgenda.Near-zeroemissionsdefinitionsshouldbe:

Ambitious.Theemissionsthresholdshouldbecompatiblewiththeendpointofanetzeroenergysystem,inlinewiththeIEA’sscenarioanalyses.2Thisincludesonlypermittinglimitedresidualindustrialemissionsthatareverydifficultandcostlytoabate,andatorbelowthelevelofemissionsremainingforthesector