2022高考英语一轮复习Module6地球与宇宙奥秘探索训练（含解析）必修4

地球与宇宙奥秘探索Ⅰ.阅读理解AVeniceisbuilton118smallislandsinthemiddleoftheVenetianLagoonoftheAdriaticSeainNorthernItaly.Thebeautifulcityexperienceswatersurges(汹涌)fromtherisingtidesatleastfourtimesayear,usuallyduringwinter.However,the1.87­metertidethatsweptthroughthecityonNovember12,2019,wasoneofthehighesteverexperienced,secondonlytothe1.94­meterwavethatfloodedVenicein1966.Tomakemattersworse,itwasfollowedbytwowatersurges,bothtopping1.5metersonNovember15and17.Therapidseriesofhightidescoveredover80percentofthecityofcanals,causingwidespreaddestructiontomuseums,homesandbusinesses.Thoughdifficult,itisalwaysimportanttofindahopeinsuchevents.InVenice,ithaseintheformofthe“AngelsoftheSalt”—hundredsofyoungvolunteerswhocametothecity.TheyoungpeoplefromalloverItalywerealerted(提醒注意)tothesituationbyVeniceCalls,anorganizationconsistingof35youngstudents.Itsspokesperson,PieroRisica,toldCNN,“WhenwesawthehistoricfloodingonTuesdaynight,November12,weimmediatelystartedtogathervolunteerstohelpthecity.Thefirstdaywewere200,yesterday550,andtodaymorethan1,700.”Besideshelpingremovethefloodwatersfromneighbourhoods,thevolunteerswerealsoremovingthegarbageonthestreet.SomevolunteerscametoVenice'sMusicConservatory,whichsufferedwaterdamage.BecauseoftheworkofvolunteerslikeMaria,whohadbeencarefullyusingpapertowel(纸巾)toabsorbwaterfromhistoricmanuscripts(手稿)thatwerewetwithsaltwater,manyhistoricmanuscriptsintheMusicConservatorywererescued.What'supsettingVenetiansisthatthedisastercouldhavebeenavoidediftheMoveableBarrierSystemhadbeeninplace.Thisprojecttoplacemoveablefloodgatesthatwouldpreventthehightideshasbeenunderconstructionsince2003,andhasalreadycostD|S5billion.However,duetothecostoverruns,andoppositionfromsomepeopleconcernedabouttheproject'simpactontheweakcanalecosystem,itisnowhereclosetopletion.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。威尼斯遭遇了潮水入侵，对该城市造成了很大破坏。1．WhatmakesVenicestruggleaccordingtothetext?A．Thelocationofthecity.B．Thelackofenoughcitycanals.C．Theunpredictableweatherinwinter.D．Thedestructionofseasonalwatersurges.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Thebeautifulcity...duringwinter.”和第二段中的“causingwidespreaddestructiontomuseums,homesandbusinesses”可知答案。2．WhatcanbeinferredfromPieroRisica'swords?A．VeniceCallscanpredicttheflooding.B．VeniceCallsisactiveinfightingdisasters.C．VolunteersinVenicearebraveandrespectful.D．VolunteersinVeniceareshockedbythedisaster.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“VeniceCalls...weimmediatelystartedtogathervolunteerstohelpthecity”可知，在应对灾难面前，VeniceCalls工作很积极。3．WhatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinParagraph4?A．Whatvolunteersdidtohelpthecity.B．Howvolunteerssavedthehistoricmanuscripts.C．WhywatersurgeswerehighlydestructiveinVenice.D．WhatdamagewatersurgescausedtoVenice'sMusicConservatory.解析：选A段落大意题。第四段主要讲述了水灾发生后志愿者所做的工作。4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheMoveableBarrierSystem?A．Critical. B．Regretful.C．Confused. D．Doubtful.解析：选B观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“thedisastercouldhavebeenavoidediftheMoveableBarrierSystemhadbeeninplace”可知，作者对MoveableBarrierSystem没有投入使用感到惋惜。BWithoutbreaksofinfectious(感染性的)diseasesmakingheadlinesaroundtheworld,scientistsareunderpressuretounderstandthedriversthatinfluencethetransmissionofpathogens(病菌的传播)inordertobetterpredictandcontroldiseaseoutbreaks.InthewildsofBotswana,apathogencalledM.mungihasadifferentwayofinfectingthebandedmongoose(asmallfurryanimalthatkillssnakesandrats).Thepathogenspreadsfromanimaltoanimalthroughscent(气味)marks.“Scentmarksaredepositedintotheenvironmentandcontainsmellsignalsthatconveyinformationfromonemongoosetoanother，”explainedKathleenAlexander,awildlifebiologist,wholedthenewstudy.Toconducttheirexperiment,AlexanderandCaroleAnneNicholsmonitoredthemovementsandmunicationofabout500bandedmongoosesinprotectedparklandscapes,urbanenvironments,andotherplaceswithvaryingcharacteristicsinBotswana.Inthisway,researcherswereabletogaininsightintothemannerinwhichlandtypeandanimalbehaviorinteracttoinfluencethespreadofthepathogen.Theresultwasaprehensivedatasetofmongoosebehavioralinteractionsacrossarangeoflandscapetypes.Inhigh­traffic,predator­rich(食肉动物多的)environments,suchasurbancentersornationalparks,themongoosesstayedconstantlyalerted(警觉的),devotingtheirenergytoscanningthesurroundingenvironmentandpreparingthemselvesforescaping.Thissuperawarenesslikelykeptthemsafefromdanger,butitalsogreatlycurtailedtheircontactwithothers,reducingthepossibilitythatM.mungiwouldspread.“Ifyou'rerunningfromapredator,you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals，”Nicholssays.“You'rerunningforyourlife.”Buttheoppositewastrueattourismcabins,wherepredatorsarescarceandfood,whichisoftenleftbyhumanhands,iseasytofind.Here,themongoosesspentagoodamountoftimemarkingscent,creatingalotofopportunitiesforthepathogentospread.PreviousstudiesbyAlexanderhavepulledbackthemaskonhowanimalbehaviorshapesthespreadofdisease.Thesenewfindings,however,addanotherlayerofdifferencetothespreadofdisease,stressingtheroleofenvironments.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于缟獴(bandedmongoose)的研究揭示了环境会影响传染病的传播。5．What'sthepurposeofmarkingscentbybandedmongooses?A．Totrackdownsnakesandrats.B．Tobetteradapttotheenvironment.C．Toshareinformationwitheachother.D．Toprotectthemselvesfrompathogens.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scentmarks...conveyinformationfromonemongoosetoanother.”可知，缟獴之间利用气味相互交流。6．WhatdidAlexanderandNicholsdoduringtheexperiment?A．Analyzedthespreadingwayofthepathogen.B．Markedthecharacteristicsofdifferentlandtypes.C．Collectedpreviousdataaboutbandedmongooses'behavior.D．Observedbandedmongooseacrossarangeofenvironments.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的“...monitoredthemovements...andotherplaceswithvaryingcharacteristicsinBotswana.”可知，Alexander和Nichols在不同环境下观察缟獴的行为。7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curtailed”inParagraph4mean?A．Decreased. B．Explained.C．Replaced. D．Repeated.解析：选A词义猜测题。根据第四段画线单词后的“...you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals”可知，这种状况会“减少”缟獴之间的接触。8．What'sthefindingofAlexanderandNichols'snewresearch?A．Predatorscanspeedupthespreadofdiseases.B．Environmentscaninfluencethespreadofdiseases.C．Animalscansensepotentialdangeraroundthem.D．Thespreadofdiseasescanshapeanimals'behavior.解析：选B推理判断题。根据文章内容及最后一段的内容可知，缟獴在捕食者少的地方感染病菌的概率会大很多，因此，Alexander和Nichols新的研究表明生存环境会影响疾病的传播。Ⅱ.阅读七选五Mostoftheearth'sfreshwatersitsunderground.Tappingthegroundwaterhasenabledfarmingindrierplaces.OneexampleistheCaliforniaCentralValley.__1__Groundwateriswhatmadethisregion'scropproductionsobountiful.__2__Naturalwaterwayswillbegintoempty,whichcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems,includingsurfacewater—riversandstreams,whichwillbegintoflowintothegroundwateraquifer(含水层).Itwillharmwhatislivinginriversandstreams.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpoint.That'swhensmallactionscanbeginhavinganunusuallybigimpact.Anewstudyhasfoundthat15to21percentoftappedwatershedshavereachedthetippingpoint.__3__Farmersintheseareasmainlyusegroundwatertowatertheircrops.Atcurrentpumpingrates,itispredictedthat42to79percentofwatershedswillreachtippingpointsby2050.“It'sreallyquitealarming，”saysIngedeGraaf,ahydrologist(水文学者)whostudiesthedistributionandcirculationoftheearth'swater.“Groundwaterandsurfacewaterarecloselylinked.__4__”Ahealthygroundwateraquiferprotectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheavailabilityofwater.__5__Moreover,itwillmaintainthebiodiversityinthearea.Inthelongterm,itwillbenefitthehumanbeings.A．Pumpingmuchgroundwatercanbeharmful.B．Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.C．Theearth'swaterisallconnectedtoonebigcircle.D．That'swhereaboutone­fourthoftheUSfoodes.E．Mostofthosetappedriversandstreamsareindryregions.F．However,muchpumpingatthisratecreatesatickingtimebomb.G．Itmeanstherewillbeashortageoffres