2024高考英语一轮统考复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题一第9讲构词法词性转换学案含解析新人教版

PAGE1-第9讲构词法(词性转换)考点一合成法1．复合名词的主要构成方式名词＋名词silkworm蚕；classroom教室形容词＋名词double­dealer两面派v.­ing＋名词swimming­pool游泳池动词＋名词breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名词＋v.­inghandwriting笔迹动词＋副词get­together联欢会；breakthrough突破副词＋动词downfall垮台；outbreak爆发2．复合形容词的主要构成方式形容词＋名词＋­edcold­blooded冷酷的形容词＋名词high­class高级的形容词＋v.­ingeasy­going随和的形容词＋过去分词newborn新生的形容词＋形容词bitter­sweet甜中有苦的名词＋v.­ingtime­consuming费时间的名词＋过去分词handmade手工制作的名词＋形容词nationwide全国性的副词＋v.­ingfar­reaching深远的副词＋动词过去分词well­bred很有教养的数词＋名词＋形容词five­year­old五周岁的3．复合动词的主要构成方式名词＋动词sleep­walk梦游副词＋动词overcome克服；undergo经验形容词＋动词black­list将……列入黑名单即时练1写出所给汉语的英文1．合成形容词①美丽的②闻名的③省时的④人造的⑤环保的⑥心不在焉的答案：①good­looking②well­known③time­saving④man­made⑤environmentally­friendly⑥absent­minded2．合成名词/动词①缺点②空调③行李箱④吃得太多⑤过路人⑥爱看电影的人⑦密码⑧起飞⑨收入答案：①drawback②air­conditioning③suitcase④overeat⑤passer­by⑥film­goer⑦password⑧take­off⑨income考点二转化法名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地即时练2写出下列句中黑体单词的意思和词性1．①Hebackedhiscarintothegarage.②Youarenotalone,andweareallbackingyou.③She'sthekindofpersonwhotalksaboutyoubehindyourback.答案：①倒退(v.)②支持(v.)③背后(n.)2．①Heheadedtherebellion.②Heheadedhisboatfortheshore.③Hewasshotinthehead,dead.答案：①领导(v.)②使……对着某处行进(v.)③头部(n.)3．①Ilackwordswithwhichtoexpressmythanks.②Lackofproperfundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.答案：①缺乏(v.)②缺乏(n.)4．①Thedogsucceededinclearingthefence.②Heclearedthetablebytakingplates,forksandknivesaway.③Tomakeyourselfclearwithoutusingfacialexpressionscanbeverydifficult.答案：①越过(v.)②清理(v.)③清晰的(adj.)5．①Yourshoesneedcleaning.②Trytokeepyourroomcleanandtidy.答案：①清洁(v.)②干净的(adj.)6．①Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat？②Hehasalwaysbeenmeanwithhismoney.答案：①意思(v.)②吝啬的(adj.)考点三派生法1．前缀构词法前缀例词dis­(不，否定)dissatisfy使不满足；dishonest不诚恳un­(不)unable不能够的；unlucky不幸的un­(做相反动作)undress脱衣服；unload卸货in­(不，非)inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的im­(不，非)impolite没有礼貌的ir­(不，非)irregular不规则的il­(不，非)illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的non­(不，非)non­existent不存在的mis­(错误的)misunderstand误会；misfortune厄运re­(重复，再)rewrite重写；remarry再婚en­(使)enrich丰富；enable使能够ex­(以前的)ex­wife前妻post­(以后的)post­war战后的postgraduate探讨生super­(在……上面；超级)supermarket超市；supermodel超级模特under­(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的续表前缀例词sub­(在……下；次于；低于)subway地铁；submarine潜艇inter­(相互之间)international国际的；interact相互作用semi­(半)semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆bi­(二)bicycle自行车tri­(三)tricycle三轮车；triangle三角形multi­(多)multinational跨国的kilo­(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi­(百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli­(千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele­(远)telephone电话；television电视a­(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外auto­(自动；自己，独自)automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传over­(太)overfull太满的，过多的extra­(额外)extraordinary非凡的pre­(预先)predict预言；preview预习micro­(微小的)microphone麦克风；microwave微波；microscope显微镜；microsoft微软vice­(副的)vice­president副总统eco­(生态的)ecology生态学；ecosystem生态系统；eco­friendly环保的trans­(横跨)transfer转移；transform转变；transmit传播；transplant移植2．后缀构词法(1)名词后缀后缀例词­age(状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­an/­ian(人，……家)American美国人；musician音乐家­ence/­ency(构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­ance(性质，状态)importance重要性­ant/­ent(人)assistant助手；student学生­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation(动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension惊慌；repetition重复续表后缀例词­ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­er/­or(人或物)writer作家；actor演员­ess(女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主子­ism(主义，……教)communism共产主义­ist(……主义者，……家)communist共产主义者­ment(行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争辩；government政府；development发展­ship(关系，身份)friendship友情­hood(身份；性质)childhood童年­th(结果，过程)growth成长­ty(状态；性质)anxiety焦虑­ure(结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure兴奋­al(动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意(2)形容词后缀后缀例词­ablevaluable有价值的；lovable讨人喜爱的­alnational国家的；continental大陆的­edlearned有学识的；talented有才华的­engolden金色的；wooden木制的­entdifferent不同的；dependent依靠的­fulbeautiful美丽的；useful有用的­ic/­icaleconomic经济的；political政治的­ishchildish无趣的；selfish自私的­ivecreative有创建力的­lessuseless无用的；careless马虎的­lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的­ousdangerous危急的；glorious光荣的­warddownward向下的­yrainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的(3)动词后缀后缀例词­en(使变得)deepen加深­fy(使……化)simplify简化­ize/­ise(使……变成……)modernize使现代化；industrialize使工业化(4)副词后缀后缀例词­lycarefully当心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly快速地­word(s)forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后即时练3单句语法填空①Therefore,let'stakethe(responsible)tobuildupalow­carboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!②AsfarasIamconcerned,my(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese­Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.③Mypresenceissomethingtheycandrawreal(strong)andhopefrom.④Lifeisa(mix)ofgoodtimesandbadtimes,andhappymomentsandunhappymoments.⑤Aftersometime,whenbothofyouhaverenewedyour(confident)ineachother,gobacktothetimewhenyounearlyfellapart.⑥TheForbiddenCityattractsvisitorsbecauseofitslonghistoryand(culture)significance,butperhapsitshouldaddonemorethingtoitslistofattractions:earthquakeshelter.⑦Manyfadsare(harm).Backinmyday,peoplecutthesleevesandcollarsofsweatshirtsoffandworetheminsideout.Nobigdeal.⑧WhileyourIQtellsyouhow(intelligence)youare,yourEQtellsyouhowwellyouuseyourintelligence.⑨Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheir(person)storiescheerfully.⑩Mylittleboy,doyoufeelmore(comfort)nowthanbefore?⑪Ormaybeitwasjustthe(gentle)blowingseabreezethatwouldblowthroughyourhair.⑫Itis(absolute)necessarytohelpthosewhocannotread.⑬TheyallcomefromtheplantCamelliasinensis(茶树),andare(simple)processedindifferentways.⑭IwouldbringbackwhatIwroteandmymotherwouldlookatit(careful)．⑮Headdedthatpeoplehavebecomesousedtonotshowingsignsofweakness(intention)duetosocialmediabeingusedtocelebrateachievements.答案：①responsibility②suggestion③strength④mixture⑤confidence⑥cultural⑦harmless⑧intelligent⑨personal⑩comfortable⑪gently⑫absolutely⑬simply⑭carefully⑮intentionally误区词性的误用(1)【误】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunate,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.【正】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunately,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.[分析]修饰整个句子作状语应用副词，依据句意可知应表示“不幸的是”，故应用Unfortunately。(2)【误】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourableaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.【正】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourabilityaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.[分析]依据your可知，此处应用名词ability，表示“实力”。句意：你最好在尝试做这笔生意前精确地考虑一下自己的实力。(3)【误】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombrave.【正】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombravely.[分析]修饰动词fought应用副词，故应用bravely。(4)【误】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportant.【正】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportance.[分析]介词之后要接名词。beofimportance＝beimportant。(5)【误】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworseconsiderably.【正】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworsenedconsiderably.[分析]分析句子结构可知，此句缺少谓语动词，故用worsen表示“恶化”。句意：然而，在过去的几个月，状况恶化得相当严峻。[留意]若想避开以上错误的发生，要做到：1词性转换的基本规则，要在平常阅读和训练时不断积累并反复强化，才能运用地娴熟而精确。2词性转换后，要留意所填词的形式是否正确，如名词需不需进一步转换为复数形式，以及副词的拼法是否正确等。1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen(poor)studied.答案：poorly2．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)．答案：strengthen3．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatis(actual)behindthechange.答案：actually4.(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher(educate)．答案：education5．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop(attract)．答案：attraction1．假如要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语，要考虑名词形式。2．假如要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代