科技英语翻翻译

3rd

Lecture

StylisticFeaturesofESTTheEnglishofScienceandTechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.WhatisEST?Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST专门用途科技英语)andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST科普英语)ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.1.Ittendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.2.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位语从句)andparentheticalclauses（插入语从句）areoftenused.3.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.GeneralstylisticfeaturesofEST

科技英语的总体特征First,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:

Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天赋）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.………WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet人类是一件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么高贵！才能多么无限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令人赞叹！行为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之至美，众生之灵长。（莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》）Manismetazoan[metә`zәuәn]（后生动物,多细胞动物）,triploblastic[triplә’blæstik]（三胚层的）,vertebrate[‘vә:tibrit]（脊椎动物）pentadactyl[pentədæktil]（adj.有五指的）,mammalian[mæ‘meiljәn]（哺乳动物）,eutherian[ju:θiəriən]（真哺乳亚纲的(动物),primate[‘praimit]（灵长目动物）Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.FromatextbookofbiologyOfthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatterhumanbeing.Thesetwopassagescanbeanalyzedaccordingtothefollowingaspects:1、GraphologicalFeatures语相特征2、LexicalFeatures词汇特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures句法∕语法特征4.SemanticFeatures语篇特征

Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感叹句）

aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片语）inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陈述句)

withthepurposeofgivinginformation.

Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.1、GraphologicalFeatures语相特征2、LexicalFeatures词汇特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures句法∕语法特征4.SemanticFeatures语篇特征

ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST

科技英语文体特征分析模版Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaids(直观手段)morethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.语相特征:包括标点，图表，大小写，段落的划分，空格等。1.GraphologicalFeaturesAsfaraspunctuation（标点）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句号）,thecomma（逗号）,andtheparentheses（括号）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parentheses（插入语）areusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)compounding6)newlycoinedwords2.LexicalFeatures英语科技文体中的普通词或称非技术词是属于语言共核部分的词,通用于各类文体,包括代词、连词、数词、动词,以及无技术意义的形容词、副词、名词等。在专用语中,非技术词既有结构上的关联作用,又有语义上的补充作用。这类词汇系指不同专业都要经常使用的通用词汇。这类词的词义也比较单一,使用范围较专业技术词汇要广些,在科技英语中出现频率较高。e.g:frequency(频率)density(密度)energy(能量)magnetism(磁性)1).commonwords普通词(非技术词)【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（阳极）andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.[译文]电子显微镜的原理如下:从热阴极发射的电子受到阳极上正电位的加举作用,并聚集形成一束高速电子,落到要观察的样品上。从这个样品上出来的电子又有另一个电子透镜聚焦并可在萤光屏上形成一个极大的物像。从上面英文斜体词可知,这些非技术词或是连词造句、连句成段的功能词,或是具有普通意义的常用词,即使在正式程度很高的语篇中,非技术词对其构成也是极为重要的。在专用语文体中,非技术词的主要特点是除了本身的结构意义或概念意义外,词义色彩中性,即既没有贬褒色彩,也没有感情色彩。这与文学语体截然不同,如以escape一词为例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.[译文]天花板高高的房间,小巧的楼厅,凹进的斗室,僻静的角落,这一切都使人联想到静谧的圣殿,遁世避俗的处所和舒适的享受。escape原意为“逃遁”含义较抽象,此处联系上下文,译作逃遁之事物与处所,这就使人联想到远离尘世喧嚣和烦恼的意境。这种联想正是文学创作和欣赏所必不可少的条仵。而同样一个词(尽管词性不同),用在科技英语中决不可能引起如此的联想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.[译文]最初从液体中溢出的气体是空气和氢的混合物。这里,escape只表示一种状态,别无其他附加意义。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.

[译文]他满面春风地向贵客们表示欢迎,恭维他们气色好。beam原意为“发光”“发热”“发射”,此处喻义为脸上露出高兴、微笑等神情,译为“满面春风”形象地传达了beam的含义。beam在这里带有浓重的感倩色彩,但在下列科技英语例句中,却只有单一的“发射”之意了。Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves（短波短程电磁波）.[译文]机器人可以携带电源,例如蓄电池,并用短波短程电磁波发射信号。Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewords（likemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.）usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.（这类词汇在科技英语中的出现频率并不高。它们的特点是严谨、规范、词义单一,使用范围狭窄,多限于本专业使用,而且多是国际上通用的。）2）technicalwords技术词（术语）Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.3）semi-technicalwords半技术词半技术词(semi-technicalwords)是科技文体中应用最广的词,科学思想和技术内容的展开主要依靠半技术词来实现。半技术词亦称次技术词(sub-technicalwords)。半技术词大部分来自英语词汇的共核部分,具有一定的技术含义,且各科通用。（context–independentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.）这些词汇指在科技英语中使用的普通词汇,它们大多源自英语普通词汇,除了本身的基本词义外,在不同的专业中又有不同的词义。这类词词义繁多,用法灵活,搭配形式多样,使用范围极广,在科技英语中出现频率最高,比较难掌握。半技术词的主要文体特征为:1.词频高:任何高级复杂的科学技术,往往可通过基本规律或基础技术概念加以阐述。一般专著的主题或跟主题词密切相关的词多用技术词,而表示基本规律或基础技术的词则多用半技术词。正是通过这些半技术词表示的基本技术概念,加上普通词的辅助与衔接,使之上下贯通,专门技术思想才得以体现。因此,半技术词的词频比技术词要高得多,但又低于普通词。2.跨学科半技术词的词义随专业、学科的不同而有变化。例如:power在日常用语中有“能力、动力、权力、国家、政权”等词义,在科技文献中则有“功率、电源、电力、信率、乘方、率、价”等词义。current:在水力学方面译作“水流”,而在电学中译为“电流”。cable:可以是电缆”,也可以是“光缆”。parallel:在数学上,为“平行”而在电学上为“并联”。level:在电气通信中为“电平”,而在光通信中为“光平”。3.多义性：许多半技术词搭配灵活,即使在同一专业内,因词的联立关系不同,词义也有差别。有一篇译文仅6000字的文章,facility这个词,就用了近20次,译者须得体地处理同词异义的现象:【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor（检验）,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwithallaspectsofafacilityoperation.

【译文】为了进行有效的检验,检验人员必须熟悉设备的操作。【例2】Regulaionregardingthehandlingofhazardouswasteshavebecomemorestringentandcomplex.Facilitiescannolongerignoretheirwastes.[译文]处理有害废物的规程变得更严格、更复杂。工厂不能再忽视所产生的废物。【例3】Regulationsrequirethatanyreactiveandignitablewastebestoredatleast500metersfromthefacility’spropertyline.[译文]条例要求,凡是会发生反应和可燃的废物,应存放于离厂家财产至少500米的地方。【例4】Thesiteideallyshouldhavesufficientlandtoprovideabufferzonebetweenthefacilityandthepublicsurroundingit.[译文]理想的处理现场应该有足够的土地,以便在设施及其周围环境之间有一缓冲区。以上四例中将facility分别译为“设备、工厂、厂家、设施”如将译词任意替换是不得体的。半技术词没有严格的体系性,其词义取决于专业内容和词的联立关系。有的半技术词由于用法不同,还可以有不同的词性,如上述power一词,除用作名词外,也可用作动词,并可由过去分词转化为形容词。4.语义负荷低半技术词虽有多义性,但比起普通词来,它们的词义负荷要低得多。如work一词,作为普通词,一般辞典对它的释义都写得较长，甚至多达数页。它的词性灵活,搭配很多,词的意义很大程度上取决于上下文。例如,work作为普通词,还有许多固定的配搭,产生出无数的词义,而如作为半技术词,其词义负荷就小得多。与其他半技术词一样,在科技英语中增添了新义,词义带上不同的专业色彩,词的用法与搭配获得相对稳定,例如:【例句】Pushingorpulling,however,doesnotnecessarilymeandoingwork.[译文l然而,推或拉未必意味着作功。(物理学)【例句】Theworks

ofthesewatchesarehome-producedandwearwell.[译文]这些表的机件是国产的,耐磨的。(机械)【例句】Temperaturerequiredforannealingisafunctionoftwofactors,(1)thenatureofthematerial,and(2)theamountofworkthathasbeendonepriortoannealing.[译文]回火所需温度随两个因素而变:(1)材料特性;(2)退火前的加工量。（机械,冶金）Nominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.4）.Nominalization名词化名词化指名词性转化,如起名词作用的非谓语动词和与动词同根或同形的名词;也包括一些形容词来源的名词。这些词可起到名词的作用,也可表达谓语动词或形容词所表达的内容,常伴有修饰成分或附加成分,构成短语。这种短语称为名词化结构。名词化结构的组合方式多,意义容量大,适宜于表达精细复杂的思想,使文章具有庄重感和严肃感。名词化的词主要是指表示动作或状态的抽象名词,或起名词作用的非谓语动词:它们一般由动词派生,但也包括由形容词加后缀-ability,-ity,-ness等构成的名词,例如possible—possibility,available-availability,clean-cleaness.例句:a)Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.b)Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.名词化的功能：1、句法简单2、表述客观3.突出重点名词化的语义特征：1、抽象性2、包容性名词化的语义转化:名词化的词(不定式除外)还经常可转化为具体名词,转化的方式是加冠词,复数加词尾(e)s。转化的结果是:(1)变抽象意义为具体词义;(2)功能改变,可以用普通名词特有的修饰语来修饰,也可作名词定语。如一些名词化的词加冠词后,即取得具体意义:Institution(建立)→aninstitution(机构)construction(建筑)→aconstruction(建筑物)mixture(混合)→amixture(混合物)selection(选择)→aselection(选集)building(建筑)→abuilding(建筑物)drawing(绘图)→adrawing(图)agreement(同意)→agreements(契约)connection(连接)→connections(结合处)development(发展)→developments(发展成果)Instruction(指示)→Instructions(说明书)translation(翻译)→translations(译作)

有些词的复数形式即为具体名词:

use(使用)→uses(用途)finding(寻找)→findings(调查结果)surrounding(环绕)→surroundings(环境)beginning(开始)→beginnings(早期阶段)reading(读)→readings(读数)compoundingisthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.soft+ware软件Brain-trust智囊团Green-house温室Field-test现场测试Abdominal-delivery破腹产well-known著名的carbonsteel碳钢5)compounding合成词Combiningwithahyphen:salt-former卤素，dew-point露点，pulse-sealer脉冲定标器combiningwithoutahyphen:fallout放射性尘埃，hovercraft气垫船，waterlock水闸，thunderstorm雷暴twoormoreseparatewordsformingawordcombination:verbaltranslator逐字翻译机,satelliteantimissileobservationsystem卫星反导弹观察系统bull'seye(靶心)，cat-and-mouse(航向与指挥的)，doghouse(高频高压电源屏蔽罩)BloomofnewtermsAlongwiththedevelopmentofscineceandtechnology,therearemanynewESTtermscomeintobeing.Forexample,Google用搜索引擎搜索信息Email电子邮件Webpage网页Webzine网络杂志6)newlycoinedwordstwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordsandfinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Taikonaut=taikong+astronaut航天员Minicomputer=miniature+computer微型电脑Transistor=transfer+resistor晶体管Telex=teleprinter+exchange电传copytron=copy+electron电子复写Blending缩合法smog=smoke+fog烟雾brunch=breakfast+lunch早午餐/晚早餐telex=teleprinter+exchange电传gravisphere=gravity+sphere引力范围medicare=medical+care医疗保健biorhythm=biological+rhythm生理节奏Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.Greek,Latin,French,Spanishhaveallplayedanactiveroleinthisprocess(胡壮麟).Robert(Czech)Czech捷克人[语]Raster(French)光栅Xerox(brandname,derivedfromatrademark)静电复印机Borrowing借词科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语；据美国科技英语专家OscarE.Nybaken统计,在一万个普通英语的词汇中,约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语,7.2%源于希腊语。尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中,这种比例就更高。据有关统计,70%以上的科技英语词汇来自拉丁语、希腊语。ADPautomaticdataprocessing自动数据处理AIDSAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome艾滋病EDPMelectronicdataprocessingmachine电子数据处理机MOUSE

minimumorbitalunmannedsatelliteof

theearth(仪表载重50公斤以下的)不载人的最小人造地球卫星SALT

StrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制战略武器会谈SNAPsubsystemfornuclearauxiliarypower

(原子)核辅助动力子系统ASairscoop空气收集器airseasoned风干的(木材)airspeed空速、气流速率airstation航空站、飞机场AmericanStandard美国标准

atmosphereandspace大气层与宇宙空间Acronym首字母缩略AffixationisanimportantmeansofcomingnewEnglishwordsandtechnicalterms,withprefixandsuffixasinseparableelementsofthewordsandtechnicalterms,withprefixandsuffixasinseparableelementsofthewordsbeingcoined.(widelyusedinChemistryEnglish)miniultrasonicprober=mini+ultra+sonic+prober微型超声波金属探伤仪macrospacetransship=macro+space+trans+ship巨型空间转运飞船teletypesetter=tele+type+setter电传排宇机Affixation缀合法:prefixandsuffixPneumonia=与肺相关(拉丁语)超=非常(拉丁语)微观=极端小(Latin/Old英语)silico=硅土(拉丁语)火山=火山(拉丁语)coni=与尘土(希腊语相关:konis，尘土)osis=疾病/情况(希腊语)Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

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is”(回指)(3)nounrepetitionDescribethestylisticfeaturesofthesampleinthefollowingways:1.LexicalFeatures:(1)highlytechnicalwords;(2)nominalization;(3)Word-formation2.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures:(1)moredeclarativesentences多陈述句(2)morelongsentences.多长句(3)frequentuseof“it”introducedsentences。it引导的无人称句(4)Thefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrases介词短语和分词结构的普遍使用(5)frequentuseofpassivevoice.被动语态的广泛使用(6)tensesused:simplepresenttense一般现在时,presentperfecttense现在完成时,simplepasttense一般过去式3.SemanticFeatures语篇特征:connectives:语篇衔接(a)backwardreferenceswithuseof“it”,“this”.(b)nounrepetition专业术语的重复(c)transitionalwordsandphrases连接词，过渡语1)abroadknowledgeonthesubjectsinvolved;2)capableofemployingtranslatingskillsinvolvedintranslationofEST;a)athoroughunderstandingofthetechnicalterms.b)acquaintancewithsentencestructuresfrequentlyusedinESTc)athoroughanalysisof