Unit1ScienceandscientistsReadingandthinking课件高中英语人教版选择性(1)2

Unit1ScienceandScientists

ReadingandThinkingUnderstandthequestioningmindReading&ThinkingJohnSnowDefeats“KingCholeara”LearningobjectivesBytheendofthisclass,youwill1.getinformationabouthowJohnSnowdefeatedcholeraandanalyzeSnow’scharacters;2.summarizethestagesofscientificresearch;3.talkaboutthesignificanceandcontributionofJohn’swork目录Contents1234Pre-readingWhilereadingPost-readingHomework5SummaryLeadin

Areyoufamiliarwiththesesituations?takenucleicacidtests

getvaccinatedPositivemeasuresaretakentofightagainstCovid-19.做核酸检测接种疫苗Whatdiseasecanyouthinkofwhenyoulookatthesepictures?COVID-19Itwasdiscoveredinthehumanbodyin2019.Thevirusis

generallycharacterisedbyfever,drycoughand

graduallydyspnea(逐渐出现呼吸困难).Theviruswasconfirmedtobewiththephenomenonofhumantransmissionandhavelatentinfection.Thediseasehadnospecifictreatmentatthattime,soitbrokeoutin2020andswepttheglobe.COVID-19Besidescoronavirus（冠状病毒）,whatotherkindsofepidemics（流行病）doyouknow?Bird-flumalariaplagueEbolaSmallpoxCholeraCholeralossofliquid(缺水)severevomiting(呕吐)diarrhea(腹泻)Itbeginsinthestomachandaseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Pre-readingⅠJohnSnow(15March1813–16June1858)wasaBritishphysicianandaleaderintheadoptionofanaesthesiaandmedicalhygiene.约翰·斯诺(1813年3月15日-1858年6月16日)，英国内科医生，麻醉和医疗卫生的领导者。AnintroductiontoJohnSnowPredictionJohnSnow

Defeats“KingCholera”Thetextismainlyabout____________and_______hedefeatedkingcholera.howJohnSnowscientificresearch?Whatwillbetalkedaboutfromthetitle?Who?How?What?Readthetitleandpredict.JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Whatdoes“King”implyinthetitle?ThenameofcholeraThecausesofcholeraCholeraspreadfastCholeraispowerfulandhardtocureWhile-readingⅡWhilereadingActivity1:ReadthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideaPara.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3Activity2:SkimthetexttoseeiftheorderyoudecidedinPredictionwascorrect.Para.1:Research

background2.Whywasthediseasecalled“”KingCholera?Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated

becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.1.WhoisJohnSnow?霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英国医生约翰·斯诺向我们展示了如何才能战胜霍乱。这种疾病会导致严重腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲爆发霍乱，数百万人死于霍乱。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。很快，他成为了一位著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望.JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.Para.1霍乱严重的腹泻脱水沮丧的最终地过去是爆发经过一段时间后rise变得重要（成功）Readtheparagraph1carefullyandfillinthemindmap.Cholerawhen/where?what?result?Intheearly19thcentury/EuropeAdiseasewhichcausesdiarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeathMillionsofpeopledied.JohnSnowwho?what?a______________________doctorBritish,youngandfamousnever___________________________onceandforall_____________QueenVictoriaattendedtolosthisdesiretodestroycholera

Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.

Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.1.Whatarethetwotheories?WhichtheorydidJohnSnowthinkwasreasonable?2.WhatdidJohnSnowinvestigatewhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854?一般来说，当时的医生有两种相互矛盾的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。一种理论认为是空气不好导致了这种疾病。另一种说法是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的，但他还需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始进行调查。他发现有两条街道的霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内有500多人死亡。他决心找出原因。Para.2总的来说对立的，矛盾的感染，传染细菌同意证据因此调查决心做某事Para.2:JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Findaproblem→AskaquestionReadtheparagraph2andfindtwocontradictorytheoriesTwoTheoriesThefirsttheory

causedbybad______Cholerawascausedbyan_______fromthe__________________.Heneededproof.Thesecondtheory

Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.airinfectiongermsinfoodorwater Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridge8Street)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspected

thatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Para.3斯诺的开始是在地图上标出所有死去的人居住过的确切地点。BroadStreet的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16号、37.38号和40号房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21BroadStreet，8和9Cambridge）没有死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费啤酒，所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵造成的。1.WhatmethoddidSnowuse?2.Whatdidhefindonthemap?Whatdidhedotodealwithit?Analyzetheresults→Findsupportingevidence标记数量多的水泵剑桥家庭怀疑指责，归咎于

Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.Para.3更糟糕的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开布罗德街后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作为这一证据的结果，约翰斯诺能够宣布水泵的水携带霍乱病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其无法使用。通过这一干预措施，疾病得以遏制。Pumpwatercarriedthecholeragerms.Remove

thehandleofthepumpThediseasewasstoppedDrawaconclusionPara.3:Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.而且，此外...的部分死于从...离开递送因为，由于因此，于是把手，手柄介入，干涉从途径上终止看起来似乎....如此...以至于...beerpubNote:——1deathPH:publichouse30,31,…:numbersofhouseswaterpump7Para.3AmapofBroadStreetWhichhouseshadmorethan4deathsinBroadStreet?Whichhouseshadnodeath?Why?Clue:freebeerfrompublichouseThepumpwatercarriedcholeragermsThinkofamethod→CollectdataThinkofamethodCollectdataAnalysetheresultsFindsupportingevidence

DrawaconclusionFindasolution

1.Weshoulddrinkpureorboiledwater.

ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.事实是，街上水泵的水已经被垃圾污染了，而且，斯诺后来发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售被未经处理的废水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。Para.42.WhatcausedtheoutbreakofcholerainLondonin1854?Para.4:Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.联系生的纯净的开水1.HowhasJohnSnow’sworkaffectedourdailylife?2.WhyisJohnSnowconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology?

ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantial

decrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.Para.5通过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售清洁水，全球霍乱的威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人死于霍乱。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的工作，我们知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺在使用地图和统计学的过程中，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是流行病学之父.Para.5:Snow'scontributions.不懈努力见证大量的减少感染霍乱幸亏，由于改变因为这个原因被认为（是）流行病学Watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater.Thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworlddecreased.Hehelpedpeopleknowhowtopreventcholera.Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.1.WhatcontributionsdidJohnSnowmake?TheFatherofModernEpidemiologyReadPara.4-5andanswerthequestions.Activity1:ReadthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideaPara.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3Post-readingⅢsevenstagesinscientificresearchPhenomenontwotheoriesmakeaninvestigationfind?othercaseshow?FindsupportingevidencePara1Para2Para3Para4Para5FindaproblemMakeaquestionThinkofamethodCollectdataAnalysetheresultsDrawaconclusionSolutionsandsignificancePostReading:Structureofthepassage

DrawaconclusionCollectdataAskaquestion

Findaproblem

Analyzetheresults

Findsupportingevidence

ThinkofamethodStagesofScientificResearchWhatorderwouldyouputthemin?SummaryⅣSummaryFindaproblem:Whatcausedacholera?Askaquestion：Whichtheoryisright?Thinkofamethod：Gatheredevidence，analyzedtheresultsandremovedthehandleofthepump.Drawaconclusion:Thetruthwasthatpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Takemeasures:Watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofthediseasedecreased.Thestagesofscientificresearch1．WhichofthefollowingdidJohnSnowbelievein?A．Badaircausedcholera.B．Whatpeopleeatanddrinkcausedcholera.C．Peoplegotinfectedwithcholerabecauseofcoldandhunger.D．Peoplesufferedfromcholerabecausetheywerenotclean.Exercise2．WhatwasthekeyleadingtoJohnSnow'sdiscovery?A．Thegovernment.B．ThewomanwhohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet.C．Thewatercompany.D．Themapmadebyhimself.3．Atlast，“KingCholera”wascontrolledby__________________．A．usingmedicinesinhospitalB．drivingpatientsoutofthecountryC．dealingwiththepollutedwaterD．gettingridofallkindsofpollution4．WhatconclusiondidJohnSnowdrawaccordingtotheevidence?A．Choleragermsmultipliedinthewater.B．Pollutedwatercarriedthevirus.C．Acloudofdangerousgascausedcholera.D．Choleracouldneverbecontrolledeventhoughitscausewasfound.1.Wherecanyoufindthepassage?Aasciencebook BnovelCatravelguide Dnewspaper2.Atlast,“KingCholera”wascontrolledby___.A.usingmedicineinhospitalB.drivingpatientsoutofthecountryC.dealingwiththepollutedwaterD.gettingridofallkindsofpollution3.What'sthewriter'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TotellreadershowJohndefeatedcholeraandhisinfluenceonscientificresearch.B.TotellreadersJohn’scontributionstoscientificresearch.C.Totellreaderstheprocessofdef