翻译教案第一课 翻译概论

第一课:翻译概论学习内容：了解翻译的定义，过程以及标准一、翻译是什么。Awidowaged70marriedayoungmanof25.Thisisanotherofthoseman-bites-dogstories.“It’sanorderfromPresidentBush.”“Idon’tcareifitisfrombush,tree,orgrass.”“绿丹兰”——爱你一辈子（cosmeticsadvertisement）ButDiana’schampionswereoverwhelmingwomen.Likemanyofthem,shehadaheartlesshusband,in-lawsfromhell,andfickleboyfriends.1．什么是翻译？2．判断：翻译是一种纯语言的转换活动。3．判断：翻译是一门艺术，所以翻译不可学，翻译课程没有作用。二、翻译的过程——理解，表达和校核三、翻译的标准1.严复的翻译标准我们的标准Weevilsandothereconomicpestsmustbewipedout.Abigquestionmarkhangsoverthecompany’sfuture.Thisisaverygoodprice.Iwon’tdoittosavemylife.Thewaitressservedthemelonchilled.ThedishesfromChinesecuisinearemeanttobebothvisuallyappealingandflavorous.Fanspackedthehalltoseetheband.Libertyismoreimportantthanlife.四、如何学好翻译？练习：1）优劣判断：Thesehospitalexpensesmadeinroadsonmysavings.医院的这些费用严重地消耗了我的积蓄。我住院花的这些费用用掉了我的积蓄。这些住院费耗掉了我大部分积蓄。Theykilledabottleofkaoliangbetweenthem.他们二人喝了一瓶高粱酒。他们二人对酌，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二净。他们消灭了一瓶高粱酒。Itwouldbeonesetbacktoomuchforhim.这是一个对他来说太多的挫折。他可再也经不住什么挫折了。如果再有一个挫折，对他来说太多了。Whenitcametoreading,theywereasgoodasblind.来读书时，他们和瞎子一样。一拿起书本，他们可都成睁眼瞎了。说到读书，他们可都是瞎子。Yes,westillhaveproblems–plentyofthem.Butit’sjustplainwrong,unjusttoourcountryandunjusttoourpeople,toletthoseproblemsstandinthewayofthemostimportanttruthofall:Americaisonthemend.是的，我们还有问题——而且有大量问题。但是，如果让这些问题妨碍一个最重要的事实——美国的情况正在好转，那就是完全错误的，对我们的国家不够公正的，对我们的人民不够公正的。不错，我们还存在问题——而且问题很多。但是美国的情况正在好转。如果我们让问题挡住了视线而看不见这样一个重要的事实，那就是完全错误的，无论对我们的国家和人民都有失公正。对，我们仍然还有问题，而且是大量的。但是如果让这些问题站在所有事实的道路中间，那简直是错误的，对我们的国家和人民都不公正：美国的情况正在好转。Ipreferdrivingtobeingdriven.我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。我开车比被开车更喜欢。Shehaddeprivedherselfoftheadviceofallbutyesman.她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人。根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。Unemploymenthasstubbornlyrefusedtocontractformorethanadecade.十多年来，失业人数一直顽固地拒绝压缩。十多年来，失业人数总是居高不下。失业人数总是不收缩，这个问题已经持续了十多年了。2）SentenceTranslation1）It’sverygoodtohavesomenewbloodinthecompany.2）Peasantsnowsellvegetablesatmovingpricesdeterminedbytheirsupplyandtheircustomer’sdemand.3）Let’sgetdowntothemeatandpotatoes;howmuchareyougoingtopaymeforthehouse?4）Havingthisthornyproblemsortedoutwillsortoutthemenfromtheboys.5）Sheisveryunhappytheseyearsbecausesheremainsagolfwidow.6）ShewastornbetweenstayingathometowatchtheTVplayserialandgoingtothecinemawithhim.7）Theyranasfastastheirlegscouldcarrythem.8）Priceandwagesarefellow-travelersonthesameupwardescalator.3）PassageTranslationWhatMakesaTeacherItiscustomaryforadultstoforgethowhardanddullandlongschoolis.Thelearningbymemoryofallthebasicthingsonemustknowisamostincredibleandunendingeffort.Learningtoreadisprobablythemostdifficultandrevolutionarythingthathappenstothehumanbrainandifyoudon’tbelievethat,watchanilliterateadulttrytodoit.Schoolisnoteasyanditisnotforthemostpartverymuchfun,butthen,ifyouareverylucky,youmayfindarealteacher.Threerealteachersinalifetimeistheverybestofmyluck.Myfirstwasascienceandmathteacherinhighschool,mysecond,aprofessorofcreativewritingatStanford,andmythirdwasmyfriendandpartner,EdRicketts.Ihavecometobelievethatagreatteacherisagreatartistandthatthereareasfewasthereareanyothergreatartists.Itmightevenbethegreatestoftheartssincethemediumisthehumanmindandspirit.Mythreeteachershadthesethingsincommon:Theyalllovedwhattheyweredoing.Theydidnottell,theycatalyzedaburningdesiretoknow.Undertheirinfluence,thehorizonssprungwideandfearwentawayandtheunknownbecameknowable.Butmostimportantofall,thetruth,thatdangerousstuff,becamebeautifulandveryprecious.第二讲：英汉语言对比教学目的：了解英语和汉语两者之间的主要差异，学习英汉翻译中相应的翻译策略，使译文尽量符合译入语(中文)的表达习惯。请翻译下列句子：Imethimbychanceatthetheatretheotherday.IwasverytiredwhenyousawmeyesterdaybecauseIhadbeenrunning.Histelephoneconversationseemedendless.判断是哪个方面的差异。Hesteppedrightinafterthem,likeitornot,andhewasdeterminedthatnothingpettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromenlightment.他紧跟着他们走了进去，不管什么像不像的。他打定了主意：像礼貌这样的小事决不应该阻止他启蒙的机会。他不管三七二十一地紧跟着他们走了进去。什么礼貌不礼貌的，他顾不上这一套了，他决心不错过这个机会，要把心里的问题弄个明白。他不管人家爱欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。他认为礼貌事小，而不能让启蒙的机会给挡住了。Italkedtohimwiththebrutalfrankness.我用近乎冷酷的直率和他谈了话。我用近乎残忍的坦诚和他谈了话。我和他谈了话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。Thebarbedshaftoflovehadpenetratedhisdullhide.Sixweeks–affection–opportunity–hadvictimizedhimcompletely.爱神的倒钩箭头把他的厚皮终于射穿了。六周以来他和心爱的人朝夕相处，亲近的机会多了，已经到了神魂颠倒的地步。爱情的带刺的箭头终于把他的厚皮射穿了。六周时间的亲近和机会，是他完全牺牲了。他终于未能抵御住爱神之箭，深深地坠入了爱河。六个星期以来，他和心爱的人儿频频约会，耳鬓厮磨，已经爱到了要死要活的地步。结论：2、1）TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemcondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.2）Withthismedicineboxattheready,you’llbeabletodealwiththeslightillnessbyyourself.Highvoltagecurrentisusuallycarriedbyoverheadwiresystemsoastopreventlivingthingsbeingelectrocuted.3）Wemuststophismadness.Inlinewithlatesttrendsinfashion,afewdressdesignershavebeensacrificingelegancetoaudacity.4）One’sownpastmaybecomeagraduallyincreasingweight.Hewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation.判断是哪个方面的差异。Carelessnesscausedhisfailureinthisyear’scollegeentranceexam.粗心导致了他在今年高考中的失败。粗心是他今年高考考得不理想的一个重要原因。他由于粗心，今年高考落榜了。Failuretoanswerhalfthequestiontheyaskedmadethepolicesuspecthim.由于他未能回答他们所问问题的一半，使得警察对他产生了怀疑。他未能回答他们所问问题的一半，警察怀疑了。未能回答他们所问问题的一半，使警察起了疑心。1.伦敦发展得很迅速。2.约翰来得太早了。3.我们仔细对比一下，就能看出差别。4.再往前走几步，就到实验室了。5.由于计划不周，把钱都浪费了。6.由于缺少时间，他改变了计划。Don’tbelievehim.Youshouldknowheisagoodkidder.Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.SheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Howshegottohatemesomuch!Thewarwasaparadigmoftheevilanddestructivesideofhumannature.Hehassomeonebehindhim.Themachineisinoperation.Thedoctorfeltsympatheticwithhispatients.(sympathize)He’llbehomeinhalfanhour.英语是一种静态的语言。英译汉中的相应策略。判断是哪个方面的差异。Businesstookmetotown.公务把我带到了城里。公务伴我进城。我因事进城去了。Anideasuddenlystruckme.Hissenseofhumorrarelydesertthisnobleman.2、导致差异的思维上的根本原因3、如何在英汉翻译中处理这个差异。1）Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.练习：Adecadeofthetrafficpolicejobinthecitycenterhashurthishearing.Thecuriosityshopdetainedhimforalmostthreehours.Achillofhorrorsuddenlysweptoverhim.Thislittlechap’sgoodnaturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.2）PoliticalconsiderationsalsoinfluencedmanypeopletomovetoAmerica.Risingpricespromptedmanylaborunionstodemandhigherwages.1、判断是哪个方面的差异。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.Theboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungry,becausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.2、3、产生这种差别的思维原因4、如何在英汉翻译中处理这种差异。1）Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor’smindsagesago.Whentheeveningmistclothestheriversidewithpoetry,aswithaveil,andthetallbuildingslosethemselvesinthedimsky,andthetallchimneysbecomecampanili,thewholecityhangsintheheavens,andfairylandisbeforeus.2）Mr.Kennedyapparentlywashitbythefirstofwhatwitnessbelievedwasthreeshots.判断是什么方面的差异。Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.AdrasticchangeofU.S.policyinthehornofAfricawouldcreateprobleminWashington’srelationwithEthiopia.Thesoaringpriceindexgavethelietotheofficialclaimthattheinflationwascurbed.StillstrugglingwithonlyafewwordsofChinese,Icontinuetosoakuptheirsoundsonpublictransport.Itsmobilestagesprovideadailydoseofcontemporary“PekingOpera”starringdriverandconductorsupportedbyahugecastofextras–thealwayschangingpassengers.如何处理这种差异。将英文句子按照意思拆分成短句。Warwasavoidedbyamasterstrokeofstatesmanship.A．战争被高度的政治策略避免了。B．由于运用了高超的政治策略，战争才得以避免。C．战争的被避免是由于运用了高度的政治策略。HappyreunionwasmuchfeltamongthefamilymembersattheSpringFestival.1、Themachinewasbeingrepaired.Hisspeechwasgreetedwithhisses.TheGreeceOlympicwinnerswererichlyrewardedandpresentedwitheverythingfromcashonthebarrelheadtotaxexemptionsanddraftdeferments.2、Bytheendofthewar800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostofover200BegianandFrenchlives.Hislifewascutshortbycholera.Hewasseentopushabikeoutofthehouse.Muchislefttobedesired.Childrenshouldbetaughttospeakthetruth.Principlesmeanverylittleunlesstheyareactedupon.5、China-inkstainscannotbewashedout.Historyismadebythepeople.英汉语对比练习一：修改下列句子的翻译1.Hisfacetoldthetaleofonewhoknewbutthelawofmight.他的脸告诉过一个只知道力量法则的故事。2.Duringhisbriefcareerheplayednospeakingparts–hewasonlyanextra.在他短暂的职业生涯中，他扮演不说话的角色——他只是一个群众演员。3.Hermindreturnedtoherboyfriend’soffencesandlong,verylong,didtheyoccupyher.她的思绪又回到了她男友的粗暴无礼，而它们很久很久地占有她。4.Shefeltcreativelyandemotionallysterile.她觉得在创造性和情感上无生气。5.Whatcanbeeasilyseeninhispoemsarehisimageryandoriginality,powerandranger.我们能够很容易在他的诗歌中看到他的形象化描述，独创性，能量和范围。二、翻译下列句子1.Oxfordismuchsmallerinnumbers,forexample,thantheStateUniversityofMinnesota,andismuchpoorer.Ithas,orhadtillyesterday,fewerstudentsthantheUniversityof2.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.3.BobNewhart’spopularityasanactorandstand-upcomedianledtohiscastinginanumberofmotionpictures,withsomeofthebiggestfilmstarsinHollywood,andofcourse,asthecartoonvoiceofBernardthemouse.BobNewhart:鲍勃·纽哈特Bernard:伯纳德4.Themonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageof9,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.5.Hisgruelingworkschedule,sayaides,isalmostsurelyamajorexplanationforthestomachailmentthathospitalizedhimforseveraldaysearlierlastmonth.PassageTranslation“Talentless”WomenProvesAnyPublicityIsGoodNegativeadvertisingworks,atleastforaSwedishcareworkerwhogaveitatryafterfruitlessattemptstofindanewjobbymoreconventionalmeans.“Iwantawell-paidjob.Ihavenoimagination.Iamanti-social,uncreativeanduntalented,”readanadvertisementpostedbyAngeliksWedberg,30,intheregionaldailyGoteborgs-Posten.Herphonestartedringingincessantlyandjobofferspoursin.WedbergtoldtheInterneteditionofthedailyExpressen.ShehasaninterviewthreedayslaterwithacompanycalledMapMediaofferingasalaryof18,000crowns(＄2,118)permonth–anincreaseofmorethanonethirdonhercurrentjobasacareworkerfortheelderly.Expressendidnotsaywhatthenewpositionwas.AngeliksWedbergGoteborgs-Posten哥德堡邮报（哥德堡是瑞典西南部的海岸城市）Expressen快报MapMedia英汉语对比翻译练习二：1、静态和动态SomeknowledgeaboutthestructureandhistoryofChineseishelpfultoyourstudyofthelanguage.Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.Thebasilicaisaconglomerationofcontrarystylesandperiods.Heshouldresignthepresidency.2、物称与人称Toomuchwater,likelittlewater,willkillthisplant.Theearly1600’ssawthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.Myheartfailedmeatthesight.3、形合与意合Mysisterisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.Astheweatherwasfine,wedecidedtoclimbthemountain.Andheknowshowashamedhewouldhavebeenifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.4、被动语态与主动语态Industrialwastemustbepreventedfrompollutingourrivers.ToprotectthewhalefromthecoldoftheArcticseas,naturehasprovideditwithathickcoveringoffatcalledblubber.Whenwhaleiskilled,theblubberisstrippedoffandboileddown,eitheronboardshiporonshore.Nonewinternationalefforthasbeenmadetoovercometheworstofpovertyandunderdevelopment.Economicmarginalizationhasbeenallowedtocontinueandtheinequalitiesofthe20thcenturyhavebeenfurthered.英汉语对比翻译练习三：一、修改下面的翻译：I’venevermadeadealwhereIdidn’tfeelIcouldhavegottenmoremoney,oranadditionalbenefit.Thatisnormal:nobodyevergetsthelastcent.Infact,it’saverygoodnegotiatingtactictoleavesomethingonthetable.Itshowsyourlackofgreedandit’salwaysappreciated.[原译]我从来没有做过一桩我不感到我原本可以赚更多钱的生意。这是正常的：没有人能得到最后一分钱。事实上，在桌子上留下来一点儿东西是非常好的谈判策略。这表明你不贪婪，而且总是受到赏识。TopIsraelimilitarycommanderssaidIsraelitroopsshouldhavebombedseveralbigcitiedontheWestbankoftheJordanRiverasrecommendedbysomeIsraeligenerals.ThiswouldhavedrivenPalestinianmilitantsoutofthearea.[原译]以色列高级指挥官称，以色列部队应该依照一些以色列将军的建议轰炸约旦河西岸的一些大城市，这样就能把巴勒斯坦激进分子赶出这个地区。OrperhapstheproliferationofcoffeebarsinManhattan–thenumberseemstodoubleeverythreemonths–isinfusingsomuchcaffeineintothealreadyjanglinglocalsthatpeoplecannolongkeeptothemselves.[原译]或许曼哈顿不断增长的咖啡店，现在的数字是每三个月翻一番，注入太多咖啡因到本来就吵吵嚷嚷的当地人身上，所以他们更不要独自孤独了。二、语篇翻译（一）OnSanya’ssunnystretchofcoastlinealongthesleepysouthernmosttipofHainanIsland,youaremorelikelytofindboredbuffalothanbouncybeachbabes.ThatisunlessyoustrolledpastasoneofChina（二）AnotherstereotypeborneoutbythelivesoftheMillennialMindsisthatgeniusoftenseemstobe,asEdisonhimselfputit,onepercentinspirationand99percentperspiration.FromLeonardodaVincitoBrunel,MozarttoFritzHaber,analmostpathologicaldevotiontotheirworkcharacterizesmanyMillennialMinds.Thisdevotionbroughtsometoanearlygrave:MarieCurie,forinstance,waskilledbyradiationfromheryearsofworkwithradium.Formanyothers,itmeantunfulfilledpersonallives,failedmarriagesand,inthecaseofBoltzmannandTuring,suicide.第三讲：词义的选择和引申Sophisticated见多识广的；老练的；见过世面的,（机器、体系等）复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的,（人）水平高的；在行的SophisticatedmanSophisticatedelectronicdeviceSophisticatedweapon什么是选词？（一）OnSanya’ssunnystretchofcoastlinealongthesleepysouthernmosttipofHainanIsland,youaremorelikelytofindboredbuffalothanbouncybeachbabes.ThatisunlessyoustrolledpastasoneofChina（二）AnotherstereotypeborneoutbythelivesoftheMillennialMindsisthatgeniusoftenseemstobe,asEdisonhimselfputit,onepercentinspirationand99percentperspiration.FromLeonardodaVincitoBrunel,MozarttoFritzHaber,analmostpathologicaldevotiontotheirworkcharacterizesmanyMillennialMinds.（三）Thequeenhaswingsforatime,andonedayshefliesawaywithawingedmale.Themalediessoonafterwards,butthequeen,withoutherwings,findsagoodplaceforhernewnestandbeginstolayeggsthere.Workerantswillfeedherandprotecttheeggs,andtheywillbuildasbigandsafeahomeastheycan.词义的选择1.根据词类，确定词义LightAluminiumisalightmetal.Trafficontheroadwasextremelylightduringthenight.Pleaseturnonthelight.Thelightisdim.Lightacandletoseewhathappenedinside.Bassrovawascalledtoapolicestationandtoldshewasbannedfromappearinginfilmsorplaysandevenfromattendingsocialfunctions.TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt“overwhelmed”lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.2.根据搭配确定词义HaveHavemanyEnglishbookshaveacupofteaHaveabadcoldhavelunchHaveagoodtimehaveahatonHaveabathShehasonlylittleFrench.Willyouhaveacigarette?Willyouhaveadancewithme?She’shadfourlettersfromherfriendinTibet.Haveagooddream.Heisrathershortandskinny,hasathinmoustacheandeventhinnerhaironhishead.Hespeakswithaverythinvoice,soinaudiblethatitishardtotellifheisspeakingatall.3.根据使用领域确定词义Iwilldoeverythingwithinmypowertoassistyou.Chinahasafewnuclearweapons,butitwillneverjointheso-calledclubofnuclearpowers.Thecellmustbeexaminedundera20-powermicroscope.二、词义的引申1．根据搭配引申Survive:continuetoliveorexistHesurvivedthetrouble.Veryfewoftheseoldcoinssurvived.Thecountrysurvivedtheexternalpressures.Heredesperateworkersdefybothpoliceandpoisonoussnakestoferryloadsofcottonacrossthefrontierinthehopeofwinningahigherprice.Istrainedmyeyestryingtodistinguishbetweenthebird’sthinlegsandthetwigthatwasofthesamecolor.2.根据词语的语境Thesaplingscanwithstanddroughtywindsandsurviveunderthescorchingraysofthesun.Shebelievesthattheirthinkinghassurvivedthecenturiesbecauseofitsvitalityandsuitability.WhenMissMaddoxgotcloseenoughtogreetus,thelong-termneglectofherteethshowed.Intime,twoofmybrothersjoinedDadthere,followinginthefamilyfootsteps.DuringtheBrusselsconferenceeventheWorldBanksuggestedthattheproblemlieonbothsidesofthewealthdivide.WeinZambiawouldliketobuildacolor-blindsocietywhereeveryonecanhaveequalopportunity.3.根据词语的感情色彩确定词语的褒贬wordspositiveneutralNegativeDeath

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AmbitionstubbornHeisastubbornchildwhowon’tobeyhismother.Thedefendersputupstubbornresistance.inciteHeincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.endlessTherevolutionhasinspiredaseeminglyendlessstreamofnewandexcitingelectronicproductsthatwecan’tlivewithout.Thelearningbymemoryofallthebasicthingsonemustknowisamostincredibleandunendingeffort.notforgetoneselfWehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself.GonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofabigpowerintheU.N.maydowhateverhelikes.Wehopethatourrespectedsecretary-Generalwillnotforgethimself.Hispoorhealthisknowntoall.4.根据词语的轻重确定词语的引申words轻重congratulate

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修改译文：Hetoldhishearersthatifthepeoplewereattackedbythepolicemen,theconsequencesmustfallontheaggressors.他对听众说，如果人民受到警察的袭击，其后果一定会落在侵略者身上。5.根据词语的文体色彩wordsinformalneutralformalpoor

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wife:potato:Mybelovedfatherhasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.Mydearparentshavepassedaway.Myparentsdied.Myoldmanhaskickedthebucket.词义的选择练习一：1.词义的选择和引申1）Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears.2）Thelightintheroomispoor.3）Chinawillbeoneofthelargesteconomiesintheworldwithin20years.4）Thefamouswriterissurveyinghisworkforthefinishingtouch.5）Heisahighlysuccessfulstudentwithabrilliantacademicrecord.6）Theoilprovidessomecoolingeffect.7）Thisafternoon’sballgameissuretobeanexcitingone,forthetwosidesarewell-matchedone.8）Whentheysang,soundwavebegantotravelandwentinalldirections.9）Ifyoudislikethecoldweatherinwinter,youcanvisitKunming,the“SpringCity”whichissparedtemperatureextremes.10）Anewdignitycreptintohiswalk.2.词义的褒贬Thepresidentspokehighlyofthosewhohaddiedfortheircountry.Heisalwaysambitiousforhisson.AtthattimeitseemedthattherewasnoonewatchingoutforHitler’sambition.Thevocationalcollegehasagoodreputationforexamresults.DuringtheSecondWorldWartheaggressiveJapanesesoldierswonthemselvesasavagereputation.3.语篇翻译CanYouBenefitfromaBreakup?Haveyoufoundyourselfthinking,'Idon'tthinkIcangothroughthisagain"afterabreakup?Fearnot.Breakupsareapartofourevolution,andfrankly,theonlywaytoescapeitistolockyourselfupinaroomwithnowindows.Here,familycourtjudgeMicheleLowranceshowsyoucannotonlysurvive,butthrive,fromyournextsplit.Whetherit'sdivorce,atemporaryseparation,orthefallingoutofafriendship,thebreakupofarelationshipisalwaystoughonone'spsyche.But,therearewaystogetthroughit.词义的选择练习二：Thethoughtthatonedaytheymightreturntotheirnativecountryhasneverdesertedthem.Oneteacherwritesthatinsteadofdrowninghisstudent’scompositionincriticalredink,theteacherwillgetfarmoreconstructiveresultsbyfindingoneortwothingswhichhavebeendonebetterthanlasttime,andcommentingfavorablyonthem.WhileinstayingJapan,SunYat-senmidwifedsomerevolutionarygroupsfortheoverthrowofQingDynasty(1616-1911)andtherebirthoftheChinesenation,hislifetimecause.Ihaverisenfromnothingtoeverything,butMrs.Sparsit,withallheradvantages,hasfallenfromeverythingtonothing.…thereader’shairstandonendwhenhereadsinthefinalpagesofthenovelthattheheroine,adearoldladywhohadalwaysbeensokindtoeverybody,had,inheryouth,poisonedeveryoneofherfivehusbands.…andIhadnotknownyouamonthbeforeIfeltthatyouwere,thelastmanintheworldwhomIcouldeverbeprevailedontomarry.Theevilwhichtheydidlivesafterthem.ItmightbetemptingtodismissShakespeare’sreputationasabitoversold,wereitnotforsomeprettyimpressivefacts.Shakespeareisthemostwildly-readauthorinhistory,havingbeentranslatedintomorethan100languages.Hisplaysarealsothemostfilmedinhistory,havingbeenturnedintomorethan300moviessincethefirstwasmadein1899.Andtheplayscontinuetopackaudiencesintotheatresaroundtheworld.Even400yearsafterhisdeath,Shakespeareisstillpullinginthecrowds.第四讲增减词和词性以及句子成分转换词量增减，是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯，在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词，或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是，词量增减必须防止两个倾向：一是添枝加叶，任意发挥；二是避难就易，肆意裁割。1、增词1）Abook,tightshut,isbutablockofpaper.2）Successisoftenjustanideaaway.3）Afterthebanquets,theconcerts,andthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.4）It'smoreexpensivethanitwaslasttimebutnotasgood.5）Theapplicationofplasticsinautomobileindustryhasbroughtaboutgreatincreaseoftheconsumption.6）Commissiondependsonthequantityofgoodsordered.7）Thehighriskofinjectionputsapremiumontheuseofsterileneedles8）Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.9）Sheisacomplicatedgirl-moody,sensitiveandskeptical.10）Betweensewing,cleaning,andraisingherchildren,themotherwaskeptbusyalldaylong.11）ThetensionintheMiddleEasthasattractedmuchattentionoftheworld.12）Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.13）Inordertoimproveacertainkindofbattery,Edisonspentalmosttenyearsandmadenearly50,000experiments.14）Alone,Rooseveltcouldhaveaccomplishedlittle.15）IsawaTurneronthewall.16）Theytalkedaboutwage,priceandinflation.2、减词由于两种语言表达习惯不同，翻译时如果一字不漏地照搬，往往会显得累赘、拖沓、冗杂、或不合行文习惯，甚至产生歧义。采取减词译法可以使译文言简意赅。涉外文书翻译常有以下几种减词情况：(1)减去代词1）Weassureyouofourpromptattentiontothismatter.(2)减去陈腐或不必要套语Wetakethisopportunitytoinformyouthatwearenowinpositiontomakepromptshipmentofthemerchandise.Youarekindlyrequestedtoletushaveyourbestquotationforthecannedfish.(3)减去不言而喻或冗杂词语1）Onconditionthatyousignthisreceipt,Iwillpaythemoney.2）Thepriceoftheproductsshouldbesetaccordingtothepriceintheinternationalmarket.Itshouldbefixedbythetwopartiesatalevelthatwillbringprofittoboth.3）Part-timewaitressapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.名词，形容词，副词的翻译一、名词的翻译优劣判断1.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinhischaracter.A.他的性格既残暴又狡猾。B.他的性格是老虎和猿猴的混合物。C.他既有老虎的性格又有猿猴的性格。2.Theinabilitytosatisfythoseexpectationswillmeanincreasedsocialtensions,especiallywheretheregimesarealreadyabywordforcorruptionandinstability.A.如果不能满足这些期望，那就意味着社会局势会越来越紧张，尤其是在那些腐化和动荡已经成为政治的代名词的国家里。B.不能满足这些期望，将意味着社会形势越来越紧张，尤其是在那些腐化和动荡已经成为证券绰号的国家里。C.无法满足这些期望，将意味着社会紧张局势会加剧，尤其是在那些腐败和动荡已成政权绰号的国家里。3.Hispreoccupationwithbusinessleftlittletimeforhisfamily.A．他全神贯注于事业，为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。B．他对事业的全神贯注留给家庭的时间很少。C．他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。4．Fridaystartedwithamorningvisittothemoderncampusofthe22,000studentUniversityofMichiganinnearbyAnnArbor,wheretheChinesetabletennisteamjoinedstudentsinthecafeterialineforlunchandlaterplayedanexhibitionmatch.A．星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就赶到安亚伯附近去参观拥有22,000名学生的密西根大学的现代化校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅一起排队买午餐，然后举行了一场表演赛。B．星期五开始于一个早晨的访问，中国乒乓球对前往安亚伯附近去参观拥有22,000名学生的密西根大学的现代化校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅一起排队买，而后打了一场表演赛。C．星期五是这样开始的：早晨中国乒乓球队到安亚伯附近去参观拥有22,000名学生的密西根大学的现代化校园；中午他们和该校学生在校内餐厅一起排队买午餐，午餐过后打了一场表演赛。5．Nepal’swiderangeoftopographiessupportsimilarlybroadculturalvariations.A.由于尼泊尔具有多样化的地貌特征，它的文化也呈现出多样性。B．尼泊尔广泛的地貌特征支持同样宽广的文化多样性。C．尼泊尔多样化的地貌特征支持者它的文化多样性。I’maperfectstrangertophysics.Itisourgreatpleasuretonotethatourshipbuildingindustryisdevelopingvigorously.Weshouldbeverycautiouswhenbuyingexpensivethingsandaskourselvesifwearemakingawisepurchase.Nowonderthesightofitshouldsendthememoriesofquiteanumberoftheoldergenerationrushingbackto36yearsago.Alittleforethoughtwouldhavesavedyoumuchtroubleafterwards.二、形容词的翻译优劣判断1．Everyoneofus,exceptmypoorhoodwinkedgrandmother,heardofthebadnews.A．我们每一个人，除了我那可怜的受欺骗的奶奶，都得知了这个不幸的消息。B．除了我那可怜的受欺骗的奶奶，我们大家都得知了这一不幸的消息。C．我们大家都得知了这一不幸的消息，只有我那可怜的奶奶还蒙在鼓里。2．There’sbeensomedirtyworkwiththeclubaccountsandsomemoneyismissing.A．俱乐部的账目有鬼，有些钱不知去向。B．俱乐部的账目有卑鄙的勾当，有些钱不知去向。C．俱乐部的账目是吃力不讨好的工作，有些钱不见了。3．Sheisanabsoluteone-manwife.A．她是一个绝对地只要一个男人的妻子。B．她是一个忠实的妻子，绝对地只有一个男人。C．她是一位忠实的妻子，坚信从一而终的信念。4．Sheisagoodwasher.A.她是一个好洗衣人。B．她洗衣服洗得很好。C．她洗衣服总是洗得很干净。5．Ourtroopswonoverwhelmingvictoriesinquicksuccession.A.我们的军队势如破竹，节节胜利。B.我们的部队接二连三地赢得占压倒优势的胜利。C.我们的部队接连取得了势不可挡的胜利。6.Thechildrenarealwaysuptoamusingtricks.A.孩子们总是调皮捣蛋寻开心。B.孩子们总是喜欢一些逗人笑的恶作剧。C.孩子们总是喜欢玩一些引起兴趣的诡计。7.Fewwentoutinsuchacuttingandblindingwind.A.在如此刺骨的和刮得叫人睁不开眼的风里，很少有人出门。B.因为刺骨的风和刮得叫人睁不开眼睛的风，很少有人出门。C.寒风刺骨，刮得叫人睁不开眼睛。在这样恶劣的天气，很少有人出门。8.Enemiesoftheindustrialstatusquo,they(Americanfinancialenterpreneurs)aretakeoverartistsandspinoffspecialistswhohaveforcednothinglessthantherestructuringofcorporateAmerica.A.他们（美国金融企业家们）善于打破产业的现状，或者实行兼并，或者分散经营，往往得心应手。他们促成了美国企业界的重组。B.他们（美国金融企业家们）是产业现状的大敌，是兼并大师，也是分散经营的专家。他们促成了法人团体的美国的改组。C.他们（美国金融企业家们）是产业现状的敌人，是兼并大师，也是分散经营的专家。他们促成了全体美国的重组。9.Onthesepagesyougetthestoryofwhathappened–andhowleadingAmericansseetheprioritiesnow.A.以下几页叙述的是事情的来龙去脉——以及美国领导人当前如何看待事情的轻重