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翻译二级笔译综合能力阅读分类模拟题156ReadingComprehension

JanHendrikSchon'ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,and(江南博哥)itwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaboratories,Schon,32,hadco-authored90scientificpapers—oneevery16days—detailingnewdiscoveriesinsuperconductivity,lasers,nanotechnologyandquantumphysics.Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious.Whenoneco-workernoticedthatthesametableofdataappearedintwoseparatepapers—whichalsohappenedtoappearinthetwomostprestigiousscientificjournalsintheworld,ScienceandNature—thejigwasup.InOctober2002,aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.Hiscareerasascientistwasfinished.Scientificscandals,whichareasoldasscienceitself,tendtofollowsimilarpatternsofpresumptionandduereward.

Inrecentyears,ofcourse,thepressureonscientiststopublishinthetopjournalshasincreased,makingthejournalsmuchmorecrucialtocareersuccess.ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachestothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.

Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetters,neuroscientistshaveNeuron,andsoforth.ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournalsinparttoreachjournalists.Whydotheycare?Competitionforgrantshasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative,butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.

Scientiststendtopaymoreattentiontothebigtwothantootherjournals.Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they'remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoft-citedwillincreaseascientist's"ImpactFactor",ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedbypeers.Fundingagenciesusethe"ImpactFactor"asaroughmeasureoftheinfluenceofscientiststhey'reconsideringsupporting.1.

Theword"suspicious"underlinedinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.doubtfulB.incredibleC.stupendousD.horrendous正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第一段的内容“Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious”可知,这样的产出量让他的同事震惊,他们产生了怀疑。选项中的A项为“怀疑的,可疑的”符合文意。B项“难以置信的”,C项“惊人的,了不起的”,D项“可怕的,恐怖的”,这三项均不符合题意。

2.

TheachievementsofJanHendrikSchonturnedouttobe______.A.surprisingB.inconceivableC.praiseworthyD.fraudulent正确答案:D[解析]根据文中第一段的内容“InOctober2002,aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.2002年10月,一个贝尔实验室的调查显示,斯克恩篡改和捏造数据”可知,D项fraudulent“欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的”符合题意。A项“惊人的;意外的”,B项“不可思议的”,C项“值得赞许的”,这三项和文中内容不符合。

3.

Theword"fabricated"underlinedinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.fakeB.compileC.drawupD.analyze正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第一段的内容“aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata”可知,调查发现Schon篡改和编造数据。选项中的A项为“编造,捏造”符合文意。B项“编纂”,C项“起草”,D项“分析”,这三项均不符合题意。

4.

TofindwhyscientificscandalslikeSchon'soccur,peoplehavebeguntoraisedoubtaboutthetwotopjournalsforA.theiracademicprestigeB.theirimportancetocareersuccessC.theirpopularitywithscientificcirclesD.theirreviewingsystem正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第二段的内容“ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachestothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.”可知,人们质疑,《自然》和《科学》这两本杂志在作为为什么科学可以向民众传达的仲裁者方面的力量是否太强大了,并且,它们能否胜任看门人的角色。所以A项“他们的学术威望”符合题意。B项“他们对职业成功的重要性”,C项“他们科学界的普遍性”,D项“他们的评审体系”,这三项和文中第二段内容不符合。

5.

Theword"renown"underlinedinParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.A.reputationB.purposeC.nameD.achievement正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第三段的内容“scientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals”可知,科学家已经赢得战胜对手的名声。选项中的A项为“声誉,名声”符合文意。B项“目的”,C项“姓名,名称”,D项“成绩,成就”,这三项均不符合题意。

6.

Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesScienceandNaturepowerful?A.Theycoverthebestresearchesonavarietyofsubjects.B.Theypublishcontroversialpapersthatotherswon't.C.Theypreferpapersonhighlyspecializedresearch.D.Theyhaveaspecialsystemofpeer-review.正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第三段的内容“ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.”可知,《科学》和《自然》这两家杂志是仅有的涉及所有学科科目的主要期刊。所以A项“他们涵盖了所有科目的最好的研究”符合题意。B项“他们出版其他杂志不出版的有争议性的论文”,C项“他们选择高度专业性的研究论文”,D项“同行评审中他们有一个特殊的系统”,这三项在文中都没有提到。

7.

Theexpression"thecreamofthecrop"inParagraph3mostlikelymeans"______".A.themostofallB.thebestofallC.therecentlyreleasedD.thewidelyspread正确答案:B[解析]根据文中第三段的内容“Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.”可知,creamofthecrop的字面意思为“植物奶油”,暗指最好的东西,因为自然和科学两本杂志的地位,所以记者每个星期都会从中挑选最好的科学论文。所以B项符合题意。A项“其中大部分的”,C项“最近发表的”,D项“广泛传播的”,这三项显然和文中creamofthecrop要表达的意思不符。

8.

Theword"acclaims"underlinedinParagraph3refersto______.A.complimentB.prizeC.bonusD.core正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第三段的内容“Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative”可知,专业期刊的出版物将赢得学术称赞。选项中的A项为“赞美”符合文意。B项“奖品”,C项“奖金”,D项“分数”,这三项均不符合题意。

9.

ScientistsknowthatbyreachingthejournalistsforScienceandNaturetheywouldgetabetterchanceto______.A.havemoreoftheirpaperspublishedinthejournalsinthefutureB.havetheirnamesappearinmanyotherrenownpublicationsC.havetheirresearchresultsunderstoodbythegeneralpublicD.havetheirsuperiorsgivethemmonetaryawardforthepublication正确答案:B[解析]根据文中第三段的内容“butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.”可知,如果文章出现在《科学》和《自然》这两本杂志上,那么文章就有出现在《纽约时报》和其他出版物上的机会。所以B项“他们的名字会出现在其他著名的出版物上”符合题意。A项“将来他们有更多的论文发表在杂志上”,文中强调是论文能出现在其他出版物上,而不是将来可以有更多的论文继续发表在这两本杂志上;C项“让他们的研究结果得到公众的了解”。D项“让他们的上级为他们的出版物给予金钱回报”,C、D两项在文中没有提到。

10.

Comparedwithotherjournals,NatureandSciencewouldgivetheauthorsanextrabenefitthattheirpapers______.A.willbemorelikelytobecomeinfluentialandbecitedB.willbemorelikelytobefreefromchallengebypeersC.willbereviewedwithgreatercaretoensuretheauthorityD.willreappearintheiroriginalinpaperslikeNewYorkTimes正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第四段的内容“Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they'remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.”可知,因为《科学》和《自然》这两本杂志非常具有权威性,当更多的科学家知道某一篇论文时,他们会将其内容引用在自己的文章中。所以A项“将更有可能变得更有影响和被引用”符合题意。B项“将更有可能远离同辈人的挑战”,C项“将被仔细地审查以确保权威性”,D项“将重新出现在像《纽约时报》这样的原始论文中”,文中没有涉及和这三项相关的内容。

ShortlyafterthedeathofemperorTheodosiusin395A.D.,theRomanEmpirewaspermanentlydividedintoEasternandWesternempires.BythefifthcenturyA.D.,thepoweroftheWesternRomanEmpirehaddeclinedconsiderably,thoughtheEasternRomanEmpirecenteredinByzantiumcontinuedtoflourish.VariousproblemscontributedtothisunderminingoftheWest.

TheaccessionsofArcadiusandHonorius,sonsofTheodosius,asemperorsintheEastandWest,respectively,illustratetheunfortunatepatternofchildheirsthathadunfavorableeffectsforbothempires.WhenArcadinsdiedin408,hewassucceededbyhisseven-year-oldson,TheodosiusⅡ.Reigninguntil423,HonoriuswassucceededbyhisnephewValentinianⅢ,whowasonlyfive.Becauseoftheiryoungages,Theodosius'sonsandgrandsonscouldnotrulewithoutolderadvisorsandsupervisingregentsuponwhomtheynaturallybecamedependentandfromwhomtheywereunabletobreakawayafterreachingmaturity.Aspowerfulindividualsviedforinfluenceanddominanceatcourt,thegeneralwelfarewasoftensacrificedtoprivaterivalriesandambitions.Moreover,itwasthewomenofthedynastywhowerethemorecapableandinterestingcharacters.Holdingthekeystosuccessionthroughbirthandinheritance,theybecameactiveplayersinthepoliticalarena.

ComparedwiththeEast,however,theWestfacedagreaternumberofexternalthreatsalongmorepermeablefrontiers.WhereastheEastcouldpursuewaranddiplomacymoreeffectivelywiththeirenemiesonthelongeasternfrontier,theWestwasexposedtothemorevolatiletribalGermanicpeoplesonafrontierthatstretchedalongtheRhineandDanuberiversfor1,000miles.TheEast,however,onlyhadtoguardthelast500milesoftheDanube.Inaddition,theEasthadmanymorehumanandmaterialresourceswithwhichtopursueitsmilitaryanddiplomaticobjectives.TheEastalsohadamoredeeplyrootedunityintheGreekcultureofthenumerousGreekandNearEasterncitiesthatRomehadinheritedfromearlierGrecianempires.LatinculturehadnotachievedcomparablepenetrationofthelessurbanizedWestoutsideofItaly.ThepenetrationofGermanicculturefromthenorthhadbeensoextensivealongthepermeableRhine-Danubefrontierthatitwasoftendifficulttodistinguishbetweenbarbarians(speakersofGermanandotherlanguagesunrelatedtoLatin)andRomansinthoseregionsbythefifthcenturyanyway.

OneofthemostoutstandingfeaturesatthebeginningofthisperiodwastheprominenceofGermanicgeneralsinthehighcommandoftheRomanImperialarmy.Thetrendbecamesignificant,andseveralpracticalreasonscanexplainit.TheforemostprobablywasthesheerneedformilitarymanpowerthatmadeitattractivetorecruitbandsofGermanicpeoplesforthearmies,which,inturn,gaveablechieftainsandwarlordstheopportunitytogainimperialfavorandadvanceinrank.Second,onewaytoturnGermanicchieftainsfrompotentialenemiesintoloyalsupporterswastoofferthemagoodpositionintheRomanmilitary.Third,althoughTheodosiushadrisentopowerasamilitaryleader,hewasalsoaculturedaristocratandpreferredtoemphasizethecivilianroleoftheemperorandtorelyforprotectiononGermanicgeneralswhoseloyaltieswereprimarilytohim,theirpatron.11.

Thewordunfavorableinthesecondpassageisclosestinmeaningto______.A.negativeB.uncontrollableC.unexpectedD.long-lasting正确答案:A[解析]题干unfavorable意为“不利的”,各选项中只有A项negative(负面的;消极的)与其意思接近,故选A项。

B项“不可控制的”、C项“预料之外的”和D项“长久的”均不符合题意。

[参考译文]公元395年皇帝狄奥多西死后不久,罗马帝国就永久地被划分为了东罗马帝11和西罗马帝国。到了公元5世纪,西罗马帝国的力量已大大减弱,而以拜占庭为中心的东罗马帝国继续蓬勃发展。各种问题导致了西罗马帝国的衰败。

狄奥多西的儿子阿卡迪乌斯和奥诺里乌斯分别做了东、西罗马帝国的皇帝,这体现了对两个帝国都有不利影响的子嗣继位模式。阿卡迪乌斯于408年去世后,他7岁的儿子狄奥多西二世接替了皇位。423年,奥诺里乌斯的皇位由他的侄子瓦伦提尼安三世继承,他只有5岁。由于年龄较小,狄奥多西的儿子们和孙子们没有年长的顾问和监督摄政王就无法统治,他们也自然地对其产生了依赖,即使在成年后也无法摆脱。当有权势的人在宫廷上争夺影响力和支配地位时,公众的福利往往被私人的竞争和野心给牺牲。而且,王朝的女性才是更有能力以及让人感兴趣的人物。她们的出身和遗产继承给她们带来了继承权,因此她们积极活跃在政治领域。

然而,与东罗马帝国相比,西罗马帝国的边界更易越过,面临着更多的外部威胁。虽然东罗马帝国可以在漫长的东部边境上与敌人进行更有效的战争和外交活动,而西罗马帝国则暴露在更加动荡不安的日耳曼部落人民面前,因为其边界在莱茵河和多瑙河边上,绵延将近1,000英里。然而,东罗马帝国只需要守卫多瑙河的最后500英里。此外,东罗马帝国拥有更多的人力和物力资源,可以更好地用来实现其军事和外交目标。罗马从早期希腊帝国那里继承了许多希腊和近东城市,因而希腊文化在东罗马帝国也有着根深蒂固的统一性。意大利城外城市化程度较低的西罗马帝国地区,拉丁文化没有达到类似的文化渗透程度。日耳曼文化从北方沿着莱茵河、多瑙河边境的渗透如此之广,以至于到公元5世纪时,人们往往很难区分这些地区的野蛮人(说德语和其他与拉丁语无关的语言)和罗马人。

这一时期伊始最突出的特点之一是日耳曼将军在罗马帝国军队拥有着最高指挥地位。这种趋势变得很明显,有几个切实的原因可以解释这一现象。最重要的原因可能是对军事力量的绝对需求,这使得为军队招募日耳曼人变得很有吸引力,这反过来又使能干的酋长和军阀有机会获得皇帝的赏识晋升。第二,给他们在罗马军队中提供一个好的职位也是把日耳曼首领从潜在的敌人变成忠诚的支持者的一个方法。第三,狄奥多西虽然以军事领袖的身份掌权,但他也是一位有教养的贵族,他更喜欢强调皇帝的平民角色,并依赖于日耳曼将军的保护,这些将军主要忠诚于他——他们的主顾。

12.

Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whichofthefollowingwasoneresultofthepatternofrulebychildemperors?______A.Thecommonpeoplelostrespectforthepositionofemperor.B.RegentsandadvisorsattemptedtoputanendtotraditionalrivalriesfordominancewithinthecourtC.Womenwithinthedynastygainedincreasedinfluenceandpower.D.Traditionalrulesofsuccessionbyinheritancewerechanged.正确答案:C[解析]第2段倒数第一、二句提到,在年龄较小的皇帝的统治下,王朝的女性是更加有能力的人物,她们拥有继承权,因而在政治领域非常活跃。由此可推断,这一时期王朝的女性获得了更大的影响力和权力,因此C项正确。

A项“老百姓对皇帝的地位失去了尊重”和D项“传统的继承制发生了变化”均未被提及。第2段提到,有权势的人在法庭上争夺影响力和支配地位,但并未提到B项“摄政王和顾问们试图结束宫廷内对统治地位的争夺”,故B项可排除。

13.

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthepassage?______A.Asyoungrulers,thesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiusnecessarilydependedonolderadvisors,andasadults,theywereunabletoruleindependentlyoftheseadvisors.B.ThesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiusweretooyoungtoruleandtheywerewithouttheassistanceofolderadvisors.C.Onreachingmaturity,thesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiusattemptedtobreakawayfromtheolderofficialswhohadadvisedthemsincechildhood.D.BecausethesonsandgrandsonsofTheodosiuswereyoungwhentheybecamerulers,olderadvisorswereabletopreventthemfrombreakingaway.正确答案:A[解析]画线部分主要提到两个重要信息:一是因为年龄小,狄奥多西的子孙继位时必然需要顾问和监督摄政王辅佐;二是他们长大后,无法摆脱这些顾问和监督摄政王的干涉。因此下列四个选项中A项最能表达画线部分的意思,故答案为A项。

文中提到,狄奥多西的子孙们掌权时,有顾问和摄政王的帮助,因此B项“狄奥多西的子孙们掌权时年龄太小,且没有年长顾问的帮助”可排除。C项“狄奥多西的儿子和孙子长大成人后,试图摆脱从小就出谋划策的年长官员”在文中没有提及。D项“由于狄奥多西的子孙在成为统治者时年龄尚小,年长的顾问能够阻止他们摆脱他们的辅佐”在文中未被提及,可排除。

14.

IndescribingthefrontiersoftheWesternEmpireasmorepermeable,theauthormeansthatthesefrontiers______.A.hadmoreplaceswherecrossingscouldoccurB.weremoredistantfromthecenterC.weremorelikelytobechangedD.weremoredeserted正确答案:A[解析]第3段第1句就捉到,西罗马帝国面临着更多的外部威胁是因为它有着更易越过的边界。接着下一句继续对此进行补充说明:西罗马帝国的边界绵延1,000多英里,在莱茵河和多瑙河边上,暴露在更加动荡不安的日耳曼部落人民面前,而东罗马帝国仅需守卫多瑙河最后的500英里。由此可判断,作者说西罗马帝国的边境更易越过的意思是边界更广,且暴露在外部威胁势力面前,故A项“有更多可以越过边境的地方”正确。

B项“离中心更远”、C项“更有可能被改变”和D项“更加荒无人烟”均不符合语境。

15.

Thewordpursueinthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.expandB.engageinC.controlD.avoid正确答案:B[解析]题干pursue意为“执行;贯彻;追求,继续进行”,只有B项engagein(从事,参与)与其意思相近,故选B项。

A项“扩张;使膨胀”、C项“控制”和D项“避免”均不符合题意。

16.

Thewordcomparableinthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.similarB.desirableC.necessaryD.noticeable正确答案:A[解析]题干comparable意为“类似的,相当的;可相比的”,只有A项similar(近似的,类似的)与其意思相近,故选A项。

B项“值得拥有的;值得做的”、C项“必要的,必须的”和D项“显而易见的”均不符合题意。

17.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTidentifiedinthethirdparagraphasafactorcontributingtothegreaterstabilityandsuccessoftheEasternempire?______.A.AshorterbordersubjecttoinvasionbyGermanictribes.B.Greaterculturalunityamongtheinhabitants.C.Moreresourcesavailableforachievingpoliticalgoals.D.Lowerpopulationdensitiesoutsideofurbanareas.正确答案:D[解析]第3段主要是指出东罗马帝国为何在西罗马帝国逐渐没落的情况下继续繁荣的理由。其一是与西罗马帝同相比,东罗马帝国与日耳曼民族的交界较短(onlyhadtoguardthelast500milesoftheDanube),这对应了A项“易受日耳曼部落入侵的边界较短”,故A项不符合题意,可排除。其二是东罗马帝国拥有更多的人力和物力资源,有助于实现军事和外交目标,因此C项“拥有更多资源以实现其政治目标”也是促进东罗马帝国稳定的因素,故C项也不符合题意,可排除。其三是希腊文化在东罗马帝国有着根深蒂固的统一性,因此B项“居民之间有很强的文化统一性”也是促进东罗马帝国稳定的因素,故B项同样也不符合题意,也不选。只有D项“(东罗马帝国)城市以外的人口密度较低”在文中未被提及,不是促进东罗马帝国稳定的因素,符合题意,故选D项。

18.

Inthethirdparagraph,whydoestheauthordiscusstheGermanicculture?______.A.TocomparethelessurbanizedWestoutsideofItalytothemoreurbanizedEast.B.ToexplainwhyRomanmilitaryandpoliticalobjectivesnecessarilychangedinthefifthcentury.C.ToemphasizethattheWestismoreurbanizedthantheEast.D.ToexplainwhytherewereasmanyspeakersofGermanastherewereRomansonthewesternfrontier.正确答案:A[解析]第3段主要对比了东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国的渗透情况,包括地理边界和文化方面。第3段最后一句提到的日耳曼文化是对西罗马帝国的文化渗透,由此可推断,作者在第3段提到日耳曼文化是为了比较东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国的文化渗透情况,因此A项“比较意大利以外城市化程度较低的西罗马帝国与城市化程度较高的东罗马帝国”正确。

B项“解释为什么在5世纪罗马的军事和政治目标必然会发生改变”存文中并未被提及,可排除。第3段第6句明确提到西罗马帝国的城市化程度比东罗马帝国的低(thelessurbanizedWestoutsideofItaly),因此C项错误。第3段最后一句提到随着日耳曼文化的渗透,难以区分说德语的野蛮人和罗马人,但这并不是作者提及日耳曼文化的主要原因,只是文化渗透广产生的结果,可排除D项“解释为什么说德语的人和说罗马语的人一样多”。

19.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTidentifiedinthefourthparagraphasareasonthepracticearoseofmaltingGermanicchieftainsgeneralsintheRomanhighcommand?______A.Ithelpedreducethenumberofpossibleenemiesagainsttheempire.B.Ithelpedmakeitpossibletomaintainanimperialmilitaryforceofsufficientsize.C.itwascheaperthanrecruitingandtrainingRomangenerals.D.ItgaveTheodosiusconfidencethathisgeneralswouldremainloyalwhilehefocusedonothermatters.正确答案:C[解析]第4段第4句提到,给日耳曼将军在罗马军队中提供一个好的职位,可以将潜在的敌人变成忠诚的支持者,因此A项“有助于减少对抗帝国的潜在敌人的数量”是主要原因之一,可排除。第4段第3句提到,最重要的原因可能是对军事力量的绝对需求,给日耳曼将军在罗马军队中提供一个好的职位使得为军队招募日耳曼人变得很有吸引力,从而能够维持罗马帝国的军力,因此B项“帮助维持足够规模的帝国军事力量”是原因之一,可排除。第4段最后一句提到,狄奥多西依赖于日耳曼将军的保护,并且日耳曼将军对其也非常忠诚,因此D项“当狄奥多西专注于其他事务时,他也能放心将军们会保持忠诚”也是原因之一,可排除。C项“比招募和训练罗马将军更便宜”,在文中并未被提及,因此符合题意,正确答案为C项。

20.

Accordingtothefourthparagraph,bybecominggeneralsintheRomanarmy,Germanicchieftainsweregivenachanceto______.A.obtainbenefitsfromtheemperorB.influenceRomancivilianlifeC.helpshapemilitarypolicyD.attractGermanicrecruitsintotheRomanarmy正确答案:A[解析]第4段第3句提到,使日耳曼将军在罗马帝国军队中获得最高指挥地位有助于招募日耳曼人进入军队,反过来,也能使能干的首领和军阀有机会获得皇帝的赏识和晋升(gainimperialfavorandadvanceinrank)。由此可知,成为罗马军队的将军会给日耳曼酋长带来一些利益,因此A项“从皇帝那里得到好处”正确。

B项“影响罗马平民生活”和C项“帮助制定军事政策”在文中均未被提及,可排除。D项“吸引日耳曼新兵加入罗马军队”是罗马帝国可以获取的好处,并不是日耳曼将军能得到的益处,对象错误,可排除。

Afewyearsago,intheirsearchforwaystosellmoregoods,advertisingmenhitonanewandcontroversialgimmick.Itisasilent,invisiblecommercialthat,theadmenclaim,canberushedpasttheconsumer'sconsciousmindandplantedinhissubconscious—andwithouttheconsumer'sknowledge.

DevelopedbyJamesVicary,aresearchmanwhostudieswhatmakespeoplebuy,thistechniquereliesonthepsychologicalprincipleofsubliminalperception.Scientiststellusthatmanyofthesightscomingtooureyesarenotconsciously"seen".Weselectonlyafewforconscious"seeing"andignoretherest.Actuallythediscardedimpressionsarerecordedinthebrainthoughtheyarebelowthethresholdofconsciousness.

There'slittledoubtinVicary'smindastothesubliminalad'seffectiveness.Hisproofcanbesummedupinjusttwowords:salesincrease.

Inanunidentifiedmoviehousenotsolongago,unknownaudiencessawacuriousfilmprogram.Atthesametime,onthesamescreenonwhichthefilmherowascourtingtheheroineasubliminalprojectorwasflashingitsinvisiblecommercials.

"Getpopcorn,"orderedthecommercialforareportedonethree-thousandthsofasecondeveryfiveseconds.Itannounced"Coca-Cola"atthesamespeedandfrequencytootheraudiences.Attheendofasixweekstrial,popcornsaleshadgoneup57percent,Cokesales18percent.

ExperimentalFilms.Inc,saysthetechniqueisnotnew.Itbeganresearchonsubliminalperceptionin1954.ExperimentalFilmsstressesthatitsequipmentwasdesignedforhelpingproblematicstudentsandtreatingthementallyill.AtNYUtwodoctorsshowedtwentywomentheprojectedimageofanexpressionlessface.Theytoldthesubjectstowatchthefaceforsomechangeofexpression.Thentheyflashedthewordangryonthescreenatsubliminalspeeds.Nowthewomenthoughtthefacelookedunpleasant.Whenthewordhappywasflashedonthescreeninstead,thesubjectsthoughtthewoman'sfacialexpressionlookedmuchmorepleasant.

Subliminaltechniques,itspromotersbelieve,aregoodformorethansellingpopcorn.Perhapstheprocesscanevenbeusedtosellpoliticalcandidates,byleavingafavorableimpressionofthecandidateinthemindsoftheelectoratessubliminally.

Howconvincingaretheseinvisiblecommercials?Skepticalpsychologistsanswerthattheyaren'tanywherenearaseffectiveastheadmenwouldliketothinktheyare.Nothinghasbeenprovenyetscientifically,saysaprominentresearchman.21.

Theword"gimmick"underlinedinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.trickB.maneuverC.meansD.tact正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第一段的内容“advertisingmenhitonanewandcontroversialgimmick”可知,指的是一种新的有争议的花招。选项中的A项为“花招”符合文意。B项“机动”,C项“手段”,D项“老练”,这三项均不符合题意。

22.

Subliminalperceptioniswhenone______.A.hasanattempttobuywithagoodreasonB.recallssomepasteventsandactivitiesC.enjoysseeingsomeimagesinhismindD.getsamentalpicturewithoutconsciousness正确答案:D[解析]根据文中第一段的内容“Itisasilent,invisiblecommercialthat,theadmenclaim,canberushedpasttheconsumer'sconsciousmindandplantedinhissubconscious—andwithouttheconsumer'sknowledge.”可知,阈下知觉是指无意识情况下被记录在大脑中的图像。故选D。A项“有一个好的理由尝试去买”,B项“回想到过去的一些事件和活动时”,C项“享受在脑中看到的一些影像”,这三项都不符合文意和题意。

23.

Theword"consciously"underlinedinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.deliberatelyB.purposelyC.advisedlyD.meaningly正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第二段的内容“manyofthesightscomingtooureyesarenotconsciously'seen'”.可知,眼睛看到的很多东西不是有意识的去看的。选项中的A项为“从容不迫的,故意的”符合文意。B项“有意的”,C项“经过考虑的”,D项“有意图的”,这三项均不符合题意。

24.

Toadvertisingsponsors,thetruetestofsubliminalprojectioniswhetherit______.A.provesworththemoneyspentB.callcreateamentalimpressionC.helpssellmoreoftheirproductsD.canarouseangerintheaudience正确答案:C[解析]根据第三段内容“There'slittledoubtinVicary'smindastothesubliminalad'seffectiveness.Hisproofcanbesummedupinjusttwowords:salesincrease.”可知,对于广告赞助商来说,检验阈下投影是否有效的标准就是看它是不是提高了宣传商品的销售额,所以C符合题意。A项“花的钱是否值得”,B项“呼吁制造一种精神印象”,D项“在观众中引起愤怒”,这三项都不是广告赞助商要追求的目的,为了多销自己的商品才是目的。

25.

Theword"threshold"underlinedinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.boundaryB.beginningC.limitD.abmit正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第二段的内容“thoughtheyarebelowthethresholdofconsciousness”可知,这些印象在人们的意识范围内。选项中的A项为“领域”符合文意。B项“开始”,C项“限制”,D项“界限”,这三项均不符合题意。

26.

Subliminaladsareinvisiblebecausetheyareshownvery______.A.fastB.naturallyC.oftenD.vaguely正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第五段的“Getpopcorn,”orderedthecommercialforareposedonethree-thousandthsofasecondeveryfiveseconds.广告每五秒以三千分之一秒的速度显示广告指令“去买爆米花”。可知,广告显示的速度是非常快的,A项符合题意。B项“自然地”,C项“经常地”,D项“含糊地”,这三项显然和文中表示广告显示的速度不符合。

27.

SubliminaltechniqueshaveNOTbeenusedfor______.A.promotingsalesB.makingcommercialsC.curingmentalillnessD.sellingpoliticalcandidates正确答案:D[解析]根据文中第七段的“Perhapstheprocesscanevenbeusedtosellpoliticalcandidates,byleavingafavorableimpressionofthecandidateinthemindsoftheelectoratessubliminally.也许通过在选民的潜意识里留下好印象,这一过程甚至可以用于为政治候选人做宣传。”可知,阈下知觉在政治选举中应用只是一种推测,并未付诸实践,所以D符合题意。A项“促销”,这在电影院中爆米花和可口可乐的例子中可以证实;B项“制作商业广告”,爆米花和可口可乐的例子就是制作商业广告的例子;C项“治疗精神病”,这在文中倒数第三段也有提到,只有D符合题意。

28.

Theword"it"underlinedinParagraph6refersto______.A.ExperimentalFilm.IncB.thetechniqueC.subliminalperceptionD.none正确答案:A[解析]根据文中第六段内容“ExperimentalFilms.Inc,saysthetechniqueisnotnew.Itbeganresearchonsubliminalperceptionin1954.”可知,it在这里代之前面提到的公司。故正确答案为选项A。

29.

Somepsychologistsseemtobelievethatsubliminalprojection______.A.needsacautiousapplicationB.hasnoeffectonsalesC.benefitsthecustomersD.causesamentalconfusion正确答案:B[解析]根据文中最后一段内容“Skepticalpsychologistsanswerthattheyaren'tanywherenearaseffectiveastheadmenwouldliketothinktheyare.Nothinghasbeenprovenyetscientifically,saysaprominentresearchman.”“持怀疑态度的心理学家回答表示这类广告远不如广告人想的那么有效。一位著名研究员表示目前这种技术还没得到任何科学的验证。”可知,B符合题意。A项“需要小心利用”,C项“对顾客有利”,D项“引发一种精神混乱”,这三项和文中最后一段内容不符。

30.

Whatistheauthor'spositiononsubliminalprojectioninads?A.Herevealsnoneinthepassage.B.Headvocatesitsprohibition.C.Heconsidersitanexaggeration.D.Heacclaimsitseffectiveness.正确答案:A[解析]作者没有对阈下投影在广告上的利用提出自己的立场,整篇短文仅陈述事实及实践者、实验方、支持者及怀疑者的观点,所以A符合题意。B项“提倡禁止”,C项“作者认为它太夸张了”,D项“称赞它的作用”,这三项都不是作者观点。

WhenthefirstofthetwoVikinglanderstoucheddownonMarsonJuly20,1976,andbegantosendcameraimagesbacktoearth,thescientistsattheJetPropulsionLaboratorycouldnotsuppressacertainnervousanticipation,likepeopleholdingalotteryticketthattheyhaveaone-in-a-millionchanceofwinning.Thefirstphotographsthatarrived,however,didnotcontainanyevidenceoflife.Whatrevealeditselftothemwasmerelyabarrenlandscapelitteredwithrocksandboulders.Theviewresemblednothingsomuchasaflatsectionofdesert.

Thescientistsweresoonreadytoturntheirattentionfromvisiblelifetomicroorganisms.ThetwinVikinglanderscarriedthreeexperimentsdesignedtodetectcurrentbiologicalactivityandonetodetectorganiccompounds,becauseresearchersthoughtitpossiblethatlifehaddevelopedonearlyMarsjustasitisthoughttohavedevelopedonearth,throughthegradualchemicalevolutionofcomplexorganicmolecules.Todetectbiologicalactivity,Martiansoilsamplesweretreatedwithvariousnutrientsthatwouldproducecharacteristicby-productsiflifeformswereactiveinthesoil.Theresultsfromallthreeexperimentswereinconclusive.Thefourthexperimentheatedasoilsampletolookforsignsoforganicmaterial,butfoundnone,anunexpectedresultbecauseatleastorganiccompoundsfromthebombardmentoftheMartiansurfacebymeteoriteswerethoughttohavebeenpresent.

Theabsenceoforganicmaterials,somescientistsspeculated,wastheresultofintenseultravioletradiationpenetratingtheatmosphereofMarsanddestroyingorganiccompoundsinthesoil.AlthoughMars'atmospherewas,atonetime,richincarbondioxideandthusthickenoughtoprotectitssurfacefromtheharmfulraysofthesun,thecarbondioxidehadgraduallylefttheatmosphereandbeenconvertedintorocks.ThismeansthateveniflifehadgottenastartonearlyMars,itcouldnothavesurvivedtheexposuretoultravioletradiationwhentheatmospherethinned.

DespitethedisappointingVikingresults,therearethosewhostillkeepthepossibilityoflifeonMarsopen.TheypointoutthattheVikingdatacannotbeconsideredthefinalwordonMartianlifebecausethetwolandersonlysampledtwolimited—anduninteresting—sites.TheVikinglandingsiteswerenotchosenforwhattheymighttelloftheplanet'sbiology.Theywerechosenprimarilybecausetheyappearedtobesafeforlandingaspacecraft.ThelandingsiteswereonpartsoftheMartianplainsthatappearedrelativelyfeaturelessfromorbitalphotographs.

ThetypeofMartianterrainthattheseresearcherssuggestmaybeapossiblehidingplacebecauseactivelifehasanearthlyparallel:theice-freeregionofsouthernVictoriaLand,Antarctica,wherethetemperaturesinsomedryvalleysaveragebelowzero.Organismsknownasendoliths,aformofblue-greenalgaethathasadaptedtothisharshenvironment,werefoundlivinginsidecertainrocksintheseAntarcticvalleys.TheargumentbasedonthisdiscoveryisthatiflifedidexistonearlyMars,itispossiblethatitescapedworseningconditionsbysimilarlyseekingrefugeinrocks.Skepticsobject,however,thatMarsinitspresentstateissimplytoodry,evencomparedwithAntarcticvalleys,tosustainanylifewhatsoever.

ShouldMarseventuallyprovetobecompletelybarrenoflife,assomesuspect,thenthiswo

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