《计算机专业英语》课件004

PartFourSoftwareDevelopmentPassageASoftwarearoundUs

PassageBProgrammingLanguageTechnology

PassageCWhatisJava

PassageDSoftwareTesting

ReadingMaterialCreatingVisualBasicCOMponentsforASP

PassageASoftwarearoundUsComputersseemtoperformamazingfeatsastheyprocessinformationanddisplayoutputalmostinstantly;butbehindthescenes,theyarereallyverysimplemindeddevices.[1]Alltheydoisexecutinglongstringsofinstructions (指令，程序)thatwerepreviouslywrittenbyacleverhumanprogrammer (程序员).Thethingthatmakesacomputer’sperformancesseemssoamazingisthatitexecutes (执行)theseinstructionsvery,very,veryquickly,accurately,andtirelessly.Computersaren’tsmart;theyarejustFAST.Butcomputerscan’tdoANYTHINGwithoutstep-by-stepinstructionswrittenoutforthem.Theselistsofinstructionsarecalledprograms.Programs(andtheassociateddata (关联数据))areknownassoftware.Softwareneedstobeinstalledontoacomputerbeforeitcanbeused(Figure4-1).Softwareisoftensoldinsetsofseveralprogramsandassociateddatacalledasoftwarepackage,andtypicallycomesonaCD-ROMormaybedownloadedfromtheInternet.TheMicrosoftOfficeSuiteissuchacollectionofprogramsanddatathatallowsuserstomanipulatewords,numbers,anddata.Therearetwomajorcategoriesofsoftware:SystemsoftwareandApplicationsoftware.Figure4-1Computerproductsusinginourlife1. SystemSoftware

Systemsoftwarecontrolsacomputer’soperationsandmanagesacomputer’sresources.Systemsoftwareincludestheoperatingsystem,utilities (应用程序),andcomputerprogrammingtools.Theoperatingsystem(OS)alsoincludessoftwarethatprovidestheuserwithanoperatingenvironmentforinteractingwiththecomputer.Anoperatingenvironmentcouldbeacommand-lineinterface(requiringtheusertotypeincommandstocontrolthecomputer),oritcouldbeagraphicaluserinterface(GUI)thatallowsuserstointeractwiththecomputerusingamousetopointandclickonicons,buttons,menus,etc.[2]MostPCstodayusesomeversions (版本)oftheMicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem(suchasWindows2000orWindowsXP).WindowsincludesaGUIuserenvironment.AsmallernumberofPCsusetheLinuxoperatingsystem(anUNIX-likeOS).Systemsoftwaremayalsoincludesecuritysoftware,suchasviruscheckersandfirewalls.Aviruscheckersearchesfilesforpotentiallyharmfulprogramssuchasviruses,worms,ortrojanhorsesthatarewrittenbymaliciousprogrammers.Virusesandsimilarprogramscanperformdisastrous (损失惨重)activitiesonyourcomputersystem,suchaserasingyourharddisk.Tobesafe,youshouldscanalldownloadedfilesandmessagesonyourPCandneverrunanye-mailattachmentsifyoudon’tknowwhattheyare.Afirewall,orsimilarprogram,protectsyourcomputerfromunauthorizedaccessoveranetworkortelecomconnection.Systemsoftwarealsoincludesthetoolsusedtowriteotherprograms.Theseincludecompilers,assemblers,anddebuggersforvariouscomputerprogramminglanguages.Aprogramminglanguageallowsapersontowritecomputerinstructionsinalanguagethatiseasierforahumantounderstand,butwhichisthenconvertedintothelow-levelnumericalinstructioncodesthatacomputerprocessorunitcanexecute.SomeprogramminglanguagesincludeC,C++,Java,FORTRAN,COBOL,PASCAL,BASIC,VisualBasic(andsuchscriptinglanguagesasJavaScriptandPerl).2. ApplicationSoftwareApplicationsoftwarerunsontopoftheoperatingsystemandallowstheusertoperformaspecifictask,suchaswordprocessingaletter,calculatingapayrollinaspreadsheet,managingadatabaseofinformation,readinge-mailmessages,ormanipulatingdigitalphotographs.Somecommonapplicationsusedonpersonalcomputersinclude:Awordprocessor(suchasMSWordorWordPerfect)allowsyoutoenterandformattext(aswellassomegraphics)tocreatereports,letters,etc.Formattingoptionsincludechangingthetextsize,font(typeface),linespacing,andpagemargins.Youcanalsousedocumenttemplatesthatcontainpre-madeformatting,styles,andcontenttoallowyoutocreateadocumentquicklywithoutrepeatingworkunnecessarily.Webauthoringsoftware(suchasDreamweaverorGoLive)allowsuserstocreatecomplexwebpageswithouttheuserhavingtoknowXHTMLorCSSorJavaScript(seeFigure4-2).TheusersimplyinsertstextandgraphicsintoaWYSIWYGeditingwindowtolayoutthematerialasdesired,andtheapplicationsoftwarewritethenecessarywebpagecodeinthebackground.Presentationsoftware(suchasMSPowerPoint)isusedtocreatepresentationsofslidescontainingtextandgraphics(andalsoincorporatingsoundandvisualeffects).Thesepresentationscanbeprojectedfromacomputerdisplayprojectionunit,ortheslidescanbeprintedoutontotransparencies.Figure4-2Dreamweaver8.0KeyWordsandExpressionsfeat[fi:t]n.技艺,功绩,武艺,壮举,技艺表演consistent[kən'sistənt]a.一致的,调和的,坚固的,相容的,相符的manipulate[mə'nipjuleit]

v.操纵,利用,假造;[计算机]操作graphical['græfikəl]

a.图解的(绘图的,生动的)security[si'kjuəriti]

n.安全;保证金,抵押品;债券,证券virus['vaiərəs]

n.病毒checkers['tʃekəz]

n.西洋棋firewall

['faiəwɔ:l]n.防火墙potentially[pə'tenʃəli]

ad.潜在的trojan['trəudʒən]

n.特洛伊人,勤勉的人,勇士a.特洛伊的,特洛伊人的horse[hɔ:s]

n.马v.骑马malicious[mə'liʃəs]

a.怀恶意的,恶毒的disastrous[di'zɑ:strəs]

a.灾难性的unauthorized['ʌn'ɔ:θəraizd]a.

非法的,越权的assembler[ə'semblə]n.

汇编程序debugger[di:'bʌgə]n.调试器,调试程序convert[kən'və:t]

v.使转变,使…改变信仰,倒置n.皈依者,改变信仰的人script[skript]n.原稿,手稿,手迹;脚本Notes[1] Computersseemtoperformamazingfeatsastheyprocessinformationanddisplayoutputalmostinstantly;butbehindthescenes,theyarereallyverysimplemindeddevices.计算机在处理信息方面表现出惊人的功绩，它们几乎可以在瞬间显示输出；但实际上，它们只是非常简单的设备。[2] Anoperatingenvironmentcouldbeacommand-lineinterface(requiringtheusertotypeincommandstocontrolthecomputer),oritcouldbeagraphicaluserinterface(GUI,pronounced“gooey”)thatallowsuserstointeractwiththecomputerusingamousetopointandclickonicons,buttons,menus,etc.操作环境可以是一个命令行界面(需要用户键入命令来控制计算机)，或者可以是一个图形用户界面，可以让用户通过鼠标点击图标、按钮、菜单等与计算机进行交互。ExercisesⅠ.

 Choosethecorrectanswer.1.Whichsoftwareisalwaysusedtocreatecomplexwebpages?

a. MSAccess b. MSWordc. Dreamweaver d. CLanguage2. Thetwomajorcategoriesofsoftwareis:

and

.a. Systemsoftware b. starnetwork c. Applicationsoftware d. meshnetwork3. The“software”includes

.a. program b. data c. computer d. programsandtheassociateddataⅡ. Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordsorphrases.1. Computersseemtoperform

featsastheyprocessinformationanddisplayoutputalmostinstantly;butbehindthe

,theyarereallyverysimplemindeddevices.2. Systemsoftwareincludesthe

,utilities,andcomputerprogrammingtools.3. 

softwarerunsontopoftheoperatingsystemandallowstheusertoperformaspecifictask.Ⅲ.

WriteTrueorFalseforthefollowingstatementsaccordingtothepassage.1. Systemsoftwarecontrolsacomputer’soperationsandmanagesacomputer’sresources.()2. Presentationsoftwareareusedtocreatedigitalmediaartimagesandillustrations.()3. WebauthoringsoftwareallowuserstocreatecomplexwebpagesandtheuserhavetoknowXHTMLorCSSorJavaScript.()4. Viruscheckersandfirewallsarethesecuritysoftware.()Ⅳ.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.1. Alltheydoisexecutinglongstringsofinstructionsthatwerepreviouslywrittenbyacleverhumanprogrammer.2. Tobesafe,youshouldscanalldownloadedfilesandmessagesonyourPCandneverrunanyE-mailattachmentsifyoudon’tknowwhattheyare.TipsInternetResearchAneasierwaytohaveyourinformationandhaveorganizedfiles,wouldbetoCopyandPastetheinformationintoaMicrosoftWorddocument.Anyun-neededinformationandgraphicscanbedeleted.Createadirectoryforyourresearchandsaveyourfilesinthisnewdirectory.Whenyoufindtheinformationyouwanttosave,either,clickonEdit,SelectAll,rightclickonanyoftheselectedtext,clickonCopy,gotoMicrosoftWordandopenablankdocument,thenclickonPaste.Orusethemouseandselecttheinformationyouwant,rightclickonanyoftheselectedtext,clickonCopy,gotoMicrosoftWordandopenablankdocument,thenclickonPaste.Namethedocumentsomethingthatwilltellyouabouttheinformation.Forexample,namethedirectory“Research-Herbs”,namethefiles“Herbs-Rosemary”,“Herbs-GrowyouOwnHerbs”,andsoon.PassageBProgrammingLanguageTechnology1. Whatisprogramminglanguagetechnology?Programminglanguagetechnologyincludestheory,designandimplementation(执行过程)oflanguagesinwhichcomputerprogramsarewritten.Centralintheareaisthedevelopmentofconstructs,techniquesandtoolsthatallowcomputerprogramstobewritteninamoreprogrammer-friendly,reliableandsafeway,andbetranslatedintomoreefficientprogramsinmachinelanguage.Programminglanguagesarethemeansbywhichhumanscommunicatewithcomputerstotellthemwhattheywantdone;theyarethelanguagesthatcomputerprogramsarewrittenin.Likehumanlanguages,programminglanguagesdifferinforms,features,easeofexpressionofcertainconcepts,succinctness,etc.Moreovertheytendtoevolveovertime.Programminglanguagesareusedtofacilitatecommunicationaboutthetaskoforganizingandmanipulatinginformation,andtoexpressalgorithmsprecisely.[1]Someauthorsrestricttheterm“programminglanguage”tothoselanguagesthatcanexpressallpossiblealgorithms;sometimestheterm“computerlanguage”isusedformorelimitedartificiallanguages.2. DevelopmentofProgrammingLanguagesThousandsofdifferentprogramminglanguageshavebeencreated,andnewlanguagesarecreatedeveryyear.Aprominent (主要的)purposeofprogramminglanguagesistoprovideinstructionstoacomputer.Assuch,programminglanguagesdifferfrommostotherformsofhumanexpressioninthattheyrequireagreaterdegreeofprecisionandcompleteness.Whenusinganaturallanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeople,humanauthorsandspeakerscanbeambiguousandmakesmallerrors,andstillexpecttheirintenttobeunderstood(Figure4-3).However,computersdoexactlywhattheyaretoldtodo,andcannotunderstandthecodetheprogrammer“intended”towrite.Thecombinationofthelanguagedefinition,theprogram,andtheprogram’sinputsmustfullyspecifytheexternalbehaviorthatoccurswhentheprogramisexecuted.[2]

Figure4-3ProgramdebuggingrulesManylanguageshavebeendesignedfromscratch,alteredtomeetnewneeds,combinedwithotherlanguages,andeventuallyfallenintodisuse.Althoughtherehavebeenattemptstodesignone“universal”computerlanguagethatservesallpurposes,allofthemhavefailedtobeacceptedinthisrole.Theneedfordiversecomputerlanguagesarisesfromthediversityofcontextsinwhichlanguagesareused:

 Programsrangefromtinyscriptswrittenbyindividualhobbyiststohugesystemswrittenbyhundredsofprogrammers.

 Programmersrangeinexpertisefromnoviceswhoneedsimplicityaboveallelse,toexpertswhomaybecomfortablewithconsiderablecomplexity.

 Programsmustbalancespeed,size,andsimplicityonsystemsrangingfrommicrocontrollerstosupercomputers.

 Programsmaybewrittenonceandnotchangeforgenerations,ortheymayundergonearlyconstantmodification.

 Finally,programmersmaysimplydifferintheirtastes:theymaybeaccustomedtodiscussingproblemsandexpressingtheminaparticularlanguage.Onecommontrendinthedevelopmentofprogramminglanguageshasbeentoaddmoreabilitytosolveproblemsusingahigherlevelofabstraction.Theearliestprogramminglanguagesweretiedverycloselytotheunderlyinghardwareofthecomputer.Asnewprogramminglanguageshavedeveloped,featureshavebeenaddedthatletprogrammersexpressideasthataremoreremovedfromsimpletranslationintounderlyinghardwareinstructions.Becauseprogrammersarelesstiedtotheneedsofthecomputer,theirprogramscandomorecomputingwithlesseffortfromtheprogrammer.Thisletsthemwritemoreprogramsinthesameamountoftime.Naturallanguageprocessorshavebeenproposedasawaytoeliminatetheneedforaspecializedlanguageforprogramming.However,thisgoalremainsdistantanditsbenefitsareopentodebate.[3]EdsgerDijkstratookthepositionthattheuseofaformallanguageisessentialtopreventtheintroductionofmeaninglessconstructs,anddismissednaturallanguageprogrammingas“foolish”.KeyWordsandExpressions

artificial

[ɑ:ti'fiʃəl]a.人造的,假的,非原产地的control

[kən'trəul]n.控制,控制器vt.控制,支配,操纵behavior

[bi'heiviə]n.举止,行为syntactic

[sin'tæktik]a.依据造句法的semantic

[sə'mæntik]a.[语]语义的algorithm

['ælgəriðm]n.[数]运算法则create

[kri(:)'eit]

vt.创造,创作,引起,造成differ

['difə]

vi.不一致,不同specify

['spesifai]vt.指定,详细说明,列入清单behavior

[bi‘heiviə]n.举止,行为scratch

[skrætʃ]

n.乱写,刮擦声vt.乱涂,擦,刮a.打草稿用的microcontroller['maikrənkən'trəulə]n.微型控制器abstraction

[æb'strækʃən]n.提取essential

[i'senʃəl]a.本质的,实质的n.本质,实质,要点meaningless

['mi:niŋlis]a.无意义的Notes[1] Programminglanguagesareusedtofacilitatecommunicationaboutthetaskoforganizingandmanipulatinginformation,andtoexpressalgorithmsprecisely.编程语言使得有关组织和操作的任务通信更方便，并使得算法的表达更准确。[2] Thecombinationofthelanguagedefinition,theprogram,andtheprogram’sinputsmustfullyspecifytheexternalbehaviorthatoccurswhentheprogramisexecuted.语言定义、程序和程序输入的组合在程序执行时出现的外部行为必须全部详细说明。[3] Naturallanguageprocessorshavebeenproposedasawaytoeliminatetheneedforaspecializedlanguageforprogramming.However,thisgoalremainsdistantanditsbenefitsareopentodebate.自然语言处理机已经提出了一种无需专门语言的编程方式。不过，这个目标仍然遥远并且其优点是值得商榷的。ExercisesⅠ. Choosethecorrectanswer.1. Programminglanguagetechnologyincludestheory,_____andimplementionoflanguagesinwhichcomputerprogramsarewritten.a. design b. informationc. syntactic d. algorithms2.Programsmustbalance____________onsystemsrangingfrommicrocontrollerstosupercomputers.a. speedb. simplicityc. size d. allofabove3. EdsgerDijkstratookthepositionthattheuseof_____isessential.a. naturallanguage b. aformallanguagec. programminglanguagesd. artificiallanguagesⅡ. Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordsorphrases.1. Computersdo_______whattheyaretoldtodo,andcannotunderstandthecodetheprogramer“intended”towrite.2. Onecommontrendinthedevelopmentofprogramminglanguageshasbeentoaddmoreabilitytosolveproblemsusingahigherlevelof

.Ⅲ.

Writetrueorfalseforthefollowingstatementsaccordingtothepassage.1. Likehumanlanguages,programminglanguagesdifferinforms,features,easeofexpressionofcertainconcepts,succinctness,etc.()2. Programsmaybewrittenonceandnotchangeforgenerations,ortheymayundergonearlyconstantmodification.()Ⅳ.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.1. Manylanguageshavebeendesignedfromscratch,alteredtomeetnewneeds,combinedwithotherlanguages,andeventuallyfallenintodisuse.2. Onecommontrendinthedevelopmentofprogramminglanguageshasbeentoaddmoreabilitytosolveproblemsusingahigherlevelofabstraction.TipsY2KTheyearthatmanycomputersmaydevelopproblemsbecauseoflackofforesightonthepartofprogrammers.Inthe1980sandbefore,mostcomputerprogramsweredesignedtostoreonlythelasttwodigitsoftheyearsonalldates.WhentheYear2000comes,theseprogramswillshowdatesof00,whichmaybeinterpretedthesameas1900.Thisdiscrepancymaycausewidespreadproblems,especiallyinthelargecomputersystemsusedingovernmentandbigindustries.PassageCWhatisJava1. OverviewofJavaJavalogoJavaisahigh-levelprogramminglanguagedevelopedbySunMicrosystems(Figure4-4).JavawasoriginallycalledOAK,andwasdesignedforhandhelddevicesandset-topboxes.OAKwasunsuccessfulsoin1995SunchangedthenametoJavaandmodifiedthelanguagetotakeadvantageoftheburgeoningWorldWideWeb.Figure4-4JavalogoJavaisanobject-oriented

language (面向对象语言)similartoC++,butsimplifiedtoeliminatelanguagefeaturesthatcausecommonprogrammingerrors.Javasourcecodefiles(fileswitha.javaextension)arecompiledintoaformatcalledbytecode(fileswitha.classextension),whichcanthenbeexecutedbyaJavainterpreter.CompiledJavacodecanrunonmostcomputersbecauseJavainterpretersandruntimeenvironments,knownasJavaVirtualMachines(VMs),existformostoperatingsystems,includingUNIX,theMacintoshOS,andWindows.Bytecodecanalsobeconverteddirectlyintomachinelanguageinstructionsbyajust-in-time

compiler(JIT).Figure4-5showstheJavaApplicationManager.Figure4-5JavaApplicationManager2. CharacterofJavaJavaisoneofthehyped-upInternetsoftwaretechnologiesthathavespawnedtheWorldWideWeb,awfulwordslike“intranet”,andthosestrange-lookingaddressesonbusinesscardsandTVcommercials.[1]OriginallyknownasawaytojazzupWebpageswithgraphicanimations—stocktickersthatcrawlacrossyourscreen,forexample,anddancingicons—Javahasquicklyevolvedintoawholelotmore.[2]ToMicrosoft’sdismay,itisfastbecomingwhatisknownasacomputingplatform—asturdybaseuponwhichprogrammerscanbuildsoftwareapplications.Javaismakingpossibletherapiddevelopmentofversatileprogramsforcommunicatingandcollaborating (协作)ontheInternet.We’renotjusttalkingwordprocessorsandspreadsheetshere,butalsoapplicationstohandlesales,customerservice,accounting,databases,andhumanresources—themeatandpotatoesofcorporatecomputing.[3]Javaisalsomakingpossibleacontroversialnewclassofcheapmachinescallednetworkcomputers,orNCs,whichSun,IBM,Oracle,Apple,andothershopewillproliferateincorporationsandourhomes.ThewayJavaworksissimple.Unlikeordinarysoftwareapplications,whichtakeupmegabytes (兆字节)ontheharddiskofyourPC,Javaapplications,or“applets”,arelittleprogramsthatresideonthenetworkincentralizedservers.Thenetworkdeliversthemtoyourmachineonlywhenyouneedthem;becausetheappletsaresomuchsmallerthanconventionalprograms,theydon’ttakeforevertodownload.SayyouwanttocheckoutthesalesresultsfromtheSouthwestregion.You’lluseyourInternetbrowsertofindthecorporateIntranetWebsitethatdishesupfinancialdataand,withamouseclickortwo,askforthenumbers.Theserverwillzapyounotonlythedata,butalsothesales-analysisappletyouneedtodisplayit.ThenumberswillpopuponyourscreeninaJavaspreadsheet,soyoucannoodlearoundwiththemimmediatelyratherthanhasslewithimportingthemtoyourownspreadsheetprogram.Tographthenumbers,you’llcallinachartingappletthatwillletyouprintoutyourreportniceandpretty,allwithoutleavingyourbrowser.Andyou’llalwaysgetthelatest,greatestversionoftheappletstoo:Sincethesoftwareisstoredinonlyoneplace,corporatetechnicianscankeepituptodatamoreeasily.TherealbeautyoftheJavalanguage,however,isitspowertosaveusersmoney,becauseitvastlysimplifiescreatinganddeployingapplicationsandbecauseitletsthemkeeptheirexisting“legacy”computersandsoftware.Javaprograms,oncewritten,canrunwithoutmodificationonjustaboutanykindofcomputer:aPC,aMacintosh,aUNIXworkstation—heck,evenamainframe.Theunderlyingoperatingsystemmakesnodifference.Javaactuallycanbreathenewlifeintoolderspecializedcomputersthatwereatriskofbecomingobsolete(淘汰，废弃)(seeFigure4-6).Inscarcelyayear,JavahasevolvedintoamajorchallengertoMicrosoft’sWindowsfamilyofPCoperatingsystems—fastereventhanDOSandWindowsrosetochallengetraditionalmainframesandminicomputers.[4]JavaisalsowellonitswaytobecomingthemostimportantInternetsoftwarestandard,catapultingSunpastNetscapeandMicrosoftastheleaderinInternetcomputing.Figure4-6JavaprogramKeyWordsandExpressionsspawn

[spɔ:n]n.(鱼等的)卵,(植物)菌丝,产物v.产卵originally

['ə'ridʒənli]

ad.最初,原先application['æpli'keiʃən]n.请求,申请,申请表,应用,应用程序,应用软件versatile

['və:sətail]a.通用的,万能的,多才多艺的proliferate

[prəu'lifəreit]v.增生扩散corporation

[kɔ:pə'reiʃən]

n.[法律]社团,法人;公司,企业,<美>有限公司browser

['brauzə]n.浏览器;吃嫩叶的动物;浏览书本的人technician

[tek'niʃən]

n.技术员,技师scarcely

['skɛəsli]

ad.几乎不,简直没有evolve

[i'vɔlv]v.(使)发展,(使)进展,(使)进化Notes[1] Javaisoneofthehyped-upInternetsoftwaretechnologiesthathavespawnedtheWorldWideWeb,awfulwordslike“intranet”,andthosestrange-lookingaddressesonbusinesscardsandTVcommercials.Java是灸手可热的Internet软件技术中的一种，而这些技术孕育了万维网、“企业网”一类令人生畏的词以及名片上和电视广告中那些怪模怪样的地址。[2] OriginallyknownasawaytojazzupWebpageswithgraphicanimations—stocktickersthatcrawlacrossyourscreen,forexample,anddancingicons—Javahasquicklyevolvedintoawholelotmore.最初，它是以一种利用图形动画来活跃Web页面的方法而闻名，例如，股票报价从屏幕上慢慢移动以及跳跃的图标，Java很快全面地发展起来。[3] We’renotjusttalkingwordprocessorsandspreadsheetshere,butalsoapplicationstohandlesales,customerservice,accounting,databases,andhumanresources—themeatandpotatoesofcorporatecomputing.这里，我们不仅要讨论字处理和电子数据表，还要讨论处理销售、客户服务、记账、数据库和人力资源管理的应用程序——它们是公司(业务、事物、数据等)处理的最基础的部分。[4] Inscarcelyayear,JavahasevolvedintoamajorchallengertoMicrosoft’sWindowsfamilyofPCoperatingsystems—fastereventhanDOSandWindowsrosetochallengetraditionalmainframesandminicomputers.在不到一年的时间内，Java已成了微软的PC操作系统Windows系列的主要挑战者，它比DOS和Windows挑战传统的大型机和小型机的速度还要快。ExercisesⅠ. Choosethecorrectanswer.1. Javawasdevelopedby______.a. Microsoftb. Applec. SunMicrosystemsd. IBM2.SmallJavaapplicationsarecalled______andcanbedownloadedfromaWebserver.a. Javaapplets b. Java-compatibleWebbrowserc. OAK d. intranet3.TherealbeautyoftheJavalanguageisitspowerto______.a. dealwiththedata b. saveusersmoney c. masterit d. handlesalesⅡ. Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordsorphrases.1. Javaisan______languagesimilartoC++,butsimplifiedtoeliminatelanguagefeaturesthatcausecommonprogrammingerrors.2. To______thenumbers,you’llcallinachartingappletthatwillletyouprintoutyourreportniceandpretty,allwithoutleavingyourbrowser.Ⅲ.

Writetrueorfalseforthefollowingstatementsaccordingtothepassage.1. Javaapplications,arehugeprogramsthatresideonthenetworkincentralizedservers.()2. CompiledJavacodecannotrunonmostcomputersexceptfortheMacintoshOSsystem.()Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.

Sincethesoftwareisstoredinonlyoneplace,corporatetechnicianscankeepituptodatamoreeasily.2. Javaprograms,oncewritten,canrunwithoutmodificationonjustaboutanykindofcomputer:aPC,aMacintosh,aUNIXworkstation—heck,evenamainframe.TipsWhatisMicrosoft.NET?Microsoft.NETisoneofthelatestandpowerfultechnologiesintroducedbyMicrosoftCorporation.Itiscomprisedofseveralprogramminglanguagesandeachoftheselanguagesworksunderacommonframeworkcalled.NETFramework.Developershadfacedlotofdifficultieswhileworkingwithearlierlanguages.Thesedifficultieswerecompletelyeliminatedwiththeintroductionof.NET.Microsoft.NETplatformcomprisesofcorecomponentslike.NETbuildingblockservicessuchasPassport.NET,.NETdevicesoftware’sthatwillrunonlatestInternetdeviceslikemobilephones,handheldsandpocketPC’s.Youcanalsointegratethe.NETtechnologyintoselfdescribingdocumentslikeXML.Forexample,youcanmanipulateXMLdocumentsusinganyoneoflanguagesunderthe.NETFramework.Passport.NETprovidesasinglewindowaccesstoallMicrosoftResourceslikeHotmail,MicrosoftChat,MSDNsubscriberdownloadsandothers.PassageDSoftwareTesting1. Whatissoftwaretesting?Softwaretestingisanyactivityaimedatevaluatinganattributeorcapabilityofaprogramorsystemanddeterminingthatitmeetsitsrequiredresults.[1]Althoughcrucialtosoftwarequalityandwidelydeployedbyprogrammersandtesters,softwaretestingstillremainsanart,duetolimitedunderstandingoftheprinciples (原则)ofsoftware.Thedifficultyinsoftwaretestingstemsfromthecomplexity (复杂)ofsoftware.Testingismorethanjustdebugging.Thepurposeoftestingcanbequalityassurance,verificationandvalidation,orreliabilityestimation.Testingcanbeusedasagenericmetricaswell(asshowninFigure4-7).Correctnesstestingandreliabilitytestingaretwomajorareasoftesting.Softwaretestingisatrade-offbetweenbudget (财政预算),timeandquality.Itcanincludedirectexaminationofthecode(a“static”test)orexecutionofthecode(a“dynamic”test)undercircumstancesthatmayormaynotbepredefined.[2]

Thegreatpreponderanc