Introduction(医学论文写作及国际会议交流)

IntroductionPurposeIntroducethe

paperServeasa

“reader-grabber”/hook/baitWhetthereader’sappetitewithanoverviewofthepaper’s

contentsJustifythe

investigationIntroductionInthecontextofthe

IMRADThe

Introductionmovesfrombroader,moregeneralstatementstomorespecificstatements.Cargill(2017)Provideacontextorbackgroundforthestudy(thatis,thenatureoftheproblemandits

significance).Statethespecificpurposeorresearchobjectiveof,orhypothesistestedby,

thestudyor

observation.Citeonlydirectlypertinent

references.Donotincludedataorconclusions

fromtheworkbeingreported.ICMJE’srecommendationfor

introductionQuestionsto

ExploreWhatisthestudy

about?Whyisit

important?Whatistheproblem,question,

hypothesis,theorytobest

tested?Whatissomeofthemostimportantrelevantworkdoneinthisarea?Whatfurtherresearchisneededinthis

area?Whatcanbetheusefulnessofyour

study?IntroductionMove1presentingbackgroundinformation1)Showingcentralitybyinterestorby

importance2)Statingcurrent

knowledgeMove2reviewingrelated

research1)Relatingtothe

work2)Identifyingits

limitationsMove3statingthecurrent

research1)Statingthe

purpose2)Describingpresent

researchPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move1presentingbackgroundinformation“Generalstatementsaboutthefield,providingthereaderwithasettingorcontextfortheproblemtobereportedandclaiming

itscentralityorimportance”(Cargill&

O’Connor2013)Firstsentenceoftenbeginswithonetermfromthetitleandintroducesthe“big-picture”issueorproblemthatunderliestheresearchtobereported.PatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move1presentingbackgroundinformationPresentverb

tense

ANGIOGENESISISTHEPROCESSofformationofnewcapillariesfromexistingones.Itplaysapivotalroleingrowthanddevelopmentaswellasintumorgrowthandvariousischemicandinflammatory

diseases.FrequentuseoflocativeandtemporaladverbialsthathelptocontextualizethepaperforthereaderBetween1990and2000,therateofHIVinfectionin

Botswana…Thenumberofwomeninmedicinehasgrownrapidlysince

1970.PatternorSequenceof

“Moves”

Move1presentingbackgroundinformation

Introduceterminologywhichisspecifictoourstudy

area.Abbreviationsandacronymsshouldbedefinedwithinbracketsfollowingthefulltermtowhichthey

apply.Complementaryandalternativemedicine(CAM)Oncetheyhavebeenintroduced,theyshouldbeusedthroughoutthepaperinpreferencetothefull

term.PatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchThespecificreferencetoprevious

workCommentsonthelimitationsofthepreviousworkEstablishmentofanicheforyouto

occupyPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchThespecificreferencetoprevious

workActualcitations(oftenaccompaniedbyreferencetothenamesofparticular

researchers)Information-prominentCKDisclassifiedintofivestages,withstage1beingthemildestandstage5(endstage)beingasevereillnesswithpoorlifeexpectancyifuntreated(Durantonetal.

2012)Author-prominentSmithetal.reportedthat(pasttensetorefertosinglepastreports)Genericreferencetoprevious

researchersOtherinvestigatorshaveshownthat…(presentperfecttense

torefertosummary

statements)PatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchWhenreferringtotheworkofothers,we

needtodistinguishbetweenWhattheymayhaveactuallydone:UsingReal-WorldorExperimentalActivity

Verbs

Whattheysaidabouttheirownwork:UsingDiscourseActivity

VerbsWhattheythoughtabouttheirworkortheirfield

ingeneral:

Using

Cognition

Activity

VerbsPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchReal-World

or

Experimental

Activity

VerbsAssociated,

compared,

demonstrated,

examined,

found,observedandshowed,

etc.Discourse

Activity

VerbsDocumented,

hypothesized,

noted,

postulated,

proposed,reportedandstated,

etc.Cognition

Activity

Verbs

(small

proportion

inbiomedical

articles)Assumed,

believed,

concluded,

considered,

regarded,recognizedand

thoughtPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchBe

selectiveCiteonlythemajorpaperswhichhavecontributedtotheconceptionofthepresent

paperIncludethepaperswhichcontaintheoriginalsource

ofinformationonwhichourargumentsarebased

on.Cite

indirectly

SummarizepreviousworktogivethereadersomethingthattheymightnotobtainthemselvesbyreadingthereferencePatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move2reviewingrelated

researchCommentsonthelimitationsoftheprevious

workIdentifynegativeoutcomesinprevious

researchE.g.However,Smithetal.failedtoidentifyanycasesinwhich

…E.g.However,thestudyofSmithetal.didnotidentify

…Refertogapsremaininginourcurrent

knowledgeE.g.However,itisstillnotknownwhetherthehighrateof

HIVinfectionisrelatedto

…Establishanicheforyouto

occupyConvincethereadersthatyourstudyiscompelling

andcontributivetotheliteratureand

knowledgeStatethenecessityofthecurrent

studyPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”Move3statingthecurrent

researchStatingthepurpose(usuallyintheformofahypothesis)Inthepresentstudy,weaimedtoexaminewhether

miRNAsareinvolvedintheprocessofH2S-mediatedproangiogenesis.Describingpresent

researchMethods,

results?Howthestudywas

doneWhathasbeen

achievedPatternorSequenceof

“Moves”SexdifferencesinphysiciansalaryinUSpublicmedical

schoolsDistinctsubtypesofbehavioralvariantfrontotemporaldementiabasedonpatternsofnetwork

degenerationExamplesStockphrasestorelatetothepreviousstudiesSeveralstudieshaveshownaninversecorrelationbetweenT-cellactivationandimpairedCD4

restorationinARTtreated

patients.Thesparseliteratureonthistopicreportsanincidenceofposttraumaticarthritisfollowingtibiaplateaufractureof23%–44%.1–3StockphrasestorelatetothepreviousstudiesIncreasedprevalenceofosteopeniaandosteoporosisiswelldocumentedin

bothantiretroviral-naiveandantiretroviral-treatedHIV-infectedpersons1.Recentresearchhasbroughtnewunderstandingtothe

pathophysiologyandmanagementof

GISTs.Themicrodosingliteraturehas

primarilyfocusedonassessingwhetherthepharmacokineticsobservedatmicrodoselevelsreliablypredictthoseseenattherapeutic

doses.4,7Sofar,theliteratureonthepharmacokineticsofmetformininchildren

consistsofoneabstractreportingon

obeseanddiabeticadolescents(age12–16years;averagebodyweight98

kg).7StockphrasestorelatetothepreviousstudiesStockphrasestostatethenecessityofthecurrent

studyInviewoftheselimitations,the

long-termriskofendstageposttraumaticarthritisremains

unclear.No

study,

however,

has

evaluated

theassociationofvitaminDdeficiency

with

proteinuriaamong

IDUs…Stockphrasestostatethenecessityofthecurrent

studyDihydrotestosterone(dht)isapotentmetaboliteoftestosterone;itsrolein

postembryonicliferemainspoorlyunderstood.LittleisknownaboutthepredictorsofmortalityinHCV/HIV-co-infectedindividuals,andmostofthedatahavebeenobtainedin

men6,7.Stockphrasestostatethenecessityofthecurrent

studyMostimportantly,noneofthestudiesperformedasurvival

analysis.Theclinicalimpactofthechangesin

BMDremains

uncertain.Animprovedunderstandingof

theroleofsteroid5α-reductaseshasimportantclinical

implications.Stockphrasestostatethenecessityofthecurrent

studyThereisnoconsensusonthetype

offollow-upneededafterprimaryinterventionsoronthemanagementofdiagnosed

recurrences.Therefore,thereisanurgentneedtobetterunderstandthe

mechanismsofpotentialherbalmedicine-druginteractionsandtoprovidemorecurrentinformationforclinicalpractice.Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

study

Takingtheseneedsintoaccount,

thepresentstudywasdesignedwiththeobjectiveofknowingthemannerinwhichthediseaseismanaged,andassociatedresourceuseanddirectcosts,inastandardclinicalsettingforacromegalypatientsin

Spain.Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

study

WestudiedtheefficacyofbevacizumabinseverehepaticformsofHHTassociatedwithhighcardiacoutputand

reporttheresultsofthistreatmentwitha6-monthfollow-up

period.Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

study

Inthisstudy,weevaluatedthesafetyandtolerabilityofbothsingleandrepeateddosesofbismuthylecabetsuspensioninhealthyChinesesubjectsinordertoprovideevidencetowarrantfurtherclinical

trials.Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

study

ThisstudywasbasedonthehypothesisthatcontinuousantigenencounterdeterminesthespecificityoftheT-cellrepertoireemerginginHIV-infected

individuals.Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

study

Inthepresentstudy,wehaveevaluatedtheroleofTFPIanticoagulantactivityasariskfactorforthedevelopmentofdeep-veinthrombosis(DVT)andstudiedtheeffectofhormonalstateondPTandTFPIusingbloodsamplescollectedintheLeidenThrombophiliaStudy

(LETS).Stockphrasestodescribethecurrent

studyWeconductedoneofthe

largest

Canadianseriestodatetoassessoutcomesandfollow-upoftheaparoscopic