决战阅读之说明文-现象解说类1 精讲课件（入门篇）

(高中说明文)现象解说1决战阅读之巅

培养快速理清篇章结构，抓取文章大意的能力。运用说明文体裁分析，规范阅读理解的解题步骤。学会使用“脱衣服”大法分析长难句。积累与现象解说类说明文相关的主题词汇。Ready?Go!说明文体裁分析Part1课标解读事理说明事物说明说明文分类历年数据年份省份篇章内容2021年新高考I卷D篇阐述了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望全国甲卷B篇介绍了在PortLympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状全国乙卷C篇介绍艺术家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作的塑料雕塑，呼吁人类审视和一次性塑料的关系D篇针对开放性办公室，一项研究调研多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的发展新高考II卷D篇介绍一种正在开发中的，可以用于监测放牧牛健康状况的机器人天津卷D篇阐述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义浙江卷C篇一项研究表明狗能够识别人类的面部表情北京卷C篇通过百位科学家、作家和学者的公开信，阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的相关内容历年数据年份省份篇章内容2020年全国I卷B篇阐述了重新阅读的意义和益处，鼓励大家重新阅读D篇介绍了麻省理工学院的工程师开发出的一种发光植物全国II卷B篇研究表明孩子们玩智力游戏有助于发展包括空间技能等多项能力C篇介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办的不同寻常的时装秀中展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣全国III卷D篇通过引用最近的基因发现，阐述人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，也发生在最近的几千年间北京卷B篇介绍世界上第一条佩戴污染检测器记录地面附近的污染物水平的狗江苏卷B篇讲述了一度停用的电话亭在英国重新流行起来C篇研究表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益年份省份篇章内容2020年天津卷（5月）C篇HarbourAir航空公司研发电动飞机天津卷(7月)C篇介绍了声音技术领域的3种全新应用浙江卷C篇《神经病学》杂志发布一则研究显示，做挑战性的工作，有可能帮助衰老人群保持大脑的敏锐成都诊断模拟题科学家的研究表明2岁及其以前的幼年记忆并不可信高密模拟模拟题一项研究表明定期打网球有助于延长寿命2019年全国卷IC篇介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘D篇主要讲述了受欢迎度对青少年的影响历年数据年份省份篇章内容2019年全国卷IIC篇分析美国越来越多的人喜欢独自进餐的社会现象D篇介绍了美国国家航空航天局为了把航天技术和学校教育结合起来，而针对高中生实施的HUNCH计划。全国卷IIID篇一位哈佛医学院的科学家领导的研究团队发现猴子能进行基本的加法计算。北京卷D篇解说由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿的现象。浙江卷C篇解说并分析加利福尼亚州从90年代以来大树不断消失的现象和背后的重要原因2018年全国卷IB篇介绍了一档英国电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴C篇讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少的现象及其原因D篇纽约罗彻斯特理工学院的研究表明，新电子设备的环境能耗比旧设备更低，是更经济环保的选择历年数据年份省份篇章内容2018年全国卷IIB篇介绍了7月份各种营养丰富，并包含对人体有益的微量元素的热带水果北京卷C篇介绍了一种吃塑料，并能用胃里的酶降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟天津卷C篇介绍了3D打印技术在食物的应用上取得的进展和遇到的挑战2017年全国卷IIC篇Terrafugia公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行D篇介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,北京卷C篇已经被疫苗消灭的麻疹近日有回归的趋势全国卷ID篇介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作简易太阳能蒸馏器的方法2014年全国卷ID篇为了拯救因为濒临灭绝的小众语言，语言学家展开了记录拯救工作历年数据123说明对象事物说明事理说明语篇结构说明顺序说明方法一般-特殊型问题-解决型匹配-比较型时间空间逻辑举例、比较、分类、引用、数字、定义、表格、图示…12341事物事理说明文往往为了说清楚某个事物或事理是什么、为什么、怎么样，通常在标题或首段直接指出说明对象。说明文围绕所说事物/事理，采用多种说明方法客观阐明，因而高频词会反复出现，阅读过程中把握高频词也能准确找出说明对象，提取核心信息。名师指路2(2019北京卷D)寻找高频词①Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.②Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.③Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)

intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.(2019北京卷D)④StephanieDutkiewicz,

ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,

andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,”

shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”⑤Andwhydoesthatmatter?

Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,

Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.⑥Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It’llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,

“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”连词成句，得到说明对象高频词：ocean

colourclimate

changesphytoplanktonClimatechangesaffect

thegrowthofphytoplankton

whichcanchangetheoceancolor.(2018全国卷I

C)方法2：看文章标题；寻找首段中心句

①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,

small,

tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

②

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,

trade,

industrialisation,

thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbetter

communicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.看文章标题；寻找首段中心句Languages

havebeenlesscomingandmoregoing

inrecenttimes.事理说明文本文属于现象解说类说明文3(2019北京卷D)①Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.②Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.③Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)

intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.(2019北京卷D)④StephanieDutkiewicz,

ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,

andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,"shesaid,"butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”⑤Andwhydoesthatmatter?

Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,

Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.⑥Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It’llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,

“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”2019北京卷D说明对象现象成因现象描述现象影响(2018全国卷1C)①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,

small,

tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

②

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,

trade,

industrialisation,

thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbetter

communicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.③

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;

Africa2,400;

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,

ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.

Themediannumber

(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,

whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

④

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),

withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,

atrandom,

BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),

ChiapanecoinMexico(150),

LipanApacheintheUnitedStates

(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia

(one,withaquestion-mark):

noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.2018全国卷1C说明对象现象描述现象影响Expositionexplainssomething.Inordertomakeideasclearandunderstandabletothereaders,expositionusuallyfollowstimeorder,spaceorderorlogicalorder.常见的逻辑顺序有：从原因到结果，从主要到次要，从整体到部分，从概括到具体，从现象到本质等。名师指路3(2019北京卷D)①…②Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.③Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)

intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.(2019北京卷D)④StephanieDutkiewicz,

ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,

andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”(2019北京卷D)⑤Andwhydoesthatmatter?Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,

Dutkiewiczsaid,“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.⑥Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It’llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,

“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”本文是事理说明文，介绍了全球气候变化对海洋颜色的影响。作者通过打比方、引资料、作比较等说明方法，介绍了现象、现象产生的原因及其影响。充分说明了气候变化对海洋颜色的影响。即说明对象:Climatechangesaffectthegrowthofphytoplanktongrowthwhichcanchangetheoceancolor.名师指路总结：说明文的说明方法服务于说明对象。2018年全国卷I

C

①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,

small,

tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

②

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,

trade,

industrialisation,

thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbetter

communicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.2018年全国卷I

C

③

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;

Africa2,400;

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,

ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.

Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,

whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

④

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),

withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,

atrandom,

BusuuinCameroon

(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates

(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia

(one,

withaquestion-mark):

noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.本文是事理说明文，主要讲述了随着人类社会的发展，新出现的语言越来越少，而消失的语言越来愈多。作者通过列数字、举例子、引资料、作比较等说明方法，进行了现象描述、分析了现象产生的原因及其影响，全面阐释人类社会的发展，对语言发展的影响。即说明对象：Languageshavebeenlesscomingandmoregoinginrecenttimes.名师指路What'sthemainideaofthispassage?总结：事理类说明文的说明对象。通常也是主旨句，呈现文章的主旨。PART2真题讲解示例12019北京卷D123Watch

the

videoWhatimpactdoesglobalwarminghaveonourlives？2019北京卷D题目见讲义①Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.②Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.③Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.2019北京卷D题目见讲义④StephanieDutkiewicz,

ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,

andtheseareaswillturngreener."Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,"shesaid,"butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”⑤Andwhydoesthatmatter?

Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean,

Dutkiewiczsaid,"itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive."Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.⑥Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It‘llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,

“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”Althoughcolorchangestheoceanexperienceswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,theycouldmeansignificantchanges.摘要一般特殊型

说明文引言正文总结Theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate.Attheheartofthephenomenonliephytoplankton

which

can

createcolorfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Phytoplanktonwhich

pullcarbondioxideintotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen,arevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.StephanieDutkiewicz

builtaclimatemodelwhichprojects

changes

to

the

oceans.1.

Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?

Asthebaseofthefoodweb,ifphytoplanktondisappear,theywillchangethetypeoffishandaffectthefoodchain.快速通读文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所对应的题目。MindMap2019年北京卷D现象描述（what）Aclimatemodelshowsclimateimprovequantitiesofphytoplanktonchangethe

typeofphytoplankton现象原因（why）Relationshipofclimate,phytoplankton

andoceancolorclimate———phytoplankton

————oceancolourLivingenvironment

andhabitsofphytoplanktonchangeeffectpullCO₂

giving

off

O₂ocean’swarmingtrendvulnerablePhytoplankton说明对象Climatechangesaffectthegrowthofphytoplanktonwhichcanchangetheoceancolor.现象影响（effect）

theeffectofPhytoplankton’schange

thechangesofoceancolorchangethetypeoffish;affectthefoodchainwarning

signals3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

题目速览Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.1段落主旨题Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?

Sensitive.Beneficial.Significant.Unnoticeable.

2Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.Dutkiewicz’smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

3Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.

4词义猜测题细节理解题写作意图题Climate——phytoplankton

———oceancolourClimatechangesaffectthegrowthofphytoplanktonwhichcanchangetheoceancolor.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.1拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）段落主旨题STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位段落主题句colourcause①

Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.②

Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.bluerandgreenerthanks

toleadingtotheocean’s技巧点拨：同义替换

&概括归纳appearance语法译主干加枝叶根据一项新研究表明，如果时间不再提前的话，到本世纪末，受气候变暖的影响，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝或更绿。答案指向句分析step1:去枝叶，找主干thanksto幸亏，归因于海洋将会变得更蓝或更绿。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.step2:添加枝叶（定语状语同位语），补全句意答案指向句分析参考译文Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowth气候变暖会促进一些地区浮游植物的生长，同时减少其他地区浮游植物的生长，导致海洋表面的变化。insomeareas状语ofphytoplankton定语whilereducingitinotherspots状语从句的省略leadingtochanges状语intheocean’sappearance.定语235643245611

Whatdoestheunderlinedword

“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial.CSignificant. D.Unnoticeable.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）词义猜测题1STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位现象原因vulnerableocean’swarmingtrendPhytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.affect技巧点拨：上下文的逻辑关系答案指向句分析参考译文海水变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养物质。oftheoceanWarmingchangeskeycharacteristics2and连接两个谓语andcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth111123sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.3原因状语Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.定语拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题3STEP1：标关键词Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.Dutkiewicz’smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

题干定位现象原因

现象描述STEP2：定位信息段appear

greenermorephytoplanktonturn

greenerclimatechangethetypeofphytoplankton③Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.④StephanieDutkiewicz,

ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,

andtheseareaswillturngreener."Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging,"shesaid,"butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”技巧点拨：同义替换STEP1：标关键词拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）写作意图题4STEP1：标关键词题干定位现象影响STEP2：定位信息段Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.

theeffectofPhytoplankton’schangethechangesofoceancolor⑥Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable,buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It’llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange,”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”wecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbutthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsbecauseofclimatechange技巧点拨：归纳概括MindMap2019年北京卷D现象描述（what）Aclimatemodelshowsclimateimprovequantitiesofphytoplanktonchangethe

typeofphytoplankton现象原因（why）Relationshipofclimate,phytoplankton

andoceancolorclimate———phytoplankton

————oceancolourLivingenvironment

andhabitsofphytoplanktonchangeeffectpullCO₂

giving

off

O₂ocean’swarmingtrendvulnerablePhytoplankton说明对象Climatechangesaffectthegrowthofphytoplanktonwhichcanchangetheoceancolor.现象影响（effect）

theeffectofPhytoplankton’schange

thechangesofoceancolorchangethetypeoffish;affectthefoodchainwarning

signalsQ1Q2Q3Q4Tip1:说明文段落主旨题常与_____________有关。段落主题句常出现在_____________。Tip2:注意出现频率较高的关键词语。Tip3:说明文主旨题正确选项特征_____________________Tip4:段落主旨题错误选项的特征：①____________________________________;

②____________________________________。段落主旨题段落主题句段首或段尾仅为文本的细节信息段落部分内容的概括，存在片面性同义复现/概括呈现Tip1:说明文词义猜测题的特点

____________________________________________________;Tip2:说明文词义猜测题的破解三步走①_________________________________________________;②__________________________________________________;③__________________________________________________。词义猜测题定位目标词汇文章生词处命题，要求猜测可以替换文中词汇的词语判断周围句子在语境中形成的逻辑关系根据逻辑关系，找到相关的线索词或信息词词汇梳理：同义/近义复现/义场复现1①

Bytheendofthe