生物化学绪论（英文）课件

01-Introduction-Med1BIOCHEMISTRYSubject:01-Introduction-Med2References:Hames&Hooper主编.《InstantNotesinBiochemistry》（导读版）.科学出版社.2008年.（ThirdEdition）查锡良主编.《生物化学》(第七版).人民卫生出版社.2008年4月01-Introduction-Med3InstantNotesin

BIOCHEMISTRY

ByB.D.Hames&N.M.HooperThirdEdition“精要速览系列（InstantNotesSeries）”丛书是国外教材“BestSeller”榜的上榜教材From:DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiologyUniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UK01-Introduction-Med4PrefaceThisisabilingualteachingfortherequiredcourseBiochemistrywithspokenEnglishandnotedChinese.Thepurposeofthislessonistoenhancestudent’sabilityofreadingEnglishtextbookandjournaloflifesciences.01-Introduction-Med5IntroductionFoundationsofModernBiochemistryBiochemistry:AnInterdisciplinaryScienceUsesofBiochemistryTeachingPlanTeachingArrangementSubjectAchievement01-Introduction-Med6FoundationsofModernBiochemistryGoalsofbiochemistryBiochemistryseekstodescribethestructure,organization,andfunctionsoflivingmatterinmolecularterms.livingmatter:生物体;inmolecularterms:以分子的观点;atmolecularlevels:从分子水平01-Introduction-Med8FoundationsofModernBiochemistryItcanbedividedintothreeprincipalareas:(1)Thestructuralchemistryofthecomponentsoflivingmatterandtherelationshipofbiologicalfunctiontochemicalstructure.(2)Metabolism

–thetotalityofchemicalreactionsthatoccurinlivingmatter.(3)Thechemistryofprocessesandsubstancesthatstoreandtransmitbiologicalinformation

(MolecularGenetics).01-Introduction-Med9NoteAlllivingmattersusuallyhavethefollowingproperties:(1)movement(2)irritability(应激性)(3)growth(4)adaptation(5)reproduction01-Introduction-Med10FoundationsofModernBiochemistryBiochemistry'srootsasadistinctfieldofstudydateto(起始于)theearly19thcenturybyFriedrichWöhler.In1828,Wöhler:synthesizedureainlabfromtheinorganiccompoundammoniumcyanate.In1875,WalterFlemming:discoveredchromosomesandidentifieditasgeneticelementsby1902.ammoniumcyanate(氰酸铵)01-Introduction-Med11FoundationsofModernBiochemistry1930-1950,electronmicroscope:providedawholenewlevelofinsightintocellularstructure.subcellularorganellescouldbestudied,likemitochondriaandchloroplastsrealizedthatspecificbiochemicalprocesseswerelocalizedinthesesubcellularparticles.01-Introduction-Med12FoundationsofModernBiochemistryNucleicacidshadbeenisolatedin1869byFriedrichMiescher,buttheirchemicalstructureswerepoorlyunderstood,andintheearly1900stheywerethoughttobesimplesubstances,fitonlyforstructuralrolesinthecell.01-Introduction-Med13FoundationsofModernBiochemistryTheideaofthegene,aunitofhereditaryinformation,wasfirstproposedinthemid-nineteenthcenturybyGregorMendel.Byabout1900,cellbiologistsrealized

thatgenesmustbefoundinchromosomes,whicharecomposedofproteinsandnucleicacids.01-Introduction-Med14FoundationsofModernBiochemistryMostbiochemists

believed

thatonlytheproteinswerestructurallycomplexenoughtocarrygeneticinformation.Thatbeliefwasdeadwrong.Experimentsinthe1940sandearly1950sprovedconclusivelythatdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)isthebearerofgeneticinformation.(dead:绝对地，完全地)01-Introduction-Med15FoundationsofModernBiochemistryOneofthemostimportantadvancesinthehistoryofscienceoccurredin1953,whenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthedouble-helicalstructureofDNA

(revolvingladderoflife).(revolvingladder:旋梯)NP,in1962Interweavingofthehistoricaltraditionsofbiochemistry,cellbiology,andgeneticsThisconceptimmediatelysuggestedwaysinwhichinformationcouldbe

encodedinthestructureofmoleculesandtransmitted

intactfromonegenerationtothenext.Biochemistry,cellbiology,andgeneticsbecametightly

interwoven,andthenewscienceofmolecularbiologyemerged.interweave:（使）交织01-Introduction-Med17FoundationsofModernBiochemistryThedistinctionbetweenmolecularbiologyandbiochemistryisnotalwaysclear,becausebothdisciplinestakeas

theirprovincethecompletedefinitionoflifeinmolecularterms.province:（学术的）领域01-Introduction-Med18FoundationsofModernBiochemistryBiochemistrydrawsitsmajorthemesfrom:theme:主题，题目(1)Organicchemistry:describesthepropertiesofbiomolecules;(2)Biophysics:tostudythestructuresofbiomolecules;(3)Medicalresearch:understanddiseasestatesinmolecularterms;(4)Nutrition:illuminatedmetabolismbydescribingthedietaryrequirementsformaintenanceofhealth;01-Introduction-Med19FoundationsofModernBiochemistry(5)Microbiology,single-celledorganismsandvirusesareideallysuitedfortheelucidationofmanymetabolicpathwaysandregulatorymechanisms;(6)Physiology,whichinvestigateslifeprocessesatthetissueandorganismlevels;(7)Cellbiology:describesthebiochemicaldivisionoflaborwithinacell;(8)Genetics:describesmechanismsthatgiveaparticularcellororganismitsbiochemicalidentity.molecularbiologybiotechnology01-Introduction-Med20AnInterdisciplinaryScienceBiochemistryistightlywovenintomolecularbiology.Molecularbiologyhasitsrootsinthenotionthatthemacroscopicphenomenaofbiologyhaveamolecularbasis.Thus,byunderstanding

themoleculesofbiochemistry,onecanultimatelyunravelthecomplexityoforganisms.notion:概念，观念;macroscopic:肉眼可见的，宏观的;unravel:解开，阐明01-Introduction-Med21AnInterdisciplinaryScienceAttheturnofthetwentiethcentury,itwasbelievedlifewasfartoocomplextobeunderstoodatanyreasonablelevel.Bytheendofthecentury,however,ourknowledgeofthemolecularunderpinningsofcellularlifeisexploding.attheturnofthecentury:世纪之交;

reasonable:合理的;underpinning:基础,支柱;explode:激增，剧增01-Introduction-Med22UsesofBiochemistryTheresultsofbiochemicalresearch:areusedextensivelyintheworldoutsidethelaboratoryinagriculture,medicalsciences,nutrition,andmanyotherfields.result:成果01-Introduction-Med23UsesofBiochemistryInclinicalchemistry,biochemicalmeasurementsonpeoplehelpdiagnoseillnessesandmonitorresponsestotreatment.Liverdisease:measurementsofbloodlevelsofenzymescalledtransaminases

andof

ahemoglobinbreakdownproductcalledbilirubin.01-Introduction-Med24UsesofBiochemistryPharmacologyandtoxicologyareconcernedwiththeeffectsofexternalchemicalsubstancesonmetabolism.Drugsandpoisonsusuallyactbyinterferingwithspecificmetabolicpathways.e.g.:penicillinAparticularlyexcitingprospectincontemporarybiochemistryisthatofcreatingso-calleddesignerdrugs.01-Introduction-Med25UsesofBiochemistryHerbicidesandpesticidesactinsimilarways–byblockingenzymesorreceptorsinthetargetorganism.The1stgenerationsofthesetoxicagents(e.g.:DDT)sononspecificintheireffectsthatorganisms,unforeseenandoftenseveredamagetotheenvironment.Biochemistryisinvolvedinunderstanding