决战阅读之说明文-现象解说类1 精讲课件（强化篇）

(高中说明文)现象解说1决战阅读之巅

培养快速理清篇章结构，抓取文章大意的能力。运用说明文体裁分析，规范阅读理解的解题步骤。学会使用“脱衣服”大法分析长难句。积累与现象解说类说明文相关的主题词汇。真题讲解示例22018全国I卷CPART31232018全国I卷C题目见讲义

①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,

small,

tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

②

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,

trade,

industrialisation,

thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbetter

communicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

③

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;

Africa2,400;

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,

ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.

Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,

whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

④

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,

atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),

ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia

(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.摘要一般特殊型

说明文引言正文Inrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages

andthedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction,withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

7.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

快速通读文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所对应的题目。MindMap2018年全国卷1C现象说明现象描述（what）Inrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Small,

tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirown

languages5,000,000-10,000,000

people;

12,000languages现象成因（why）languages

settled;

some

disappear

and

dominant

languages

increasepeoplesettlingdown,trade,industrialisation,nation-state,

education,globalizationandbettercommunications10,000

yearsagoafterwardsAtpresent现象影响（effect）6,800

languages;

distribution:

unevenover400areclosetoextinction

extinction8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

5.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

6.

Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2

?题目速览Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

Theydevelopedveryfast.Theywerelargeinnumber.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.Theywerecloselyconnected.

5推理判断题Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2

?

Complex.Advanced.Powerful.Modern.

6Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

About6,800.About3,400.About2,400.About1,200.

7Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

Newlanguageswillbecreated.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

8词义猜测题细节理解题主旨大意题拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）推理判断题5STEP1：标关键词题干定位现象描述Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D.Theywerecloselyconnected.现象描述（what）Small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirown

languages5，000，000-10，000，000

people；12,000languages.languages

settled；some

disappear

and

dominant

languages

increasePeoplesettlingdown,trade,industrialisation,nation-state，education,globalizationandbettercommunications10，000

yearsagoafterwardsSTEP2：定位信息段10,000

yearsago5,000,000-10,000,000

people;12,000languagesSomelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.fivetotenmillionpeoplelanguages12,000技巧点拨：同义复现答案指向句分析参考译文Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Somelanguageexpertsbelieve一些语言学家认为一万年前，当世界上只有五百万到一千万人口时，他们之间可能会说12000种语言。that

theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.宾语从句2310,000

years

ago时间状语whentheworldhadjustfive

to

tenmillionpeople244定语从句113拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）词义猜测题6STEP1：标关键词题干定位现象描述Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?Complex. B.Advanced.C.

Powerful. D.Modern.STEP2：定位信息段现象描述（what）Small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirown

languages5，000，000-10，000，000

people；12,000languages.languages

settled；some

disappear

and

dominant

languages

increasePeoplesettlingdown,trade,industrialisation,nation-state，education,globalizationandbettercommunications10，000

yearsagoafterwards10，000

yearsago5，000，000-10，000，000

people；12,000languages.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.IncreasinglytakingoversuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseare技巧点拨：举例法猜测词义答案指向句分析参考译文Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear近几个世纪以来，贸易、工业化、单一民族独立国家的发展和全民义务教育的普及，尤其是过去几十年来的全球化和通讯方式的改良，所有这些因素导致了许多语言消失，而主要的语言，如英语、西班牙语和汉语，逐渐取得了主导地位。trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，同位语and连接两个简单句and111dominantlanguages

areincreasinglytakingoverand13322Inrecentcenturies状语拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题7STEP1：标关键词题干定位现象影响Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?About6,800. B.About3,400. C.About2,400. D.About1,200.STEP2：定位信息段Atpresent现象影响（effect）number：6，800；distribution：unevenover400，extinctionAt

presentnumber：6，800；distribution：uneven③Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;

Africa2,400;

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,

ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.

Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,

whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat..half技巧点拨：同义替换答案指向句分析参考译文Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Themediannumber

isamere6,000讲某种语言的人的中位数只有6，000人，这意味着世界上有一半的语言，它们的使用人数少于6000人。whichmeans定语ofspeakers2233修饰整个句子的定语从句11thathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat宾语从句44拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）主旨大意题8STEP1：标关键词题干定位说明对象

现象成因

现象影响Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.STEP2：定位信息段Inrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Peoplesettlingdown,trade,industrialisation,nation-state，education,globalizationandbettercommunicationsover400，extinction①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.②Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

④

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,at

random,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.lesscomingsettingdowntrade,industrialistion,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbetterAlreadyextinctioncommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，manylanguagestodisappear

技巧点拨：同义转换

概括总结答案指向句分析参考译文Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Languageshavebeencomingandgoing语言在数千年的时间里不断出现又消失，但近年来，出现的语言少了，而消失的语言却增加了。forthousandsofyears状语文字butbut连接两个简单句therehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.1111but2233Inrecenttimes状语MindMap题源2018年全国卷IC现象成因（why）现象说明Inrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Atpresent现象影响（effect）现象描述（what）Small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirown

languages5,000,000-10,000,000

people;12,000languageslanguages

settled;some

disappear

and

dominant

languages

increasepeoplesettlingdown,trade,industrialisation,nation-state,

education,globalizationandbettercommunications10,000

yearsagoafterwardsQ8Q8Q7Q5Q66,800

languages;

distribution:

unevenover400areclosetoextinction

extinctionTip1:阅读理解满分还在于____________的理解。Tip2:长难句分析可以采用_________________：①_________________________________________________________;②_________________________________________________________;③_________________________________________________________。Tip3:善于比较_______________________________

SUMMARY长难句脱衣服大法去枝叶留主干，去掉定语、状语、同位语、插入语等找主干，括从句，弄懂主干汉语意思依次还原枝叶，得到完整句意文中长难句与选项的关系词汇梳理：语义复现Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D.Theywerecloselyconnected.5①

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightly-knit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.languagesLanguagescomingdeveloped12,000languageslargeinnumberspeechtightly-knitcloselyconnected词汇梳理：语义复现

②

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2

?

Complex. B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern.

6dominanttake

overAdvanceddevelopmentPowerful“dominant”词汇梳理：同义/近义复现③

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;

Africa2,400;

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,

ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,

whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

About6,800.About3,400.About2,400.About1,200.

7lessfewerhalfmereonlyAbout

3,400词汇梳理：同义/近义复现Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.8①Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.②Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades